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玉林师范学院本科生毕业论文On the Value Difference in China and America Food Culture from Hofstedes cultural Dimensions Theory霍氏文化维度理论下中美饮食文化的价值取向差异研究院 系外国语学院专 业英语学生班级2012级3班（专升本）姓 名文媛媛学 号201404202302指导教师单位外国语学院数学与计算机科学系指导教师姓名陈娟指导教师职称讲师B A Thesis of Yulin Normal University论文独创性声明本人郑重声明：所提交的学位论文是本人在导师的指导下进行的研究工作及取得的成果。除文中已经注明引用的内容外，本论文不含其他个人或其他机构已经发表或撰写过的研究成果。对本文的研究作出重要贡献的个人和集体，均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人已经阅读并完全了解玉林师范学院本科生毕业设计（论文）学术不端行为检测及处理办法，承担本声明的法律责任。学生签名： 日期： 论文使用授权声明本人完全了解玉林师范学院有关保留、使用学位论文的规定。玉林师范学院有权保留本人所送交学位论文的复印件和电子文档，可以采用影印、缩印或其他复制手段保存论文。本人电子文档的内容和纸质论文的内容相一致。除在保密期内的保密论文外，允许论文被查阅和借阅，可以公布（包括刊登）论文的全部或部分内容。论文的公布（包括刊登）授权玉林师范学院学位办办理。 学 生签名： 日期： 导 师签名： 日期： On the Value Difference in China and America Food Culture from Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Theory Author : Wen Yuanyuan Class:2012-123 school of Foreign Studies Major: Applied EnglishLecturer: ChenJuanAbstractFood culture is human food behavior, the sum of concept, technology and its products, is a cultural environment that meet the needs of food way of life, cultural differences of China and the United States has caused food values of the differences of China and the United States. This article is on the basis of Hofstedes theory of cultural dimensions, analyzing and contrasting why and where China and West culture behaviors are different under different culture backgrounds. The conclusions come in a study of the five dimensions of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism and collectivism, masculinity and femininity, long-term and short-term orientation that show the Chinese cultural behavior has its own characteristic. Including Class-orientation, prudent orientation, collectivity-orientation, Rigid-oriented orientation, Long-term orientation, while Western cultural behaviors show that equality orientation, Adventure orientation, self-orientation, Flexible orientation, short-term orientation. Finally，pointed out where are the needs to be improved in eating habits between China and United States. Understand the food culture of China and the United States and correct our attitudes, which can avoid contradictions and conflicts and help us better learning and communication in cross-cultural communication.Key words: G Hofstede, cultural dimensions, Food Culture, value orientation从霍氏文化维度理论看中美饮食文化的价值取向差异外国语学院 专业：英语(应用英语方向）班级：2012级 3班 文媛媛指导教师: 陈 娟摘 要饮食文化是人类饮食行为、理念、技术及其产品的总和，是人文环境相适应的饮食生活方式，中美文化的差异造就了中美饮食价值观的差异。本文是在霍夫斯泰德文化维度理论的基础上，通过中美在不同文化背景下的饮食文化比较和分析中西文化行为,在权力距离、不确定性回避 、个人主义与集体主义、男性气质与女性气质、长期取向与短期取向五方面的差异。研究得出：中国人的文化行为表现有自己的特点，具体表现为等级取向、稳妥取向、他人取向、刚性取向、将来取向；西方人的文化行为表现为平等取向、冒险取向、自我取向、柔性取向、现在取向，最后指出中美在饮食习惯方面的需要哪些改进的地方，了解中美饮食文化端正各自的文化态度，可以避免跨文化交际过程中由于不同的饮食文化和观念而产生的矛盾和冲突，有助于我们在跨文化交际中更好的学习和交流。关键词：霍夫斯坦德 文化维度 饮食文化 价值取向Content1. Introduction1.1 The Background of Study1.2 The Purpose of Study.1.3 The Significance of Study.2. Literature Review2.1 Previous Studies at Home2.2 Previous Studies Abroad.3. Theoretical Framework3.1 A Brief Introduction of Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Theory.3.2 Research Angles3.2.1 Concept of Food3.2.2 Way of Food3.2.3 Table Manners3.2.4 Tableware4. An Analysis of Hofstedes Cultural Theory in China and America food culture4.1 Political Level4.1.1Power Distance PerformanceClass Vs Equality Rigidity Vs Flexibility4.2 Economy Level 4.2.1 Uncertainty Avoidance Performance. Prudent Vs Adventure Short-Term Vs Long-Term4.3 Culture Level.4.3.1Collectivism and Individualism Performance4.3.2Unity Vs Isolation.5. Conclusion5.1 Summary5.2 Suggestions for Chinas Food IndustryReferencesAcknowledgment1.Introduction1.1 The Background of StudyThe 21st century is an era of the development of information and transportation technology. The more faster on science and technology, the more shorter in countries distances, and cultural exchange between foreign countries has become more and more frequent. Most of countries in our global village are closer together thanks to the high speed traffic technique, however, this tendency does not mean that peoples cultural or psychological distance can be shorten suddenly, by contrast, people cant use old culture idea and outdated way of thinking to understand and explain the existence of a variety of new problems in the fast-changing world, at the same time, the cultural differences cause many communicative errors, contradictions and conflicts, which can make people psychological distance increase instead, hidden behind the huge gap of cultures and values making communication between people more difficult.1.2 The Purpose of StudyThrough analyzing of the food culture of China and America, we can cultivate people positive attitudes as to the differences between China and America food culture. When we are in cross-cultural communication, it is necessary to pay more attention on the etiquette patterns so that we can better understand the national cultural characteristics. Whats more, people always feel there are some problems at the beginning of culture communication.1.3 The Significance of Study Food culture in a country is often a mirror of a national culture, there are significant differences in idea of food, way of cooking, and table manners and so on between China and America through studying and researching the differences of food culture, which will significantly contribute to better understand each other culture and make the world cultural integrate in the near future. What makes sense is that it is not only can help us effectively avoiding misunderstandings due to the cultural differences but also can improve our ability in communication and cooperation in constantly economic development times2.Literature Review 2.1 Previous Studies at HomeWith increasing contact between China and America for the past few years, domestic scholars launched a series of studies on the food culture of China and America, Ling-zhi Zhao explains the discrepancies in the news dissemination of China and the United States according to the theory of cultural dimensions what he think about is that the culture is an important measure to present news report , at the same time, due to the specific concept of culture always behind the news report create the differences between China and America traditional culture. it is significant that we study under the culture dimensions.(2013:137). Jiang Yan who according to the cultural dimension theory studies the differences between China and the America food culture in behaviors. He thinks that China and America have different values orientation under the different backgrounds.(2013:107). There are some kind of connections between cultural dimension and cross-cultural.(Ding, 2013:176) . The above literature, Hofstedes cultural dimensions theory is discussed in the part of the China and America culture. The food culture as an important part of human culture its value and significance of research are very important. Therefore, it is necessary to go into further exposition on the Value difference in China and America Food Culture with the Cultural Dimensions theory.2.2 Previous Studies Abroad Hofstedes cultural dimensions theory is one of the main research fields in Europe and America. The more influential thought in cultural dimensions is the study from psychologist Rokeach who divided value orientation into two categories through long-term orientation and short-term orientation.(1997,206). Jack Goody who is the Professor of anthropology at Cambridge university in his book The East in the West, describing these differences between Noble and civilian food in detail through power distance have the class stratification to China and America food culture.(1996,235). This book fully discussed individualism, collectivism, power distance have the influence on the difference between China and America food. A comparative study about the Cross-cultural differences of China and America based on the five cultural dimensions, these researches provide us plenty of information and give us profound understanding to learn more about the culture value orientation.3.Theoretical Framework3.1 A Brief Introduction of Hofstedes Cultural Dimensions Theory Culture Dimensions is put forward by a famous psychologist in Netherlands, Geert Hofstede who proposed to measure a framework of the cultural differences between different countries. In the early 1980s, Hofstede researched about 117000 IBM employees in 70 countries on the research of work value in Europe, Through the questionnaire survey and the document analysis, it established and consummated the Culture Dimensions that are widely accepted in the world of intercultural communication research. He thinks that culture is common psychological procedures under the environment, which can distinguish a group of people with others. In his view, the culture has the value of some particularity and universality characters, although different cultures have different approbations, it is possible to study under the cross-comparison,This theory includes five dimensions of power distance, uncertainty avoidance, individualism and collectivism, masculinity and femininity, long-term and short-term orientation.3.2 Research Angles3.2.1Concept of Food Concept of food is the combination of Subjective and objective recognition on food, people will conduct all kinds of activities about food according to their own concepts so as to enrich and improve the level our life.3.2.2Way of CookingWay of cooking is people use what kind of method to cook food such as sauting, quick-frying, simmering, deep frying, braising and roasting etc.3.2.3Table Manners：Table manners means the basic etiquette at the processing of a meal, table manners mainly show in these aspects such as seating, repast, toast and some general etiquette.3.2.4Tableware Tableware is a kind of appliance usually for containing food, water and wine when we are table which is a part of household tableware just like bowls, dishes, knifes, chopsticks, plates and so on.4.An Analysis of Hofstedes Cultural Theory in China and America food culture4.1 Political Level4.1.1 Power Distance Dutch social psychologist Mauk Mulder who come up with the concept of power distance defines the power as a control or command other behaviors in order to make people obey the strong power. This theory reflects the some weak individuals who have an unequal degree in the same social system compared with the strong power. Class Vs EqualityView of social class structure that is the members with relatively less advantages in a certain culture under the expected and accepted level of the unequal power distribution. There are some different levels from high to low levels just like classes can be divided into the noble and the civilian, High power distance usually means more concentration on power distribution in society, those people think it is very natural about the current existence of social class structure. While low power distance refers to a community tries to break the unequal power distribution, what they care about is paying more attention on the status in class and the equality on their opportunities. China is a representative of the high power distance culture, focusing on power due to our long traditional history, while America is a representative of the low power distance culture, paying more attention on personal liberty with absolute equality. China traditional culture pays great attention to the ethics and Chinese people like to focus on the social order of correspondence between man and universe, social hierarchy(等级制度）, Self-denigration. So in China food culture, for example, ranking order by the ethics morals of the respect for seniority when we are at a table, the senior or the guest who has a high position in his or her family or community must sit here where he or her seat towards the door directly to show the high status and they will be the first one who pick up the chopsticks to eat first, and during the meal, the master has an obligation to serve food and drink a toast to them, the master usually say please have some more in a polite tone. While Americas pay more attention on equality, with a strong sense of freedom and the realization of the individual values. the master always sit in the middle of commonly, guests are on the both sides, the honored guests nearly on the right hand, other guests are below, there are little rules in America dinner, If the guest dont want to eat, nobody will strongly encourage him or her to eat more, Americas respect personal choice and individual freedom; Of course, they are not advocating respect the elderly due to the more developed animal husbandry and business in the United States, which needs manual labor force and risk-taking and other requirements and personal heroism, therefore, people are afraid of aging and talking about their ages, so it is rare to see that the young people offer their seats to the elderly on the bus in their country. America people like go dutch (AA制）when they go out to have meal with friends and they will consider their own tastes to order. While Chinese people often order popular tastes and rush to pay the bill in order to keep a close relationship with their friends. Rigidity Vs FlexibilityRigid orientation vs flexible orientation refers to the value placed on traditionally male or female values or the distribution of emotion between gender roles, This does not mean that male and female but to have male and female characteristics degrees ,In the masculine society gender plays a different role, and femininity social gender roles have overlap, success in the determination and material is the value orientation of masculinity while femininity more focus on emotional and interpersonal harmony.Chinese food culture is a masculinity culture, Chinese behaviors have rigid orientation character, while America food culture is deeply affected by femininity culture, their behaviors have some gender characters. China is deeply rooted patriarchal ideology for several thousands years, for example women have no place at the dinner-table and it is common to see that they are very busy in the kitchen and always be the last one to eat. Although after the reform and opening-up policy, women get more liberation and have more equal rights in china social activities ,But in real life, society still pay more attention to the position of men, women are still in a disadvantaged status, and there always some frictions and conflicts in their life and work.While America believe in and support the feminist principles of women political, social and economic equality, because the America women realize their rights deprived very early America become a place where the women liberation movement begins to break out , at the same time, most of them believe in Christianity. In Christianity, the Virgin Mary is highly regarded and respected, and also associated with chivalry prevails in 12 centuries, therefore, lady first is their traditional concept and guideline. On the banquet, Men should move seats for ladies. The America ladies always seat between the gentlemen, all behaviors show the respect to women, America food culture embodies the equality of men and women. 4.2Economy Level4.2.1Uncertainty Avoidanceit once regard as a research about human psychology, which cope with humans tolerance for uncertainty and ambiguity, which can show how does people feel about things that they dont know whether it is comfortable or uncomfortable in unknown situations. Prudent Vs Adventure Uncertainty avoidance refers to the members who in a specific culture are threatened by the degree of uncertainty or unknown situation, that is to say the risk degree. The culture of different countries has division of the strong and the weak in the dimension distinguishes. Having the culture of strong uncertainty avoidance tendencies is lower for risk and the degree of tolerance of uncertainty, the culture of strong uncertainty avoidance tendency has a lower tolerance for adventure and uncertainty factors, thus they always try to reduce uncertainty through all kinds of measures in order to let peoples life more easy and comfortable. On the contrary, having the culture of weak uncertainty avoidance tendencies is with higher tolerance and adaptability, and dare to take risks and innovate. China is a country with a strong uncertainty avoidance tendency and tends to be reliable behavior, while the United States is a country with a weak uncertainty avoidance tendency and tends to be more prone to risky behaviors. China is a kind of agricultural civilization economy and Chinese people live in the middle of a continent under the rule of feudalism of the small-scale peasant economy background for a long time. There are some values that Chinese people think important such as pursuing harmonious coexistence between human and nature, whatever the cause is, career, friendship, or love, everything comes naturally letting nature take its course, and emphasizing the cooperation relationships with others. to many C