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英语标准精品教程(翻译03)目 录知识模块7:状语从句翻译深度解析知识模块7:状语从句翻译深度解析知识模块7:状语从句翻译深度解析知识模块8:倒装结构翻译深度解析知识模块8:倒装结构翻译深度解析知识模块8:倒装结构翻译深度解析知识模块9:分割结构翻译深度解析知识模块9:分割结构翻译深度解析知识模块9:分割结构翻译深度解析1知识模块7:状语从句翻译深度解析导言:状语从句在考研英语翻译题中出现的频率较高,根据其作用可分为时间、地点、原因、条件、目的、结果、让步、方式等从句。状语从句一般由从属连词引导,也可以由词组引导。状语从句的引导词是一种表示逻辑关系的词语,明确表示了主从句之间的关系。状语从句的翻译有两个重点:语序调整;逻辑表达。一、状语从句的一般译法【翻译技巧分析】英语的状语从句用在主句后面的较多,而汉语的状语从句用在主句之前的较多。因此,在很多情况下,在译文中应将状语从句放在主句前面。如:She came in when I was having supper.(我正吃饭的时候,她进来了。)该句中,when引导的时间状语从句放在主句之前翻译,比较符合汉语的语言输出习惯。2【真题体验】In general, the tests work most effectively when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined.1995年第74题分析(1)句子拆分:In general, the tests work most effectively /when the qualities to be measured can be most precisely defined.本句以从属连词when为拆分点,之前为主干,之后为when引导的时间状语从句。(2)词义确定:in general:一般来说;work:有效,奏效;work most effectively:最为有效;measure:测定;be most precisely defined:很精准的界定。(3)参考译文:一般来说,当所要测定的特征能很精确界定时,测试最为有效。(4)技巧点拨:状语从句的一般译法。句中状语从句译成相应的时间状语后,顺序上调整到主句之前即可。二、状语从句的特殊译法(一)时间状语从句译成条件句3【翻译技巧分析】在有些语境中,时间状语从句含有条件的意味,可以翻译成条件状语从句,即“如果”、“若”等。如:Turn off the switch when anything goes wrong with the machine.(如果机器发生故障,就把电源关上。)该句中,when引导的时间状语从句提至主句前翻译会较符合汉语语言输出习惯,同时根据上下文语境,when这里含条件意味,故翻译为“如果”,此时译文的表达更加精准。【真题体验】Until these issues are resolved, a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected. 2002年第65题分析(1)句子拆分:Until these issues are resolved, / a technology of behavior will continue to be rejected.本句以逗号为拆分点,之前为until引导的时间状语从句,之后为主句。(2)词义确定:until:直到;resolve:解决;a technology of behavior:研究行为的技术手段;be rejected:受到排斥。(3)参考译文:如果这些问题得不到解决,研究行为的技术手4段就会继续受到排斥。(4)技巧点拨:时间状语从句译成条件句。句中until引导的时间状语从句直译的话为“直到时候”,根据主从句的语意判断可知,until引导的时间状语从句和主句之间为条件和结果关系,本句中until译成“如果不”(相当于unless),更符合汉语表达。(二)原因状语从句用“之所以是因为”等结构来连接【翻译技巧分析】汉语中习惯前因后果,但是也有例外,我们可以借助词汇手段进行处理,用“之所以是因为(原因是)”,这样就不用对原文进行顺序的调整了。如:Theory is valuable because it can provide a direction for practice.(理论之所以有价值,是因为它能给实践指出方向。)该句中,通过“之所以是因为”结构处理原因状语从句的翻译,就不用对原文进行顺序的调整了。【真题体验】The behavioral sciences have been slow to change partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed.2002年第655题分析(1)句子拆分:The behavioral sciences have been slow to change / partly because the explanatory items often seem to be directly observed.本句以(partly)because为拆分点,之前为主句,之后为because引导的原因状语从句。(2)词义确定:be slow to change:发展缓慢;the explanatory items:用于解释的要素、依据(内容、项目);be directly observed:(被)直接观察到。(3)参考译文:行为科学之所以发展缓慢,部分原因是用来解释行为的依据似乎往往是直接观察到的。(4)技巧点拨:按照汉语习惯,一般前因后果,但也可以借助词汇手段“之所以是因为”省去调整语序。(三)条件状语从句翻译在主句之后,用来补充说明条件【翻译技巧分析】汉语中习惯上条件在前,结果在后,但有时我们也可将条件置于主句后面,用于补充说明主干信息,翻译为“如果”、“条件(前提)是”。如:If you tell me about it,I6shall be able to decide.(我能够做出决定,前提是你把一切都告诉我。)该句中,if引导的条件状语从句可以翻到主句之前,也可以借助词汇手段“条件(前提)是”翻译到主句之后,用于补充说明条件。【真题体验】On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed. 1992年第75题分析(1)句子拆分:On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence, /but only if the child can be assumed to have had the same attitude towards the test as the others with whom he is being compared, /and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant information which they possessed.本句以并列连词but和and为拆分点,but之前为主句,but之后为由and连接的两个并列的only if条件状语从句,起到补充说明主句的作用。7(2)词义确定:conclusion:结论;degree:程度;confidence:把握;a certain degree of confidence:一定程度的把握;only if:只有(才),唯一的条件是;lack of relevant information:缺乏有关的知识;possess:具有,拥有。(3)参考译文:总的来说,得出这种结论是有一定程度把握的,但是必须具备两个条件:能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他比较的其他孩子的态度相同;他也没有因为缺乏别的孩子所具有的有关知识而受到惩罚。(4)技巧点拨:条件状语从句翻译在主句之后,用来补充说明条件。该句中含有两个并列的由only if引导的条件状语从句,在汉语中一般是翻译到主句“On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a certain degree of confidence”之前,但是鉴于本句中两个条件状语从句是出现在转折词but之后,起到补充说明前文信息的作用,所以在处理译文的时候,还是按照原文顺序输出,不需调整语序,即“,但是必须具备两个条件:”。(四)让步状语从句的引导词可省译【翻译技巧分析】若让步状语从句是由表示“虽然、尽管”概念的连词引导时,如:though,although,as,while等,我们除了直译(虽然)8之外,也可以借助词汇手段“但是(然而)”进行引导词的省译。如:While we cannot see the air, we can feel it.(我们看不见空气,但是能感觉到它。)该句中,我们可以将引导词while翻译出来,即“虽然(尽管)”,我们也可借助“但是(然而)”将引导词while省译。【真题体验】While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. 2009年第48题分析(1)句子拆分:While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, / it is not so easy as in dealing with adults.本句以逗号为拆分点,之前为while引导的让步状语从句,之后为主句。补充:让步状语从句中含有一个分割结构,即ignore in our contact with them the effect,其正常语序应为:ignore the effectin our contact with them.(2)词义确定:contact:接触;disposition:性情,性格;deal with:处理,与打交道。9(3)参考译文:在与年轻人打交道时,我们容易忽视自己的行为对他们性情所产生的影响,然而在与成年人打交道时,这种情况就不那么容易发生了。(4)技巧点拨:让步状语从句的引导词可省译。while在这里引导让步状语从句,处理译文时,可以借助一定的词汇手段将引导词while本身进行省译,即“,然而”。(五)状语从句的嵌套式译法【翻译技巧分析】我们在真题中有时会遇到嵌套式状语从句的现象,即一个状语从句中嵌入一个或多个状语从句。在翻译这类复杂的状语从句群时,我们往往对于优先翻译哪个状语从句感到无所适从。实际操作中,我们只要按照状语从句出现的顺序进行依次翻译即可。如:I felt quite angry about his absence from the meeting, because, however busy he was then, he should have understood the importance of the meeting.(他缺席此次会议,我对此感到很生气,因为,不管他当时有多忙,他都应该意识到此次会议的重要性。)该句中,because引导原因状语从句(because, however the importance of the meeting),内部又嵌套了一个however引导的让步状语从句(however busy he was then)。针对这种嵌套式状10语从句,我们按照状语从句出现的顺序依次翻译即可,即“因为,不管都”。【真题体验】I have excluded him because, while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems. 2006年第48题分析(1)句子拆分:I have excluded him / because, / while his accomplishments may contribute to the solution of moral problems, / he has not been charged with the task of approaching any but the factual aspects of those problems.该句拆分点为从属连词(because,while)和标点符号(双逗),其中because引导原因状语从句(because, while his accomplishmentsthe factual aspects of those problems.),在原因状语从句中,又嵌套了一个while引导的让步状语从句,即双逗之间的部分。(2)词义确定:exclude:排除;accomplishment:成就,成果;contribute to:有助于,促成;be charged with:承担,负责;approach11:处理,研究;notany but:仅仅,只不过;factual aspects:事实层面。(3)参考译文:我之所以把他(普通科学家)排除在外,是因为,尽管他的成就可能有助于解决道德问题,但他承担的任务只不过是研究这些问题的事实层面。(4)技巧点拨:状语从句的嵌套式译法。while引导的让步状语从句是because原因状语从句的一部分,即嵌套于原因状语从句中,翻译时直接按照状语从句出现的顺序进行依次翻译即可,即“之所以是因为,尽管,但”。知识模块7:状语从句翻译深度解析Directions:Choose the better translation for each sentence and mark A or B.1. In a word, while the prospects are bright, the road has twists and turns.A总之,虽然前途是光明的,但是道路是曲折的。B总之,当前途是光明的时候,道路是曲折的。2. Some students are reading where others are playing.12A一些学生在读书,而另一些在玩耍。B一些学生在另一些学生玩耍的地方读书。3. Dont hesitate to contact me whenever difficulties emerge.A无论何时遇到困难,尽管联系我。B尽管联系我,无论何时遇到困难。4. The farmer can continue to support himself and his family only if he produces a surplus.A农民能继续养家糊口,只要他有余粮。B有了余粮,农民才能继续养家糊口。知识模块7:状语从句翻译深度解析1.【正确答案】A【翻译考点】while引导的让步状语从句13【句子拆分】In a word,/ while the prospects are bright, /the road has twists and turns.本句拆分点为从属连词(while)和标点符号(双逗),双逗之间为while引导的让步状语从句做插入成分,双逗之外为主句。【词义确定】prospect:前景,前途;twists and turns:曲折【翻译技巧】while引导状语从句,可表示三种逻辑关系:时间(当时)、让步(虽然,尽管)和对比(,而)。这里根据上下文语境,主从句之间形成让步关系,故while引导的为让步状从,而非时间状从,正确译文应为“,虽然,但是”。2.【正确答案】A【翻译考点】where引导的地点状语从句【句子拆分】Some students are reading /whereothers are playing.本句拆分点为从属连词(where),where之前为主句,where之后为where引导的地点状语从句。14【翻译技巧】where引导地点状语从句时,若直译为“在的地方”,则略显生硬,我们往往根据具体语境对引导词where本身进行省译或词义引申,比如Where there is a will, there is a way.(有志者,事竟成。)根据本题干提供的语境(some, others)可知,主从句形成(隐性)对比的逻辑关系,故翻译为“一些学生在读书,而另一些在玩耍。”更为准确。3.【正确答案】A【翻译考点】whenever引导的让步状语从句【句子拆分】Dont hesitate to contact me /whenever difficulties emerge.本句拆分点为从属连词(whenever),whenever之前为主句,whenever之后为whenever引导的让步状语从句。【词义确定】hesitate:犹豫;emerge:出现【翻译技巧】按照汉语中“从句在前,主句在后”的原则,我们在处理本句中whenever引导的让步状语从句时,将其提至主句之前翻译,更为符合汉语表达,即“无论何时,”。154.【正确答案】B【翻译考点】only if引导的条件状语从句【句子拆分】The farmer can continue to support himself and his family/ only if he produces a surplus.本句拆分点为连词词组only if,only if之前为主句,only if之后为其引导的条件状语从句。【词义确定】support:养活;surplus:过剩,盈余【翻译技巧】按照汉语“先从句,后主干”的原则,我们将only if引导的条件状语从句(only if he produces a surplus)提至主干(The farmer can continue to support himself and his family)之前进行翻译,即“有了余粮,农民才能继续养家糊口”,这样更符合汉语表达习惯。知识模块8:倒装结构翻译深度解析英语中通常有两种语序:一种是自然语序,又是正装语序;另16一种是倒装语序。倒装是英语中的一种重要的句法现象。它是一种语法手段,用于表示一定的句子结构或强调某一句子成分。从其形式来看,可分为部分倒装(Partial Inversion)和完全倒装(Full Inversion)两种。倒装结构在翻译中出现时,翻译的要点是先把倒装结构还原为正常语序再翻译。一、部分倒装是指将助动词、情态动词或be动词等置于主语之前,考研英语中比较常见需要大家掌握的部分倒装包括下几种情况:(一)“only+状语”引起的倒装【翻译技巧分析】“only +状语”位于句首的倒装句,翻译时通常将强调的部分置于句首或者在译文中体现强调的部分,常译为:“只有才”。【真题体验】例:Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. 2009第47题17分析(1)句子拆分:Only gradually / was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually / still was this effect considered / as a directive factor / in the conduct of the institution.(2)词义确定:institution:机构;directive:指导性的;conduct:实施。(3)参考译文:人们只是逐渐才注意到这个机构的副产品,而人们把这种效果当成是机构运 作中的指导因素的过程则更为缓慢。(4)技巧点拨:这句话是以only开头引导的部分倒装句,强调状语部分gradually。可将句子还原成正常语序再进行翻译,上述句子还原成正常语序为:The by-product of the institution was only gradually noted, this effect was only more gradually considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution。(二)否定词或词组置于句首引起的倒装【翻译技巧分析】为了表示强调,经常将never等否定副词或by no means等否定词组放在句首,此时句子要求将系动词、助动词或情态动词放在18主语之前,而谓语部分位置不变。常用的否定副词或词组有:never, little, not until, in no sense, under no circumstance, in no way等。通常情况下,应先将句子还原成正常语序,再进行翻译。【真题体验】例:Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyedand perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as is the recent events in Europe. 2005年第46题分析(1)句子拆分:Television is one of the means / by which these feelings are created and conveyed/ and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations / as is the recent events in Europe.整个句子的主干是:Television is one of the means by whichand perhaps。前半句是简单句+定语从句修饰means,后半句是否定词never置于句首引起的倒装句,其中包含了比较结构“never so much as”,never相当于否定词not。(2)词义确定:convey:传达,传递。19(3)参考译文:电视是引发和传递这些感受的手段之一在欧洲近来发生的事件中,它把不同的民族和国家连到一起,其作用之大,前所未有。(4)技巧点拨:倒装句“never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations”可以还原成正常语序后再进行翻译,还原后为:it has never served so much to connect different peoples and nations before。另外比较结构never so much as表示肯定前者,否定后者。完全否定词never和before结合,表示完全否定,翻译为“前所未有”。(三)虚拟语气条件句倒装【翻译技巧分析】在正式英语中,如果表示虚拟条件的状语从句谓语动词中有should, had,或were,可将此动词置于句首,省略条件引导词if。如:“If I were you”可倒装成“Were I you”。又如:“If he had been”可倒装成“Had he been”。翻译的时候仍然要翻译成条件逻辑关系“如果那么”。【真题体验】例:For example, they do not compensate for gross social inequality20, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorable circumstances. 1995年第75题分析(1)句子拆分:For example, / they do not compensate for gross social inequality, / and thus do not tell / how able an underprivileged youngster might have been / had he grown up under more favorable circumstances.句子的主干是:they do not compensate for., and thus do not tell.。(2)词义确定:compensate:弥补;inequality:不平等;underprivileged:穷困的;favorable:令人满意的,有帮助的;gross:明显的。(3)参考译文:例如,测试并不弥补明显的社会不公;因此,它们不能说明一个物质条件差的年轻人,如果在较好的环境下成长的话,会有多大才干。(4)技巧点拨:句子的主干是:they do not compensate for., and thus do not tell.。在后半句中出现一个虚拟条件句的省略倒装“had he grown up under more favorable circumstances”,可把该句21还原为if引导的条件句再进行翻译:If he had grown up under more favorable circumstances。二、完全倒装完全倒装是指将整个谓语置于主语之前,考研英语中比较常见需要大家掌握的完全倒装即修辞需要引起的倒装,主要是为了使句子保持平衡并且强调倒装的部分,会将做表语的形容词,副词,介词短语或分词短语等置于句首构成“表系主倒装”。【翻译技巧分析】上述情况多出现在主系表结构中,通常可先将句子还原成正常语序再进行翻译。句子的倒装语序一般为:表语+be+主语(后置定语),还原成正常语序为:主语(常有后置定语)+be+表语。【真题体验】例:Especially significant was his view of freedom, which, for him, was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression. 2014年第49题22分析(1)句子拆分:Especially significant / was his view of freedom, / which, /for him, / was associated with the rights and responsibilities of the individual: /he advocated freedom of thought and of personal expression.主句的主语是his view of freedom,其后为which引导的非限定性定语从句,修饰freedom,关系代词which在定语从句中做主语。of the individual修饰the rights and responsibilities,冒号后进行解释说明。(2)词义确定:associate:(使)发生联系;advocate:倡导,提倡。(3)参考译文:尤为重要的是贝多芬对于自由的看法,他认为,这种自由是与个人的权利和责任联系起来的:他倡导思想自由和个人言论自由。(4)技巧点拨:为了强调表语significant,将其提到主语之前,句子采用完全倒装结构。翻译时应该先还原为正常语序再翻译。还原后为:his view of freedom was especially significant。知识模块8:倒装结构翻译深度解析23Directions:Choose the better translation for each sentence and mark A or B.1. Had the Internet been invented at that time, Wild Bill Donovan would have loved it.A如果那时候发明了因特网,比尔多诺汶会喜欢它的。B那时候,因特网已经被发明出来,比尔多诺汶很喜欢它。2. Only by becoming wealthier can countries correct these conditions.A只有富裕的国家才有能力去改善这些条件。B一个国家只有通过变得富强才能纠正这些问题。3. Less well known is the advantages that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman.A但是一个叫Adam Abbott的人在他的一生中比一个名叫Zoe Zysman的人所占的优势就鲜为人知了。B Adam Abbott比Zoe Zysman所占的优势更多,这一点少有人知。244. Nor did he, like most Western pacifists, specialize in avoiding awkward questions.A像大多数西方和平主义者一样,他也没有专门躲避棘手的问题。B他也没有像大多数西方和平主义者一样,专门躲避棘手的问题。知识模块8:倒装结构翻译深度解析1.【正确答案】A【翻译考点】本题考查翻译中的省略if的虚拟倒装,将省略的if补充完整,还原句子正常语序。【句子拆分】Had the Internet been invented at that time, / Wild Bill Donovan would have loved it.【翻译技巧】“Had the Internet been invented at that time”是一个虚拟条件句的省略倒装,可把该句还原为if引导的条件句再进行25翻译:If the Internet had been invented at that time, Wild Bill Donovan would have loved it。2.【正确答案】B【翻译考点】本句考查“only +状语”开头的倒装句。通常翻译成:“只有才”。【句子拆分】Only by becoming wealthier / can countries correct these conditions.本句是一个简单句,谓语动词是can correct。【翻译技巧】“only +状语”开头的倒装句,强调方式状语by becoming wealthier。可先将句子还原成正常语序再进行翻译,正常语序是:Countries correct these conditions only by becoming wealthier。3.【正确答案】A【翻译考点】本句考查由于修辞的需要即为了保持句子平衡而进行的倒装。26【句子拆分】Less well known / is the advantages / that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman.本句由主干和that引导的定语从句组成。主句主语为:the advantages,谓语结构为被动语态:is less well known。that引导的定语从句修饰advantages,其主语为Adam Abbott,谓语为has,意思为“拥有,有”。【翻译技巧】本句的主语the advantage带有一个定语从句,使得主语部分过长,为了保持句子平衡,采用了完全倒装结构。可将句子还原成正常语序后再进行翻译。该句还原成正常语序为:The advantage that Adam Abbott has in life over Zoe Zysman is less well known。4.【正确答案】B【翻译考点】本题考查翻译中的否定词置于句首引起的倒装,可将句子还原成正常语序再进行翻译。【句子拆分】Nor did he, / like most Western pacifists, specialize in avoiding awkward questions.【词义确定】pacifist:和平主义;specialize:专攻;awkward:棘手27的。【翻译技巧】该句子是以否定词nor置于句首引起的倒装,为了方便理解,可先将该句还成正常语序再翻译:He did not, like most Western pacifists, specialize in avoiding awkward questions。中间部分“like most Western pacifists”可看作插入成分。知识模块9:分割结构翻译深度解析分割结构的出现,打乱了考生对句子的理解顺序,从而造成干扰。如果分割结构理解有误,甚至会影响整个句子的理解。几乎每年考研翻译题目中都会考查到它。分割结构可大体分为两类:其他成分插入和成分顺序调整。一、其他成分插入其他成分插入即大家熟悉的插入语。单词、短语甚至句子等都可插入句中形成插入语。从内容上,插入语结构是对句子的解释、补充、限定或说明;从语法上,插入语结构是独立于整个句子之外的,删去后句子仍然是完整句子。它多位于主语谓语间、并列结构之间或者主句从句之间。也正因为如此,在理解28时,要先理解插入语外的句子内容,再理解插入语,即“先读两端,再读中间”。多数插入语都位于双逗号或双破折号之间,和句子其他部分显性地隔离开来,容易辨识出。考查难点在于,插入语部分可能会嵌套其他特殊结构,或者有多层修饰成分,从而造成理解难度。此外,如果句子中逗号很多,仅仅根据“两个逗号之间为插入语”这个原则可能会造成误解,因此要结合“插入语部分意思完整独立”来准确判断。【翻译技巧分析】大多情况下,翻译含有插入语的句子时,为了使译文符合汉语习惯,往往需要适当调整语序。如果插入语部分在句子中做状语时,翻译时可放在整个句子前,或者放在动词前。如果在句中作定语,可按照定语从句的翻译方式进行翻译。如果修饰成分较长,可以单独成句;如果修饰成分短,可以翻译为“的”;如果形成了状语关系,翻译为状语或者状语从句。如果插入语形式为主谓结构,那么翻译时则多置于句首。然而,有时插入语也可直接翻译,不需要调整语序,仍然放于两个逗号间或者破折号间,或者放于括号内。如:His so-called criticism is, in fact, just putting labels on people.他的那种所谓批评,实际上就是给人扣帽子。29Idleness, to say the least of it, is a bad habit.至少可以这样说,懒惰是一种坏习惯。At last, they believe, there can be a reasonable dialogue between the two governments.他们坚信,两国家最终能够进行理智的对话。The Internetand pressure from funding agenciesis making access to scientific results.因特网以及来自基金会的压力正在使获取科研成果成为现实。All music, whether it is the pulsation of primitive tribal drums or the complex coordination of voices and instruments in an opera, has this feature: it is based upon the power of sound to stir our senses and feelings.所有的音乐,不管是原始部落的鼓声,还是戏剧中声音和乐器的和谐,都有这种特点:都基于声音的力量,这种力量能激起我们的感官反应,让我们产生感觉。有一些常见的插入语结构,可以记住它们的翻译。如:as I see it(在我看来),Worse still(更糟的是);to put it briefly(简而言之);to be frank(坦白说);fortunately(幸运的是);all other factors being equal(其他因素相同的情况下),thats to30say(这就是说);at least in theory(至少在理论上)等。【真题体验】例1:The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, /first put forward in the 1920s, to maintain its reign/ as the dominant explanation of the cosmos. 1998年第72题分析(1)句子拆分:The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang, /first put forward in the 1920s,/ to maintain its reign as the dominant explanation of the cosmos.本句主干为简单句,形式为被动语态:The existence of the giant clouds was virtually required for the Big Bang;两个逗号之间为插入语,为过去分词短语作后置定语,修饰the Big Bang;不定式短语to maintain.作目的状语,修饰句子的谓语部分was virtually required,其中as意为“作为”,修饰reign。(2)词义确定:existence:存在;giant:巨大的;cloud:云,这里指星云;virtually:实际上;Bing Bang:宇宙大爆炸,put forward:提出;maintain:维持,维护;reign:统治,主导地位,领导地位;dominant:占优势的,支配的;explanation:解释;cosmos:宇宙31(3)参考译文:宇宙大爆炸理论是在20世纪20年代首次被提出的。巨大宇宙星云的存在实际上是这个理论得以保持其对宇宙解释的主导地位所必不可少的。(4)技巧点拨:插入语为过去分词短语修饰前面的名词the Big Bang,其作用相当于一个定语从句the Big Bang which was first put forward in the 1920s。因此可以直接翻译为“的”,也可以单独成句,翻译为定语从句。前者会让句子显得简练,后者会让句子结构清晰,但都清晰表达句意,而且符合汉语。例2:In the early industrialized countries of Europe the process of industrializationwith all the far-reaching changes in social patterns that followedwas spread over nearly a century, whereas now

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