2013外研版八下M2U3现在完成时.doc

现在完成时学习目标：1、 理解现在完成时的意义2、 熟练的进行现在完成时的句型变化【课前过关】写出下列动词的过去式及过去分词：14cleanfinishentervisitcooktravelcopypratisewaterclimbwashwinseehavebefinddosweepreadlosetakegorideeat【总结-巩固-练习】StepI Summary：(1)I have entered lots of speaking competitions. Ive won some prizes.(2) Have you ever won any prizes before?(3) I have never visited the USA.以上句子的谓语动词有一个共同的特点就是“_”, 用于表示_如(1); 还可以_，如(2)(3)。我们把这种时态称为“现在完成时”。 现在完成时( present perfect tense)past present(now) futureStepII现在完成时的构成（一）肯定式I have entered lots of speaking competitions结构：说明：这里的have has是助动词，没有什么具体意义。当主语是第三人称单数时助动词用_，其余人称一律用_。 has，have的缩略式分别为s或ve。EXERCISES:1）I_ just _ all the new words 我刚抄写了所有的生词。 (表示不要再抄了)2）She _ _her books 她丢失了她的书。 （表示到目前为止还没有找到）3）We_ just _ the classroom 我们刚好打扫了教室。（表明现在教室是干净的）（二）否定式I have not visited the USA.结构：说明：现在完成时构成否定句时，只需在助动词_后面加_就行。have not，has not的缩略式分别为_,_。另外，肯定句中有_时，改为否定时要分别改成_,_。 EXERCISES:将下列句子改为否定句1）I have already copied all the new words I _ _ all the new words_ 2）She has lost her books She _ _her books.3）We have cleaned the classroom We _ _ the classroom 有时not可以用never代替，表示“从来没有”的意思I_him before. 我以前见过他。否定句：I_him before.I _him before以前我从来没有见过他（三）一般疑问式Have you ever won any prizes before?结构：说明：把陈述句中的have或has放到_，句末打问号，同时把句中的some ，already改为_就构成了一般疑问句。肯定回答用否定回答用有时也可以用_,_等。 EXERCISES:将下列句子改为一般疑问句1）I have already copied all the new words _you _ all the new words_ ?No,_ _ /_ _.2）She has lost her books _she _her books? Yes, _ _.3）We have cleaned the classroom _you _ the classroom?Dear David,Im having a wonderful time in Beijing. Ive done so many things! Ive _._._.Theres only one thing I havent done:_.Bye for now.Rob【当堂检测】选择正确答案1）-When will Tina arrive? -Oh, she _. She is in the meeting room now. A arrives B is arriving C arrived D has arrived2) Your shoes are so old. Why dont you buy a new pair?-Because I _ all my money on an MP5. A spend B have spent C am spending D was spending 3) -Where are you going for your holiday?- Well, we _ yet.A havent decided B hadnt decidedC dont decided D didnt decided4-Are you a basketball player in your class?-Yes. I _the team last year . I _in the team for one year.A have joined, have been B joined, wasC joined ,have been D have joined, was汉译英1）我还没有完成我的作业。2）小娟以前从来没有离开过潍坊。3）他们已经找到了丢失的书吗？4) 我们学了五年英语了。【Homework】AB级：写作指导：个人经历 My holiday in BeijingCD级：用本课所学知识点写5个句子，描述一下你做过和未曾做过的事情。学后反思我的收获;我的困惑：现在完成时(第二课时)现在完成时的标志词及特殊情况用法一：表示过去发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。此时，常与时间副词already（已经） ，yet（还、已经） ，just(刚刚、仅仅) ，ever（曾经） ，never（从不） ，before（以前）等连用。这几个副词的用法如下：1already意为“已经”，通常用于肯定句中，可放在助动词之后，过去分词之前，也可以放在句末。实例：1）Ive already read this book. 我已经读过这本书了。 （“读”这一动作发生在过去，对现在造成的影响是“知道书中的内容”。）2）Ive washed my clothes already我已经洗了衣服。 （洗衣服的动作已完成，其结果是“衣服冼干净了”。）注意：在表示吃惊或明知故问等感情色彩时，already也可用于（口语）疑问句中。实例：3）Have you met him already ？你（真的）已经见过他了？2yet用在疑问句中意为“已经”，用在否定句中意为“还”，常放在句末。实例：1）Has he found his watch yet ？他已经找到他的手表了吗？ No，not yet不，还没有。2）The woman hasnt found her dog yet 那位妇女还没有找到她的狗。（没找到狗，心里着急，这就是对现在的影响）3just意为“刚刚”，表示行为刚刚过去，常放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例： He has just come back from school 他刚从学校回来。4ever意为“曾经”，用于疑问句或否定句中，放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例： 1）Have you ever been to Hong Kong ？你曾去过香港吗？ 2）I havent ever spoken to her我未曾和她说过话。5never意为“从来没有”常与before连用（before要放在句尾，而never多放在助动词与过去分词之间。实例： I have never travelled by plane before我以前从来没有乘飞机旅行过。6before意为“以前”，指过去不确定的某个时间，总是放在句末，不受句型的限制。实例： 1）Have you been to Hainan before ？你以前去过海南吗？ 2）I havent eaten Guangdong food before我以前没吃过广东菜。用法二： 表示从过去某一时刻开始，持续到现在的动作和状态。常与包括现在在内的时间状语连用，如 today, this week, this morning, these days, recently, lately, so far（到目前为止）等，也常和for, since等表示一段时间的状语连用。或用“It is/has been时间段since”句型。如：It is/has been three years since I bought the book. 这本书我买了三年了。(从买这本书起到现在已三年了)My uncle has worked at this factory for five years. 我叔叔在这个工厂工作已经五年了。 Mr. Black has lived in China since 2002. 自从2002年Mr. Black 一直住在中国。 How long have you been here? 你来这里多久了？ 注意：此种用法中表示持续动作或状态的动词必须是延续性动词（否定句除外）。例如： (1)这本书我已经买了三个月了。 错误：I have bought the book for three months. 正确：I have had the book for three months. (2)你哥哥参军多长时间了？ 错误：How long has your brother joined the army? 正确：How long has your brother been in the army/been a soldier? for + 一段时间 since+时间（起点） since+一段时间+ago since+从句（从句用一般过去时）实例：1）Ive lived here since 1990自从1990年以来我就住在这里。 = Ive lived here since 13 years ago.= Ive lived here for 13 years. = It is 13 years since I began to live here.2）I havent seen him for three years 我三年没有看见他了。 = I havent seen him since three years ago = I havent seen him since 2000. = It is 3 years since I saw him last time.3）Mr Wang has worked in the factory since he came to the city 自从到这个城市以来，王先生一直在这家工厂工作。4）Shes been at this school since five years ago 自从五年前以来她就在这个学校。注意：在这类句子的肯定句和疑问句中谓语动词必须用延续性动词。短暂性动词由于动作不能持续，故不能与for(达到；累计)或since（自从。到现在）引出的时间状语连用。对for和since引导的时间状语提问要用How longExercise: 用since和for填空1. Jim has been in Ireland _ Monday.2. Jill has been in Ireland _ three days.3. His aunt has lived in Australia _15 days.4. Mary is in her office. She has been there _ 7 oclock.5. India has been an independent country _1974.6. The bus is late. Theyve been waiting _ 20 minutes.7. Nobody lives in those houses. They have been empty _ many years.8. Mike has been ill _a long time. He has been in hospital _ October.非延续性动词在现在完成时中的应用在英语中有一些动词是瞬间动词，即非延续性动词，这些动词虽可用于现在完成时，但由于其表示的动作不能持续，所以其现在完成时（只限肯定式）不能和表示一段时间的状语连用。如果句中有表示一段时间的状语，需将非延续性动词变成延续动词。现在完成时表示过去开始的动作持续到现在，甚至还可能继续下去；常和表示从过去某一时刻开始延续至今（包括“现在”在内）的一段时间的时间状语连用。这种用法中的动词必须是表连续动作或状态的词，如：live、work、teach、study、stay、wait、know、be、have、learn、wear、walk、sleep等，这类动词叫做“延续性动词”。英语中还有另一种动词，如：buy、join、become、begin、fall、come、go、hear、die、close、open、leave、borrow等，它们只表示短暂的动作，不能表示一个延续的状态，这类动词叫做“瞬间性动词”，它们可以用于现在完成时，但是不能和表示一段时间的状语（for, since）连用。Eg: Mary Beijing.玛丽已离开北京。Mary away from Beijing for 3 months.玛丽离开北京三个月了。Bens grandpa 本的祖父去世了。His grandpa for 10 years.他的祖父已经去世十年了。The girl a cold.那个女孩得了感冒。The girl a cold for 2 days.那个女孩得感冒已经两天了。常见的非延续性动词有：meet, return, stop, see, lose, marry, receive, close, leave, come, hear, buy, borrow, begin start, join, die, finish, become, arrive, go , put on, move等。A 非延续性动词转换成延续性动词，主要有以下几种：（1）、用相应的延续性动词。例如：borrow- keep put on -wear come/go/become- be buy-have catch(get) a cold- have a coldI a middle school student.我已经成为一名中学生了。I a middle school student for 3 years. 我成为一名中学生已三年了。I a new computer.我买了一台新电脑。I a new computer for over half a year我拥有这台电脑已经半年多了。.（2）、转换成be+名词。例如: join the Party-be a Party member, join the army-be a soldier, go to school-be a student等。Eg： He_ _to school. 他上学了。 He_ _ a college student for about 3 months. 他成为大学生大约三个月了。（3）、转换成be+介词短语。例如：join the armybe in the army, go to school-be in school 等。上句还可还成： He _ _ _a college for about 3 months. 他成为大学生大约三个月了。再如：He _ _ _ _ since last year.他从去年开始成为了一名士兵。=He_ _ _ _ since last year.（4）、转换成be+形容词或副词例如：begin-be on, fall asleepbe sleep, openbe open, leavebe away, closebe closed, finishbe over, put on-be on, die-be dead等。Eg: My parents _ _asleep.我的父母睡着了。 My parents _ _asleep for over two hours.我的父母睡着已经两个多小时了。B非延续性动词现在完成时的否定式，已经成为一种可以延续的状态，因此可以和表示一段时间的状语连用。Eg：I_ _him for 3 weeks. 我已经三个星期没见到他了。 She _ _ _ here for 8 years.她已经8年没有离开这里了。 We _ _ books from the school library for half a month. 我们已经半个月没有从学校图书馆借书了。EXERCISES1. The shop has been _ for an hour. A. close B. closing C. closed2. How long have you _ the book? A. borrowed B. kept C. bought3. They _ Guangzhou for an hour. A. left B. have left C. have been away from4. I have _ Foshan since ten years ago. A. come to B. arrive in C. been in5. I bought a computer _. A. for two days B. since two days ago C. two days ago 6. Class has been over _. A. just now B. for a moment C. a moment ago7. I have come back _. A. for an hour B. yet C. already8. He joined the Party two months ago . He _ _ _ Party member for two months. He _ _ _ the Party since two years ago. It is two months _ he _ the Party.9) I _ a bike . I _ the bike a week ago . I _ the bike for a week .(买了)10) He _ . He _ for two days . (死了)11)这只狗死了。这只狗昨天死了。这只狗一天前死了。这只狗死了一天。12) 他们离开和顺了。他们两天前离开和顺了。他们自从两天前就离开和顺了。/ 他们离开和顺两天了。 13) 戏剧开始了。戏剧半小时前开始了。戏剧开始半个小时了。14)我买了一台电脑。自从我来到这里就买了一台电脑特殊结构用法辨析 have (has) been to 表示某人曾经去过某处，常与ever, never, once, twice, 连用 He has been to London twice. （他去过伦敦两次了） have (has)gone to 表示某人去了某处，说话时某人不在，只用于第三人称 He has gone to London. 他去伦敦了（不在说话的地方）have/has been in 在 与时间段连用，用how long 提问1. Bill _London , he will come back tomorrow. 2. A: Where are the twins? B: They_ the cinema3. I_Paris twice. He_never_there4. A:_you ever_America ? B: No , never . 5. A: How long_you_China ? B: For one year. 6. A: I havent seen you for a long time. Where _ you _? B: I _ the United States. 7. A: How long _ you _ China? B: I _ here for 3 years. 5.一般过去式与现在完成时的区别 一般过去时单纯强调动作发生在过去某一时间，和现在不发生任何关系，可以和表示过去的时间状语或从句yesterday, last week, in2000, a few days ago , when, before等连用；现在完成时强调的是过去发生的某一动作或状态与现在的联系，对现在产生的影响和造成的结果，主要说明的是现在的情况，不能和表示过去的时间状语等连用。（1）I have bought two new books. I bought them lask week.我买了两本新书，是上个周买的。 (2) The meeting has lasted for five days.会议已经开了五天（会议还在进行） The meeting lasted for five days.会议持续了五天。（会议已经结束）巩固练习:一、 同义句1. Tom bought this book two days ago.Tom _ _ this book _two days.2. The film began half an hour ago.The film _ _ _ _half an hour.3. Mr. Green left China in 1990.Mr. Green _ _ _ _China _1990.4. He borrowed the book last week.He _ _ the book _a week.5. Lucys brother joined the army in 2000.Lucys brother _ _ _ _ _ _2000.6. The old man died 5 years ago.The old man _ _ _ _5 years.7. The supermarket opened in 2000.The supermarket _ _ _ _ 2000.二、 改写句子1 His uncle has already posted all the photos to his friend. (改为一般疑问句和否定句)_his uncle_ all the photos to his friend_? His uncle_ posted all the photos to his friend_?2. We have learned English since 2000. （划线部分提问） _ _ _ you learned English?三、 单项选择（ ）1. Where is Lucy? She _ to the library. A. went B has been C. goes D. has gone ( ) 2. Tom _ the Great Wall twice, and he still wants to go there. A. went to B. has been to C. has gone to D. has gone to ( ) 3. My parents have _Xian for ten years. A. been to B. been in C.gone to D. gone ( ) 4. All of the houses_ in the last ten years. A. were built B. be built C. have built D. have been built ( ) 5. I cant go to the concert because I _ my ticket. A. lost B. have lost C. lose D. will lose小结：综合运用一看时间状语。如果句中没有表示过去确切时间的状语，常用现在完成时；如果有，则只能用一般过去时。如：I have visited the factory.I visited the factory last year.二看句首有无疑问词。如果笼统地问人家做过某事了吗（句首无疑问词），常用现在完成时；但进一步询问何时、何地、何原因、用什么方式做那事时（句首有疑问词）就要用一般过去时。如：Have you had your breakfast? Yes, I have.When did you have it? At seven thirty.注意： 这种用法是以连贯性问答为背景的。否则就需要具体情况具体分析。如：How many words have you learned by heart?How did you learn them by heart?三看句中谓语动词是否为延续性动词。如果表示的动作或状态一直延续到现在，最好选用延续性动词，并使用现在完成时；如果是瞬间动词，则用一般过去时。如：He has been a league member for two months.He joined the Youth League two months ago.1、 用ago,使用一般过去时。 He left here three years ago.2、 用“It is +一段时间since 一般过去时从句 ” It is three years since he left here.3、用“ 一段时间have/ has passed + since + 一般过去时从句”Three years have passed since he left here.以上三种表示方法适用于所有瞬间动词。综合练习：1. I _ the way. I _ here for quite many years. A. knewhave lived B. knewlive C. knowhave lived D. knowlive2. _ you ever _ America ? Yes, I have. A. Havegone to B. Havegone in C. Havebeen to D. Have been in3. My brother _college for over three years. A. has gone to B. has been to C. has been at4. _ you _ the text yet ? Yes, we _ it two hours ago. A. Didcopydid B. Havecopiedhave C. Havecopieddid D. Did copyhad5. “Why _ she _ angry ?” “Because he _ at her just now .” A. didgetshouted B. hasgotshouted C. didgethas shouted 6. _you _ the film before ? Where _ you _ it ? A. Have seendidsee B. Did seehaveseen C. Haveseenhaveseen7. You _ me waiting for two hours. I _ for you since five. A. keptwaited B. have keptwaited C. kepthave waited D. have kepthave waited8. Where _ John _ ? To the library. He _ there for an hour.A. hasbeenhas gone B. hasgonehas been C. didgowent D. didbewent用括号中所给的动词的适当形式完成下列句子。1. Mary _(lose) her pen. _ you _ (see) it here and there?2. _ you _ (find) your watch yet?3. -Are you thirsty? -NO, I _ just _ (have) some orange.4. We _already _ (return) the book.5. _ they _ (build) a new school 6. -Has Tom taught you English? -Yes, he _ (teach) us English for two years.7. I _(not finish) my homework yet. Can you help me?8. - The door is open. Who _ (open) it?