语言学讲义_考研_3_Morphologyppt课件.ppt

讲义三Morphology GraceTan 1 T F PLURALisamorpheme Morphemesareregardedasabstractconstructsinthesystemofsound Arootisnotalwaysafreeform Allboundmorphemesareaffixed 2 1 Compoundwordsconsistsof morphemes A boundB freeC bothfreeandbound2 Ns vs adjsandmanyadvsare A grammaticalwordsB lexicalwordsC neithergrammaticalnorlexicalwords3 Radarisa an A acronymB blendingC coinageD clipping 3 填空题 1 Polymorphemicwordsotherthancompoundshavetwoparts therootsandthe 2 On beforeandtogetherare words theyarewordswhichdonottakeinflectionalendings 3 GivetheregularallormorphsofpluralinEnglish 4 nouns verbsandadjectivesare wordsratherthanfunctionwords 5 Intheadditionofnewwords smogisa an 6 Waltzisborrowedfrom 4 Lexicon Initsmostgeneralsense issynonymouswithvocabulary Initstechnicalsensehere lexicondealswiththeanalysisandcreationofwords idiomsandcollocations 5 Whatisword TheWORDisaunitofexpressionwhichhasuniversalintuitiverecognitionbynative speakers whetheritisexpressedinspokenorwrittenform 6 3 1 1Threesensesofword 1 aphysicaldefinableunit aclusterofsoundsegmentsorlettersbetweentwopauseorblank2 WordbothasageneraltermandasaspecificformWritewriteswritten3 agrammaticalunite g Itiskindofyou MissLi Everywordplaysagrammaticalpartinthesentence 7 3 1 2Identificationofwords Stability 稳定性 Relativeuninterruptibility 相对连续性 disappointment disppointment dis ppoint mentAminimumfreeform 最小的自由形式 IsJanecomingthisevening Possibly 8 INVARIABLEWORDSrefertothosewordssuchas since when seldom through hello Theydonottakeinflectiveendings 1 Variablevs invariablewords可变词与不可变词 InVARIABLEWORDS onecouldfindorderedandregularseriesofgrammaticallydifferentwordforms ontheotherhand partofthewordremainsrelativelyconstant 3 1 3classificationofwords 9 GRAMMATICALWORDS FUNCTIONWORD FORMWORD FUNCTOR awordwhoseroleislargelyorwhollygrammatical LEXICALWORD wordwhichcarriesthesemanticcontent 2 Grammaticalwordsvs lexicalwords 10 CLOSED CLASS onewhosemembershipisfixedorlimited Newmembersarenotregularlyadded Pron Prep Conj ArtetcOpen class Noun Verb Adj Adv 3 Closed classwordsandopen classwords 11 Wordclass knownasPartsofSpeechintraditionalgrammar Noun verb adjective adverb preposition pronoun conjunction interjection article etc Somenewtermsinwordclass Particle小品词 infinitiveto negativenot subordinateunitsinphrasalverbs getby lookback etc Auxiliary助动词 do have 12 Pro forms代词形式 substitutesforotherterms Pronoun he she I they everyonePro adjective Yourcarisred Soishis Pro verb HespeaksEnglishbetterthanhedid Pro adverb HehopestowinandIhopesotoo Pro locative Hewentthere 13 Determiner限定词 allthearticles demonstratives andquantifiersthatappearbeforethenounanditsmodifiers Asmanyasthreedeterminersmaybeusedineachcaseandthereisafixedorderwhenthereismorethanone 14 15 Predeterminers all both half one third three quarters double twice threetimes such what exclamative Centraldeterminers the this these that those PossP we us you which what relative what interrogative a another some any no either neither each enough much more most less afew alittlePostdeterminers every many several few little one two three a dozen 16 3 2Theformationofword3 2 1MorphemeandMorphology Morphologyisthebranchofgrammarwhichstudiestheinternalstructureofwords andtherulesbywhichwordsareformed Twofields inflectionalmorphologyandderivationalmorphologyMorpheme Thesmallestunitintermsofrelationshipbetweenexpressionandcontent aunitwhichcannotbedividedwithoutdestroyingordrasticallyalteringthemeaning whetheritislexicalorgrammatical 17 3 2 2typesofmorpheme distemperedinfamous 18 Asaresultof thenegativemorphemeinimperfectandimpossibleisim ratherthanin GivetheregularallomorphsofpasttenseinEngilish 19 湖南大学2004EachofthefollowingPersianwordsispoly morphemic YouarerequiredtomatcheachofthenotionsgivenbelowwithamorphemeinPersian Notexarmeans buy and iddesignatespasttense XaridiYou sg bought NaxaridamIdidnotbuy NamixaridandTheywerenotbuying MixaridHebought NaxaridimWedidnotbuy MixaridHewasbuying MixarididYou pl werebuying XaridamIbought Match 1 I 2 you sg 3 not 4 was wereV ING contious Key 1 am 2 i 3 na 4 miVid另一题为刘版课后习题关于 er 的 20 Rootvs stem PolymorphemicwordsotherthancompoundsmaydivideintoROOTSandAffixes Root partofthewordleftwhenallaffixesareremovedASTEMisanymorphemeorcombinationofmorphemestowhichanaffixcanbeadded 21 IAvs DA Inflectionalaffixes曲折词缀 8grammaticalmarkersAdj er estNoun s sVerb s ing ed enDerivationalaffixes prefixsuffixinfix中缀circumfix框缀infix goose geesefoot feetCircumfix anaffixmadeupoftwosepartepartswhichsurroundandattachtoarootorastemEg ka an baddang help kabaddangan helpfulness 22 清华2001DividethefollowingwordsintoRoots IAandDA 1 transformations2 looseleaves destructive4 geese5 misled湖大2004Labelthemorphologicalcategoryofthemorphemeunderlinedineachexpressions 1 I vebeenhere 2 transform3 oxen4 recur 23 南大2003Youmayhavenoticedthattheprefixofcombineandthatofcontaincamefromthesameorigin meaingwithortogether butwhyisitspelled com incombinebut con incontain Useyourownwordstoanswerthisquestion A Thechangeof n analveolarnasal to m abilabialnasal isduetothefollowingphoneme b whichisalsobilabial 24 华南理工2004ThefollowinginfsandpastparticipleverbformsarefoundinDutch ROOTINFPPWandelwandelengewandeld walk Duwduwengeduwd push Zagzagengezegd saw Withreferencetothemorphologicalprocessesoftheprefixing suffixing infixingandcircumfixing A statethemorphologicalruleforforminganinfinDutch B statethemorphologicalruleforformingthePPinDutch Key inf root enpp ge root d 25 北外2002inderivingnewwordsviaaprefixsuchasmis thereseemstobesomeconstraintonwhatispermitted Thewordsinthefirstcolumnbelowareacceptableformations buttheformsintheothercolumnsarenot Workouttherule S mightbeformakingnewadjswithmis misadventuremishappymismilkmisjudgementmismealmissadmisplacedmisgladmiswordmistrustfulmisrolemiscrazy 26 Thebasicmeaningoftheprefixmis is bad badly wrong wrongly Thusmisfortunemeansbadfortuneandmishavemeanstobehavebadly likewise amisdeedisawrongdeed andmisdomeanstodowrongly Mis formscompoundsprimarilybyattachingtoverbs mishear misremember Mis alsoformscompoundsbyattachingtonounsthatcomefromverbs miscalculation mismanagement mispronunciation 27 湖南大学2004Considerchildren stendencytooverusemorphologicalrules whatmightweexpectayoungchildtouseintheplaceofthefollowingadultwords Justifyyourchoiceineachcase A fish pl b wentc miced atee broughtF geeseg himselfh womeni hit pp j hasKey Fishes goed mouseseatedbringedgooseshisselfwomanshittedhaveChildrenuseovergeneralizationerrorsbecausetheyusearegularproductiveprocessonexceptionalwords childrenusegoosesasthepluralformofgooseinsteadofgeesebecauseregularnounsaddan sintheplural 28 3 2 3Inflection wordformation Inflection indicatesgrammaticalrelationshipsbyaddinginflectionalaffixes suchasnumber person finiteness aspectandcase Eg boy boysWord formation Compoundingderivationconversion 29 CompoundingEndocentricegself control akindofcontrolarmchair akindofchairExocentric thereisnohead sonotarelationshipof akindofsomething egscarecrow notakindofcrowbreakneck notakindofneck 30 Derivation Class preserving N N nonsmoker ex wife bookletV V disobey unfastenA A grayish irrelevant 31 湖南大学2003Itisafactthatmorphologicalprocessesmaybesensitivetocertainphonologicalcontext Theenglishdatabelowillustratethisfact Youarerequiredtostatethephonologicalcontextswheretheadditionof enispossibleasshownin b a whitenmadden b bluen stupidenreddenfatten greenen vividenquickendeafen slowen fartherenlivenharden angryen difficultensoftendeepen abstracten shallowenKey Thesuffix en whichattachestoadjstoformverbs canonlyattachtomonosyllabicbasesendinginobstruents Verb enifadjendsinanobstrent oralstoporfricative ifadfendsinasonorant nasals approximants vowels Meaning tomake more adj 广外试题 广州外语外贸大学考研试题涉及chapter3 doc 32 3 3Lexicalchange 3 3 1LexicalchangeproperInvention blending abbreviation acronym back formation analogicalcreation borrowing 3 3 2Phonol ogicalchangeLossAdditionMetathesisAssimilation 3 3 4Sema nticchangeBroadening Narrowing Meaningshift Classshift Folketymology 3 3 3morpho syntacticalchangeMorpholo gicalchange Syntacticalchange 3 3 5Ortho graphicchange 33 Borrowing French administration parliament public court crime judge army enemy officer peace soldier war faith religion coat costume dress fashion jewel dinner feast fry roast supper toast customer money price art college music poet prose story study 34 Latin admit client conviction discuss equal index library medicine minorGreek catastrophe cosmos criterion idiosyncrasySpanishandPortuguese banana barbecue cafeteria cargo chocolate cigar cocaine cockroach cocoa guitar mosquito negro potato tank tobacco tomato vanilla 35 Italian aria bandit broccoli casino concerto duet finale influenza mafia malaria paparazzi singularpaparazzo piano pizza solo soprano spaghetti studio umbrella volcanoDutch boss brandy cookie cruise deck dock dollar freight gin kit knapsack landscape luck sketch slim smuggle snap trek yacht 36 Arabic admiral alchemy alcohol algebra alkali almanac assassin candy hazard lemon magazine safari sofa zeroIndian bungalow cashmere curry ginger jungle mango polo pyjamas orpajamas shampoo swastika thug yogaChinese chopsuey chow chowmein ginseng gung ho ketchup orcatchuporcatsup kungfu tea tofu viaJapanese typhoon 37 Typesofloanwords Loanwords 借词TheborrowingofLOANWORDSisaprocessinwhichbothformandmeaningareborrowedwithonlyaslightchange insomecases tothephonologicalsystemofthenewlanguagethattheyenter encore and aupair fromFrench sputnik fromRussian etc coupd etat kungfu 38 Loanblend混合借词 LOANBLENDINGisaprocessinwhichpartoftheformisnativeandtheresthasbeenborrowed butthemeaningisfullyborrowed Thisismoretypicalwithwordsinwhichtherootisborrowedwhilethenativeaffixisadded Forexample troublesome colourless uncertain etc 39 Loanshift转移借词 LOANSHIFTisaprocessinwhichthemeaningisborrowed buttheformisnative Bridge whenitreferstoatypeofcardgame themeaningwasborrowedfromtheItalianponte artificialsatellite Russiansputnik AlltheborrowingsinChineseareloanshifts 40 Loantranslation翻译借词 Thisisaspecialtypeofborrowing inwhicheachmorphemeorwordistranslatedintheequivalentmorphemeorwordinanotherlanguage almighty Latinomnipotenssuperman GermanUbermensch ThisisalsocalledCALQUE 仿译词 whichmaybeaword aphrase orevenashortsentence freeverse Lverselibreblackhumor Frhumournoirfoundobject Frobjettrouv 41 3 2Phonologicalchange Phonologicalchangereferstochangesinsoundleadingtochangesinform mus mu s mouse ma s hus hu s house ha s ut u t out a t sup su p south sa 42 Lossofsound音的脱落 Itcanrefertothedisappearanceoftheverysoundasaphonemeinthephonogicalsystem OldEnglishholh holx hollow h l sorh sorx sorrow s r niht nixt night nait draugath druxt drought draut 43 Soundlossmayalsooccurinutterancesattheexpenseofsomeunstressedvowels temperature temp r t tempr t laboratory l b r tri l br t ri cabinet k b nit k binit postscript p stskript p sskript 44 LossofsoundThepen npencil nthedrawerarebetter ntypewritertocopy neasythinglikethis 45 Additionofsound添加Soundsmayalsobeaddedtotheoriginalsoundsequence Thisisusuallytheresultofborrowing Latin O F Spanish Portugesestudiumestudieestudioestudo 46 Metathesis换位 METATHESISisaprocessinvolvingachangeinthesequenceofsounds Metathesishadbeenoriginallyaperformanceerror whichwasoverlookedandacceptedbythespeechcommunity Theytaxedhimwithhisfailures accused Theytookhimtotaskforhisfailures scolded Spoonerism 首字母换位 thequeeroldDean thedearoldQueenIsthebeandizzy Isthedeanbusy 47 Assimilation同化 ASSIMILATIONreferstothechangeofasoundbytheinfluenceofanadjacentsound whichismorespecificallycalled contact or contiguous assimilation Theassimilationprocessesatworkcouldbeexplainedbythe theoryofleasteffort省力理论 thatis inspeakingwetendtouseaslittleeffortaspossiblesothatwedonotwanttovarytoooftentheplacesofarticulationinutteringasequenceofsounds Assimilationtakesplaceinquickspeechveryoften Forinstance inexpressionssuchasimmobile irrevocable impolite illegal thenegativeprefixesim il orir shouldbein etymologically 48 3 3Morphologicalchange do e th does goeth goes hath has findeth finds hopeth hopesdo e st do playest play hearest hear speakest speakthecampusoftheuniversity theuniversity scampus 49 3 4Syntacticalchange Inthe15thc thereweredoublecomparativesorsuperlativesinEnglish buttodaytherearenot moregladder moreglad morelower lower mostroyalest mostroyalInoldEnglish thenegativeparticle not wasusuallyputinfrontoftheverborattheendofasentence buttodayitcomesafterthefiniteverb Itnotbelongstoyou Itdoesn tbelongtoyou Wesawyounot Wedidn tseeyou 50 Fusionorblendingisalsousedinmakingnewphrasalandsententialstructures Rarely hardlyeven rarelyevenEverandanon nowandthen everynowandthenEquallygood justasgood equallyasgoodIt snousegettingtherebeforenine There snouseingettingtherebeforenine There snousegettingtherebeforenine 51 3 5Semanticchange Broadening词义扩大Broadingisaprocesstoextendorelevatethemeaningfromitsoriginallyspecificsensetoarelativelygeneralone holiday holyday anydayforrestbird youngbird anykindofbirdpigeon youngpigeon thewholespeciestask tax anypieceofworkyouhavetodo 52 Narrowing词义缩小Narrowingiscontrarytobroadening theoriginalmeaningofawordcanbenarrowedorrestrictedtoaspecificsense fowl birdsingeneral domesticbirdsmeat anyfoodyoueat ediblefleshofthemammalsdeer anybeast aparticularkindofbeastgirl youngchildrenofbothsex youngfemalestarve dieinanyway dieofhunger 53 Meaningshift HereMEANINGSHIFTisunderstoodinitsnarrowsense thatis thechangeofmeaninghasnothingtodowithgeneralizationorrestrictionasmentionedabove Whatmakesthemeaningofaworddifferentisitsdeparturefromitsoriginaldomainasaresultofitsmetaphoricalusage Sometimesthemeaningchangessomuchthatyoucan tseeanyconnectionbetweenthenewmeaningandtheoriginalone bead prayer theprayerbead small ball shapedpieceofglass metalorwoodpay livestock paymentcrafty skilledinmakinghandcrafts cunningknave boy boyservant rascal dishonestpersonsilly OE happy ME na ve foolishnice ignorant foolishlyparticularaboutsmallthings tobepreciseofrefinedtaste 54 Classshift词类转变Byshiftingthewordclassonecanchangethemeaningofawordfromaconcreteentityornotiontoaprocessorattribution ThisprocessofwordformationisalsoknownasZERO DERI