语言与文化-复习材料

一. 选择题1. The continental U.S.A. consists of 50 states.2. The National Day of the U.S.A. is the day when the Declaration of Independence was signed.3. William Faulkner is the American writer who won the Nobel Prize of Literature.4. The American Congress consists of the House of Representatives and the Senate.5. Harvard University is located in Boston .6. The State of Washington is located in the northwest of the continental U.S.A.7. The American Civil War broke out in 1861 .8. The Great Gatsby was written by Francis Fitzgerald .9. “I Have a Dream” was delivered by Martin Luther King in 1963.10. “Lost Generation ” refers to the youth, especially writers and artists, in the years following World War I.11. Thomas Jefferson was the third president of the U.S.A.12. California is a sunny state in the U.S.A.13. The Norman Conquest took place in 1066 .14. Ireland does not belong to the U.K.15. The oldest university in the U.K. is Oxford 16. The largest English dictionary is Oxford English Dictionary17. The Canterbury Tales was written by Geoffery Chaucer18. The Parliament of the U.K. comprises the House of Lords and the House of Commons19. In 1620, Mayflower, the ship in which the Pilgrim Fathers sailed, voyaged to Plymouth in America.20. Vanity Fair was written by William Thackery1. 每单元前的 warm-up case 注意题目的分析comment 大部分考选择题2. For example, how does an Australian man know that when another man approaches him in a pub, pats him on the back an says “How ya goinyou ol bastard ”, he is expressing friendship and intimacy.(P6)3. In other words, culture can be seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture. (P6)4. However, it is also important to remember that culture is not a static entity. (P6)5. The way of regarding culture as an observable pattern of behavior is a useful one but one that has its limitations.(P5)6. （变化快慢的领域）Changes in certain aspects of culture, especially in the area of behavior and customs, can occur rapidly. Changes in the underlying values, e.g. in ways of looking at the world, tend to be much slower. (P6)7. P7 的冰山图8. There are three basic aspects to communication: our individual personality, the culture we operate in, and the physical environment that surrounds us.（P7）9. Intercultural communication as a field of study first emerged in the U.S. in the 1950s as a result of the four trends that lead to the development of the global village :(1) Convenient transportation systems (2) Innovative communication systems (3) Economic globalization （4）Widespread migrations (P8-9)10. Edward Hall is considered the father of intercultural communication with his publication of The Silent Language in 1959 and his many other works. The 1960s was the period of conceptualization of the field by communication scholars. The 1970s showed a rapid development, reflected in the publication of numerous studies. During the 1980s the field moved toward integration and a clearer identity. The 1990s stressed diversification of methods, displayed increased concern with domestic co-cultures, and also witnessed efforts to redress historical and colonial imbalances. By the end of the 20th century, there was as many as nineteen specific intercultural communication theories put forward. (考点：时间，事件) (P9)11. The more similarities two cultures share, the less influence culture will have on communication. Therefore, the less messages will be changed during communication; the less the cultures are alike, the greater the influence of culture on communication will be, and the more likely the messages will be changed.(P11)12. At the innermost depth of our heart, are we flexible and broadminded enough to accommodate multiculturalism instead of ethnocentrism? The 21st century calls for people with intercultural personalities.(P11)13. The case above shows that social interactions may vary greatly owing to different cultural backgrounds. In this case, peoples different reactions toward a fly in a beer reveal not only their individual personality but also the orientation of their nations mainstream culture, e.g. the Englishs seriousness, the Frenchs arrogance, the spanishs generosity, the Japaneses critical approach, the Arabs sarcasm and the Americans humor.(P21)14. P24的表Table 2.1 15. occupations or titles which can be followed by family name: Doctor, Judge, Governor, Mayor, Professor, Nurse and ranks in the armed forces like Captain.（P24-25）16. first name 名 forename 名 family name 姓 given name 名 last name 名 surname 姓17. 中西方打招呼方式：Greetings are common in both English and Chinese. When people meet they usually greet each other. The purpose of the greeting is to establish or maintain social contact, not to transfer information, so formulaic expressions are often used. In English , the following greetings are common.(例子见书P25)18. Gift sending -当面拆， 为了表达感谢19. 西方人做客怎么预约： I havent seen you for a long time. I was wondering whether I could come round to visit you sometime. Id like to come and see you sometime. Would you be free one afternoon next week? I would like to come and visit you. Would it be convenient for me to come Wednesday evening?(P29-30)20. 中西方Dinner Preparation的差别：If guests are invited for a meal, Chinese prepare a very large number of dishes, usually far more than can be eaten at the time. Conversely, Westerners tend to relate the meal size more accurately to the peoples appetites, both the quantity and variety of the meal are far less than in China.(P30)21. 中西方离开方式的差别： In Western culture, it is common for the guest to indulge in a couple of minutes small talk while preparing for leaving, e.g. “Well, its been lovely to see you , but I must be going soon. I hope well be able to get together again before long” or “Thank you for a lovely evening . I must not hold you any longer.” The host will see the guest to the door and say something like “Thank you for coming.” In contrast to this, Chinese visitors often stand up suddenly and say, “Im leaving now”, which seems quite abrupt to the Westerners. Unless the host strongly insists he or she stay longer, the guest will move to the door and say “请留步”， “不要送了”， “回去吧”， “再见”. For an important guest, the Chinese host will see him or her to the building gate, or even to the bus stop and say something like “请慢走”， “请走好”， “不远送了”， “有空再来”. Sometimes the will not go back until the guest is out of sight.(P31-32)22. 如何给建议又不冒犯别人： privately in advance 见书P44 comment23. 哪些中国人对外国人称赞的应答会引起误会： “Oh, its just an ordinary dress I bought in China.” “Should I blush, or should I tell him you dont really mean it.” “Growing flowers is my hobby, but Im not much good at it.” “T really know little about the subject.” (P48-49)24. According to Manes and Wolfson (1981), the overwhelming majority of English compliments contain one of a highly restricted set of adjectives and verbs.(P52)25. In Chinese, however, positive words expressing compliments are mainly adjectives, adverbs and verbs.(P53)26. Another linguistic feature of Chinese compliments is that many of them begin with the pronouns “you” or “your” , while in English compliments the pronoun “I” (as in “I love it ” and “I like it”) is more frequently used.(P53)27. 中英文中称赞别人比例最高的例句: (P53-54) NP is/looks really (intensifier) ADJ e.g. Your blouse looks beautiful. You are so efficient. You V ADV e.g. 你干的不错。 You did the job well.28. Common Response Formulas of English and Chinese Compliments : (P55) American English:A: This is really a nice sweater.B: Im glad you like it.A: You did a good job.B: Thank you/Thanks. Chinese:A: 你的毛衣不错（Your sweater is very good.）B：才花了我十元。(I bought it only for ten yuan)A：你干的不错. (You did the job very well )B：大家努力的结果。/ 还差的远哩 (Thats the result of joint efforts./ Theres still much room for improvement. )29. These two groups of most commonly used responses show that native English speakers tend to accept the compliments, at least in form, whereas the Chinese tend to efface themselves in words, although they do feel comfortable about the compliments. (P55)30. “You look good ”的不同 Cultural Assumption (P56) There is nothing more embarrassing than ones compliments hurting others due to the different cultural values. For example, the adjective “good” is frequently used in compliments in both Chinese and English cultures. Sometimes the syntactic structure of the sentences containing “good” are also similar, e.g. “You look good ” is an American compliment as well as a Chinese one. While “good” is a general term that can refer to ones health, appearance and manner in both cultures, the Chinese rarely think losing weight is good, a common assumption Americans will have. Many American are conscious of weight, whereas many Chinese consider rosy cheeks a sign of good health. In Chinese, losing weight may mean that someone has become sick without noticing. Instead, “Youve put on weight” can be a compliment in Chinese. This is why a Chinese learner might commit the mistake of saying to an American, “You have gained weight” offending the American without knowing it, and an American may attempt a compliment by saying “youve lost weight,” which will only make his Chinese friend worry about his health.31. 中英文对道谢的回应：(P57)Not at all. / Youre welcome. / Dont mention it. / Its my/our pleasure. / Thats all right. / Thats okay.不客气 / 不用谢 /谢什么 /没关系 /这算不了什么 /这是我应该做的32. 中西方价值观的差距：collectivism(中) individualism （西）33. 哪些中英文单词是 Culturally Loaded WordsP70 culturally loaded words 标题下面开始 到 P71 的There are also numerous.这段结束 （除了Naturally,.这段不是，其他都是）34. social science 包含哪些内容 (P71-72) The term “social science” itself deserves some attention. The Chinese for “social sciences” itself deserves some attention. The Chinese for “social sciences” is “社会科学”，but are they really the same? Do both terms cover the same fields? If we go by contemporary Chinese usage, “社会科学” covers all the fields except the ones in the natural sciences and applied sciences. It would be the same to “the humanities” in English: language, literature, philosophy, etc., i.e. the branches of learning dealing mainly with the cultural aspects of civilization. The English term “social sciences”, however, covers a smaller area of learning. It includes political science, economics, history (which is often classified under the humanities), and sociology - the branches of learning that study human society. Especially its organization and the relationship of individual members to it.35. P72 表格 table 4.1 36. Not all animal or birds have specific names that denote different sex. Some have specific names well-known to us. With certain less common animals and birds, “bull” or “cow” and “cock” or “hen” are frequently used to distinguish sex, e.g. bull seal, cow seal; bull elephant, cow elephant; cock pheasant, hen pheasant; cock sparrow, hen sparrow. Also, using the term “male” or “female”, or sometimes “she” with the generic name, is acceptable, as in “male leopard”, “female panda”, “she wolf”, etc. (P72)37. P73 表格 table 4.238. 中文独有，难译英文（P75） 良药苦口利于病，忠言逆耳利于行：Franks advice is like good herbal medicine: had to take, but ultimately beneficial.瓜田不纳履，李下不正冠: Neither adjust your shoe in a melon patch; nor your hat under a plum tree.一人得道，鸡犬升天: Even the dog swaggers when its master wins favor.英文独有，难译中文 Absence makes the heart grow fonder. 越是不见越是想念 An apple a day keeps the doctor away. 一天一苹果，医生远离我 Let sleeping dogs lie. 莫惹是非 You cant teach an old dog new tricks. 年逾花甲不堪教 You cant have your cake and eat it too. 鱼与熊掌不可兼得39. In any culture, some words or expressions are to be avoided because tradition or social custom strongly frowns on their use. These are verbal taboos. Just as violating a cultural taboo can be quite offensive, so can verbal taboo.Excreta and acts of human excretion (these are euphemistic terms themselves) are to be avoided in polite conversation.Talking about sexual intercourse and certain parts of the body is taboo in both cultures.In many languages, swear words are taboo. （P76-77）40. (图见P79)图考点： English-linear an direct Semitic - tangential and semi-direct Oriental-circular Romance-consistently circuitous Russian-direct and circuitous41. A basis for identifying the problem-solving approach is to study the cultures paragraph format. Each language and each culture has a paragraph order unique to itself, and the key to a successful learning of a particular language is in mastering its logical system. (P79)42. 解决问题的方式：For example, American culture is predominantly factual-inductive; Russian culture is predominantly axiomatic-deductive; and Arab cultures are predominantly intuitive-affective.二.是非题T 1.As a phenomenon, intercultural communication has existed for thousands of years. However, as a discipline , its history is only about fifty years.F 2.Intercultural Communication as a discipline first started in Europe.F 3.Culture is a static entity while communication is a dynamic process.T 4.Culture can be seen as shared knowledge, what people need to know in order to act appropriately in a given culture.T 5.Although cultural stereotype has its limitations (over-generalization),it still contributes to a persons cultural cognition.T 6.In intercultural communication, we should separate ones individual character from cultural generalization.T 7.Cultural mistakes are more serious than linguistic mistakes. The linguistic mistake means that someone is not fully expressing his or her idea while cultural mistakes can lead to serious misunderstanding and even ill-feeling between individuals.F 8.All people of the same nationality will have the same culture.T 9.Although two cultures may share the same ideas, their meaning and significance may not be the same.F 10.Ones actions are totally independent of his or her culture.T 1.All cultures require and value politeness, but the ways in which politeness is achieved may vary significantly.T 2.Dont take offence-getting the form of address “wrong” is rarely intended to be offensive.T 3.Addressing forms like “Miss Mary”, “Brown” by the Chinese may be a form of cultural compromise.T 4.Ranks in the armed forces like Captain, Colonel can be used as titles.F 5.Westerners can understand what Uncle policeman or P.L.A Uncle means.F 6.We can address Jason Douglas, who is a lawyer, as Lawyer Douglas.F 7.Chinese hospitality toward the Westerners is always greatly appreciated.F 8.The Chinese way of showing concern is usually appreciated by the Westerners.F 9. “Thank you for coming!” is a typical expression used by Western hosts when the guests just arrived.T 10. “Im sorry to have wasted your time” or “Im sorry to have taken up so much of your time ” are usually appropriate to the business visit.T 1.Sometimes the Chinese way of showing modesty may be considered as fishing for compliments.T 2.The social functions of Chinese and English compliments are roughly the same.T 3.In informal situations, a large number of compliments are used to make people feel comfortable.F 4.The cultural assumption of compliments is the same between cultures.T 5.Adjectives and verbs are often used to convey compliment message in English, while adjectives, adverbs and verbs are often used in Chinese.F 6.English compliments often begin with the word “you” while Chinese compliments often start with the word “I”.F 7.Chinese people give more compliments in daily life than Americans.F 8.Americans tend to be self-effacing in their compliments responses.F 9.Compliments on others belongings are sometimes an indirect way of request in American culture.T 10.If a guest compliments something in another persons home, the Chinese host or hostess will probably give that thing to the guest.F 1.Verbal communication is more important than nonverbal communication.F 2. “Dragon” means the same to the Westerner as “龙” to the Chinese.F 3.The Chinese phrase “知识分子” has the same meaning as “intellectual”.T 4. A term in one language may not have a counterpart in another language.F 5.In referring to animals and birds, the Chinese practice is generally, but not always, to use “公” or “母” to show whether a creature is male or female. This is the same with the English language.T 6.The following six English words: “vice”, “associate”, “assistant ”, “deputy”, “lieutenant”, and “under” can all mean “副” in Chinese language.F 7.There are as many similarities as dissimilarities between English proverbs and Chinese proverbs.T 8.Violating a cultural taboo is as serious as violating a verbal taboo.T 9.Patterns of thought vary with culture.T 10.Particular thought patterns predominate in each culture, e.g. American culture is predominantly factual-inductive, Russian culture is predominantly axiomatic-deductive, and Arab cultures are predominantly intuitive-affective.三.委婉语1. landscape engineer 园林工人2. tonsorial artist 理发师3. sanitation engineer 清洁工4. shoe rebuilder 补鞋匠1. soft in the head 发疯的2. reckless disregard for truth 撒谎3. to take things without permission 偷窃4. industrial climate 劳资关系紧张A Bnether garments lunaticcall your carriage for you a man of bad tasteplain a prostitutepatient trousersa man of doubtful taste uglya lady of the town ask you to go away四. 翻译题（英汉互译）1. A new broom sweeps clean. 新官上任三把火2. Many hands make light work. 人多好办事3. Dont put off until