英语写作手法.doc

许多考生反映自己的英语写作要么十分“中文式”，全无英语的味道，要么就是作文干巴巴的显得没有一点文采。其实英文写作和汉语写作在修辞方面还是存在许多共同之处的。要使自己的英语作文显得有文采，考生就要在英语写作中尝试采用有效的修辞手法，下面就介绍几种修辞方法：一、比喻(the figures of speech)比喻是语言艺术的升华。 英语中常见的比喻方法有三种明喻、隐喻和借喻。1.明喻(the simile)格式：本体 + 显著比喻词(like/as/as if) + 喻体常用介词like 、连词as，as if，asso、动词seem等以及句型Ato B asCtoD等等表示“好像”意思的比喻说法就叫明喻。例如：（1）Teacher, you are like the sun, but more magnificent, andmorebrillant. 老师，您像太阳，又比太阳更灿烂更辉煌。（2）Your soul is as pure as snow, your personality is as nobleaspine trees! All praise to you, our belovedteacher.您的心灵像雪一样纯净，您的人格像青松一般高洁！赞美您，敬爱的老师。英语中除上述的用介词、连词或句型等的明喻表达方式外，还有许多常用的明喻习语。例如：(1)as clear as crystal清如水晶(2)as weak as water软弱无力这类利用类似汉语的押韵和叠声增加语言的美感。与此同时，又可以使语言短小精悍，表达生动、形象。2.隐喻(the metaphor)格是：本体 + is/are + 喻体例如：（1）Time is a river, of which memory is the water. Oh myfriend,what I scoop up from the river is all yearning ofyou.时间是河、记忆如水，朋友，我从河里捧起来的都是对你的思念。（2）Time is money. 时间就是金钱。注意：英语中存在着许多数词习语和俚语，用作隐喻（也有个别用作明喻）。例如 ：(1)You are one in a million.你真是人见人爱。(2)He has one over the eight.他酩酊大醉。（3）This film star is a nine days wonder; I doubt whetheranyonewill remr her in ayearstime.这位电影明星现在红极一时（也指昙花一现），但我认为一年以后人们不见得还记得她。注意：英语中还有许多隐喻成语。例如：（1）to teach fish to swim 班门弄斧（2）to plough the sand 白费力气（3）up the tree骑虎难下；lame duck强弩之末；above board光明正大3.借喻(the metonymy)格式：直接用比喻事物代替本体事物例如：(1)The buses in America are on strikenow.美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses喻指司机drivers)。(2)The pen is mightier thanthesword.文人胜于武士（以pen，sword喻指使用这物的人）。英语中一些鸟兽鱼虫的名字，除本义外，常可转借喻人，形象生动，意味隽永。例如：(1)She is a social butterfly.她是一个交际花（以虫喻人）。 （接下页）二、借代(the synecdoche)借用一个名称来代替另一事物。替代的方式可以是人、物互代，部分和全体互代，单数代复数，描象代替具体或具体代替抽象等等。例如：(1)Uncle Sam will not help us.美国人不会帮助我们。（用Uncle Sam代替船美国人本身）(2)You can depend on him for help whenever youre in tourble.Hesa true blue.你遇到麻烦时尽管去找他帮忙，他是一个靠得住的忠实朋友。（用trueblue代替真金烈火，忠诚可靠的）使用借代修辞方式要选用最突出最明显的事物特征来代替事物名称。借代运用得好，能使语言表达简洁明快、具体、形象，以避免重复、累赘，并给人以新鲜感。三、夸张(the exaggeration)把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张。例如：(1)Thank you a thousand.千恩万谢。英语中夸张修辞格，应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征，因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发 。四、拟人(the personifjcation)就是把无生命的事物人格化。例如：(1)Books are a guide in youth and an entertainment for age.Theysupport us under solitude, and keep us from being a burdentoourselves.书籍是青年人的指南、老年人的娱乐。孤寂时，书籍给我们力量，使我们摆脱精神负担。（2）Love is the master key that opens the gatesofhappiness.爱是开启幸福之门的万能钥匙。拟人用法在英语写作中运用得好，不仅使语言表达得生动、有力，而且给人以亲切、实在、耳目一新的感受。五、排比把结构相同或相似、语气一致、意思密切相关联的句子或句子成分排列起来，使句式得到增强，感情得到加深，这种修辞叫排比。例如：（1）You are overwhelming jade, as white as snow, as smoothandmoist as grease, as brilliant as candles, and as firmasrock.你洁白如雪，润泽如脂，你光辉如烛，坚贞如磐，你是令人倾心的美玉。（2）You are in my mind and in my heart. You are in the very airIbreathe. You are part ofme.Forever.你占据了我整个思绪和心灵；你在我呼吸的空气里；你永远是我的一部分。此外，在英语的具体写作过程当中，我们可以运用恰当的抒情手法来进行写作，达到以情动人的效果。下面就以2005年6月份四级考试作文为例，进行写作。提纲要求：In honor of teachers on the occasion of Teachers Day向老师致以节日祝贺从一件难忘的事回忆老师的教诲和无私的奉献我如何回报老师的关爱范文：Dear Miss Zhang,Im not the best student of yours, butyourethe most respected teacher of mine. On this special occasionforyou, what I can dedicate is my highest consideration andearnestblessings. May you be happy; may all of your life be fullofhappiness, joy as well as sweetness.I still remred clearly thattheday I was crying with a heavy heart because I failed to passtheexamination. I didnt know what to do and where to go, just likeabird lost its way. Teacher, it was you who lighted the beaconofhope in my heart in the dark night. Your warm words,affectionateeyes, which dispelled the cold winter from my heart andkindled theflame of hope as well. And I still remred that theplatform, thedesks, the springs and autumns, all witness the flowerpetals ofyour heart. The buds, the seedlings, the spring flowersand fallfruits, all owe to your sincere devotion.In my view, all Iwant todo is to make the best of every day, and come a littlecloser towhat I dream of. Furthermore, I must not relax my effortsto be thebest I can be and do the best I can do.Bestwishes,Andy.（编辑：赵露） 21.Simile 明喻2.Metaphor 隐喻,暗喻3.Metonymy 借喻,转喻4.Synecdoche 提喻5.Synaesthesia 通感,联觉,移觉6.Personification 拟人7.Hyperbole 夸张8.