学术英语理工版考试复习重点

.书第二页： task 21 no, because they all seem like a subject rather than a topic, a subject which cannot be addressed even by a whole book, let alone by a 1500-word essay.2 each of them can be broken down intovarious and more specific aspects. for example, cancer can beclassified into breast cancer, lung cancer, liver cancer and so on. breast cancer can have such specific topics for research as causes for breast cancer, effects of breast cancer and prevention or diagnosis of breast cancer.3 actually the topics of each field are endless. take breast cancer for example, we can have the topics like: why women suffer from breast cancer more than men?a new way to find breast tumorssome risks of getting breast cancer in daily life breast cancer and its direct biological impact breast cancer the symptoms & diagnosis breastfeeding and breast cancertask 31 text 1 illustrates how hackers or unauthorized users use one way or another to get inside a computer, while text 2 describes the various electronic threats a computer may face.2 both focus on the vulnerability of a computer.3 text 1 analyzes the ways of computer hackers, while text 2 describes security problems of a computer.4 text 1: the way hackers“ get inside” a computertext 2: electronic threats a computer facesyes, i think they are interesting, important, manageable and adequate. 2 formulating a research question书 11 页task 1 text 3research question 1: how many types of cloud services are there and what are they? research question 2: what is green computing?research question 3: what are advantages of the cloud computing? text 4research question 1: what is the web 3.0?research question 2: what are advantages and disadvantages of the cloud computing? research question 3: what security benefits can the cloud computing provide?task 2书 18 页2 topic 2: threats of artificial intelligence research questions:1) what are the threats of artificial intelligence?2) how can human beings control those threats?3) what are the difficulties to control those threats? 3 topic 3: the potentials of nanotechnology research questions:1) what are its potentials in medicine?2) what are its potentials in space exploration?3) what are its potentials in communications? 4 topic 4: global warming and its effects research questions:1) how does it affect the pattern of climates?;.2) how does it affect economic activities?3) how does it affect human behavior? 2 scanning and skimmingtask书 43 页1 artificial intelligence.2 the article may argue for/against the idea that artificial intelligence will replace human jobs in the future.3 the story tells that computerization threatens to replace many white-collar jobs.4 the author is optimistic and may not agree that machines will replace human jobs. 5 the specter of automation unemploying us all may have finally arrived.6 but the mass job shrinkage that these observers all expected did not come.7 yet americans as a whole were not automated out of work. (para.8, l1) yet, through all that, more new jobs appeared. (para.11, l2)8 man will not lose jobs because there will always be demands of a new economy.9 the neighbor would prefer to order the shoes from machine-handling factories.10 saving will lead to spending which in turn will create newer, perhaps better jobs tomorrow书 66 页 task 21 the writer develops his main ideas about global warming mainly through the structure of cause-and-effect.2 the writer illustrates the effects of global warming through the structure of classification.3 the effects are arranged from the most obvious to least obvious, and signal words include: the most prominent effect of global warming; another area affected by global warming; a third type of evidence of global warming.4 four types. they are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluocarbons.5 paragraph 11 follows the pattern of problem-and-solution. the signal words are“ a common problem that arises is” ,“ needs to take action now”.书 71 页 6 reading criticallytask 1the tone of one s writing indicates their feelings and attitude toward the topic being discussed.it reveals whether they are being playful or serious, humorous or somber, whether they are angry or tranquil, bitter or confident. through tone, their attitude toward what they are writing about and their relationship to their readers become clear.controlling tone is largely a matter of selecting words and sentences, and choosing details so asto serve the purpose of writing wel l. now let s consider the following sentences which you write to tell two facts:the sales of vitamin e have doubled in the past five years. the increase in sales has been helped by the statements from health food enthusiasts and doctors.1 combined into a single one, sentence 1 is impartial in tone because it doesn t reveal your attitude. impartial and toneless sentences are what you want to write if you either have noopinion or want to seem factual and objective, rather than personal and subjective.2 strong in tone and clear in attitude: sentence 2 reflects your belief that vitamin e sales have surged because of a deceptive and misleading advertisement campaign. if you feel the sentence is too strong, too opinionated, perhaps even biased, you may suggest your feelings instead of stating them directly.3 by using the words freaks and quack, this version can make your reader sense not only your reservation about the worth of the vitamin but also your contempt of those who promote it. butthe tone is so strong that your reader may consider it exaggerated and may even question its truth.4 this version is more suggestive and less explicit, though your attitude is still negative because“ faddists” (unlike enthusiasts) are a word with unfavorable associatiodnbseacnause claims“ (unlike statements)” encourage the reader to doubt their truth.5 by inserting the detail that only a few doctors make claims for vitamin, the version seems biased as the tone is stronger.6 the phrase“ some doctors” implies thaatntohtehreerigsroup of doctors who have made no claims for the vitamin and who may perhaps reject such claims.7 the word“ even ” suggests your surprise that doctors, who should know better, have made such foolish claims, thus further weakens the support of the doctors without making your statementseem exaggerated or biased.8, 9 tone not only can be controlled by the choice of words and details but also by the choice of structures. sentence 8 and 9 make the implied criticism more forceful as the negative words or phrases have been moved to their beginning or end position, the position which is more emphatic for one s opinion.10, 11, 12 the three sentences are not critical but favorable in tone toward the increased sales ofvitamin e, because“ experts” tsreuestmwomrtohryethan“ enthusiasts” and both“ reports” and“ testimony” carry more weight than mere“ statements”.13, 14 the two sentences have a positive tone because the phrase“ a number of doctors” so more impressive than“ a few ” or“ some doctors” . and“ a number of leading doctors” are supposed to be more reliable, though not as reliable as“ leading medical authorities”.15, 16, 17 the three sentences are less formal and more personal than the previous sentences as the first- person view“ i ” is adoptpeedrstonalize their tone.18, 19 the two sentences are more informal as the closer relationship between yourself and the reader is established by asking questions.20, 21 by addressing the reader as“ you ” , the sentences are more informal and personal. 22 the informality of your writing will be increased by contractions, slang, and short, simplewords instead of longer, more complex ones.书 76 页 taking notestasktitle:global warming and its effects author(s):nicolas dallevasource: main ideas:the essay mainly talks about the effects and causes of global warming.main findings or ideas:global warming have negative effects on climate changes, survival ofanimals, development of plants, people s health and global economy. there are two major causes for global warming: burning of fossil fuels and greenhouse gases.conclusion:the world needs to put forth a stronger effort to prevent global warming. paragraphsorganizationcontentglobal warming has been aglobal issue now, despitepara. 1phenomenonminimal efforts are made to prevent global warming.paras. 2-4effect iit affects the climate change.it affects the survival ofeffect iianimals.effect iiieffect iv effect vit affects the development of plants.it affects the health of people.it affects economy.paras. 5-7cause iburning of fossil fuels (carbondioxide)cause iigreenhouse gases such as methane, nitrous oxide, andchlorofluocarbonparas. 9-10commentsparas. 11-12conclusionglobal warming even affects economy and health.a stronger and joint effort needed to prevent globalwarming书 78 页 writing a summarytask 1the source material uses a story of identical twins to illustrate the idea that apart from the important role the genes play in the development of an individual, their environmental experience also affects their traits greatly. the summary grasps the idea without details of the story.task 22 history has demonstrated that technology affects education profoundly. considering the definition of technology broadly, one may say that prehistoric people used primitive technologies to teach skills to their young.3 psychology can be divided into several important theories. behaviourists emphasize the role ofenvironment in shaping one s behavior, while cognitivists explain behavior by analyzing mental processes. freudians and humanists are more concerned with exploring behavior through the personality whereas social constructivists connect individual behavior to its social-historiccontext.task 3title:global warming and its effects author(s) : nicolas dallevasource: summary:according to nicolas dalleva, global warming has become a great challenge to human beings, for it not only affects the climate change and leads to the decrease of the number of animals per species, but also affects the agricultural growth. dalleva believes that the burning of fossil fuels is the culprit of global warming because it releases greenhouse gases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. the other gases like methane, nitrous oxide and chlorofluocarbons are alsothe causes of the greenhouse effect. in dalleva s opinion, despite the worldwide efforts, people donot take the issue seriously and do not realize that global warming will also exerts a negative effect on economy and health. he calls for, therefore, a stronger joint effort to prevent global warming. (134 words)书 127 页 1 writing a literature review task 11 the four articles were published right after the fukushima disaster in japan and all addressed the topic of potential risks of nuclear radiation.2 radiation is not so terrible as expected and human beings are exposed to different sources ofradiation every day. whether it will endanger human health or not depends on the duration andstrength of radiation exposure.3 amber cornelio holds a different attitude from the other three authors. he believes that radiation exposure will certainly raise the risk of getting cancer and government officials downplay its potential danger to justify its use of nuclear power.4 answers may vary.5 it seems that text 11, 12, 14 provide more scientific facts about nuclear radiation than text 13which is more emotionally charged by using many rhetorical questions and phrases like“ i a simply floored” ,“ let officials be oblivious” ,“ not to be outdone” ,“ do not tell us about hence it appears less reliable and trustworthy.书 140 页 task 2compared with uranium which the production of conventional nuclear power needs, there is more lithium in the sea water which can support 30 million years fusion fuel. 书 140 页 task 31 review the previous related studies2 state the previous studies limitation3 announce the direction for further studies书 142 页 2 writing a self-contained literature review task 11 stigmatization, a kind of social rejection, is big challenge to the mentally ill. they are rejected by people because of the label they carry or that their behaviors indicate that they belong to a certain labeled group.2 to report the past studies of the topic. studies have proved that stigmatization of the mentally ill is caused by the public s belief in myths about the dangoefrothuesnmeessntally ill andexposing those myths can reduce stigmatization.3 three articles.4 pescosolido & tuch (2000) thought that a common respond to the mentally ill are rejection and fear of violence. another article concluded that rejection and fear are caused by less contact with mentally ill. alexander and link (2003) found that any type of contact with mentally ill individuals reduced perceptions of dangerousness of the target.5 1) what are major causes for the rejection and fear, and can they be reduced?2) this finding is verified by alexander and link (2003).3) task 2 text 11title:risks of nuclear power author(s):bernard l. cohen source: .summary:radiation from nuclear power is feared to have the potential of causing a cancer orsome genetic diseases. this fear, however, is dismissed by cohen after he compares artificial radiation and the radiation that occurs naturally in our environment, analyzing their respective impact on human health. cohen separately discusses the different sources of nuclear power risks and arrives at the following conclusions: 1) the probability of real reactor accidents, with the safety system of defense in depth, are extremely small; 2) radioactive waste, if properly handled,causes negligible damage; 3) other radiation problems, such as accidents in transportation or radon exposures in mining, are also not so threatening as they seem to be. in summary he believes that radiation due to nuclear power will cause much fewer cancers and deaths than coal burning. (130 words)text 12title:how radiation threatens health author(s):nina baisource: scientific americansummary:nina bai addresses the widespread concerns over the health effects of radiation exposure in the wake of fukushima nuclear crisis. she discusses three determinative factors: the level, type and duration of radiation exposure. first, radiation sickness usually occurs when there is excessive dose of exposure, though the limits of radiation level differ for the general public, radiation workers, and patients going through medical radiation. second, of the four types of ionizing radiation, gamma, x-ray, alpha, and beta, the latter two, albeit being lower energy, are more likely to cause health damage. third, a very high single dose of radiation can be more harmful than the same dosage accumulated over time. finally, bai draws on the lesson of chernobyl, and concludes radiation exposure within reasonable limit is not so fearful and it is good to exercise caution. (136 words)text 13title:should nuclear radiation found in domestic milk come as a surprise? author(s):amber corneliosource: http:/www. summary : amber cornelio (2011) maintains that radiation from japan s fukushima disaster has threatened the daily life of ordina ry americans. he challenges the government s view thatradioactive materials detected in domestic milk, vegetables and rainwater will pose no public health concern. he suspects that the government is downplaying the potential dangers of radiation to justify its use of nuclear power. he believes the government has failed to do the job of protecting people. in the end, he urges the government to be more responsible and stop building power plants on a faulty line. he warns that covering up the facts is not the key to avoid similar disasters in the future. (108 words)text 14title:radiation and health: the aftershocks of japan s nuclear disaster author(s):susan blumenthalsource: http:/www. summary:susan blumenthal (2011) aims to inform people of nuclear radiation with scientific facts. she starts the essay with a reference to the worldwide spread of fear in the wake of fukushima disaster and then explains what radiation is. the explanation is followed by a report of different types of radioactive materials released into the air. she goes on to tell that an exposure to those materials will increase the risks of some major diseases. however, she concedes radiation is not so menacing as was assumed and humans are exposed to naturally occurring radiation every day. whether radiation is harmful to health or not depends on two contexts: the duration and strength of the exposure. she warns that exposure to high doses of radiation can lead to acute health problems. long-term low dose exposure to radiation is equally fatal. (137words)task 3the release of substantial amounts of radiation into the atmosphere from fukushima nuclear plant has triggered widespread concerns over the use of nuclear power and the health effects of radiation exposure. since the chernobyl disaster, especially the fukushima nuclear crisis, manyscientists and scholars have attempted to estimate the effect of nuclear radiation on human health. cohen (2011) believes the fear that nuclear radiation will cause a cancer or other genetic diseases is unnecessary. he made a detailed analysis of the effects of accidents in nuclear power plants, accidents in transporting radioactive materials and escape of radioactive wastes from confinementsystems on human health by comparing the effects of coal burning. cohen arrived at the following conclusions: nucle