让步状语从句

授课内容提纲：1. 复习 u4 单词，不规则动词。2. u5 语法讲解，练习巩固。3. 中考链接4. 一些易混淆的语法讲解，相应的练习题。5. 练习巩固提升一、语法讲解让步状语从句though/ although“尽管即使”连接词：although（尽管）, though（尽管）, however（无论怎样） , whatever（无论什么） , whoever （无论谁） , whomever （无论谁） , whichever （无论哪个）, whenever （无论何时）, wherever（无论哪里） , whether（是否）, no matter (who, what, where, when, etc) （无论 ） , even if （即使） , even though （即使）等。注意： 当有 though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though和yet 可连用. 这两个连词意思大致相同， 在一般情况下可以互换使用。 在口语中， though 较常使用， although比 though 正式，although its raining, they are still working in the field.虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。although/though he was worn out, (still) he kept on working.though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.伤口虽愈合， 但伤疤留下了。（谚语）-可编辑修改 -although/though he is very old, (yet) he is quite strong.he is very old, but he still works very hard.虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。 值得注意的是， although 引导的让步状语从句位于主句之前的情况较多，though 引导的让步状语从句可位于主句之前或主句之后。例如：she passed the examination though she had not studied very hard. ()1. she is young, she knows quite a lot.a. when b. howeverc. althoughd. unlesseverif/eventhough即使 we ll make a trip even if/thoughthe weatheris bad.whether.or. . 表示“不论是否，”“不管是还是”之意youll have to attend the ceremony whether youre free or busy. whether you believe it or not, its true.“no matter+ 疑问词”或疑“问词 -ever ”的含义为“都；不管都”，它们引导的让步状语从句可以互换。例如：no matter what happened, he would not mind. (=whatever happened, he would not mind.)no matter who you are, you must keep the law.(=whoever you are,you must keep the law.()1. you bought the car about ten years ago? yes. it s old, it still runs well.a. becauseb. sincec. althoughd. but()2. we gave him something to eat, he would save it up for his littlesister.a.whateverb.howeverc.wheneverd.whichever()3.though it rained heavily yesterday, he got to school on time.abutb /c and()4. alice is a good student . , she has one shortcoming.a.althougu b.asc.howeverd. even if()5.mary spends a lot of money on clothes her family is not rich.a.becauseb.thouguc.ifd.so()6. difficult the task may be, we will try our best to finish it.a. no matterb. no wonderc. thoughd. however中考链接：()1. it s difficult to make her dream come true, she never gives up.a. thoughb. unlessc. becaused. if()2. they may not succeed, they will try their best.a. thoughb. whenc. becaused. unless()3. harry is only 10 years old, he knows more about science than his brother.a. though ； /b. though ； butc. though ；because()4. well you drive, you must drive carefully.a. no matter whereb. in order thatc. no matter howd. as soon as ()5. hamburgers are junk food, many children like them.a. ifb. unlessc. becaused. although ()6.my brother and i look different we are twins.a. unlessb. asc. thoughd. because一些易混淆的语法讲解:1. 四个花费： spend ， cost ， take 和 pay 的区别(1) spend time money on sth.在上花费时间/金钱例： i spent two hours on this maths problem.spend time money (in) doing sth.花费时间 (金钱 )做某事。例： they spent two years (in) building this bridge.spend money for sth.花钱买例： his money was spent for books.他的钱用来买书了。(2) sth. costs(sb.)金钱 ,某物花了 (某人 )多少钱。例： a new computer costs a lot of money.买一台新电脑要花一大笔钱。(3) take 后面常跟双宾语it takes sb.时间 to do sth.做某事花了某人多少时间。例： it took them three years to build this road.(4) pay 的基本用法是：pay (sb.) money for sth.付钱(给某人 )买。例： i have to pay them 20 dollars for this room each month.pay for sth.付的钱。例：i have to pay for the book lost. pay for sb.替某人付钱。例：don t worry! ill pay for you.习题： () 1. i have to them 20 pounds for this room each month.a. payb. paid c. costd. took() 2. they spend too much time the reporta. writingb. to writec. on writingd. write()3. -what beautiful shoes youre wearing! they must be expensive .-no ， they only l0 yuan a spentbtookc paidd cost ()4. -will you please for my dinner, peter?-sure!a. spendb. payc. costd.take() 5. it will me too much time to read this book.a. takeb. costc. spendd.pay()6.this science book me a great amount of money.a. tookb. costc. usedd. spent2. some 与 any 的区别：some的用法1. some : adj.（多用于 肯定 句、希望 得到对法肯定回答的疑问句中）1）修饰 可数名词复数 ，指三个或三个以上， “一些、若干”eg. some children like playing in the park.would you like some apples? 2）修饰 不可数名词 ，“一些、若干”eg. there is some water in the bottle.would you like some tea or coffee?2. some: pron.“一些人、一些物；有些人、有些物”eg. there are many people in the park. some are walking. some are talking. eg. some of the dumplings are made of shrimps(虾, 小虾 ).-可编辑修改 -二. any的用法1. any: adj. （多用于 否定句、疑问句）1）修饰 不可数名词 ，“任何量的”eg. can you speak any french? 2）修饰 可数名词复数 ，“任何数目的人或物”eg. i didn t eat any apples.eg. are there any stamps in the drawer?3）用于肯定句中修饰单数可数名词，“任何一个”eg.give me a pen -any pen will be ok.2. any: pron.“任何一个人/物” eg. she didnt spend any of the money.总结 ：表示一些时，some 用于肯定句和希望得到肯定回答的疑问句中；any 用于否定句和疑问句中 .1. there are () newspapers on the table. 2. is there () bread on the plate？3. are there () boats on the river?4. -do you have () brothers ? -yes, i have two brothers.5. -is there () tea in the cup?-yes, there is () tea in it, but there isnt milk.6. i want to ask you () questions.7. my little boy wants () water to drink.8. there are () tables in the room, but there arent () chairs.9. would you like () milk?10. will you give me () paper?3. a few / few & a little / little的区别-可编辑修改 -1. there is water in the glass. lets go and get some.a. fewb. muchc. manyd. little2. we still have apples in the basket. you dont have to buy any.a. fewb. a fewc. littled. a little3. i am new here. so i have friends here.a. fewb. a fewc. littled. a little4. there is money in my pocket, so i cant buy anything now.a. fewb. a fewc. littled. a little5. people know where phillip lives. only his parents can tell us.a. fewb. a fewc. littled. a little 6.there is ink in my bottle, can you give me ink?a. few, a fewb. little, a littlec. a little, littled. a little, a little7. i enjoy my life here. i have friends and we meet quite often.a. fewb. a fewc. littled. a little二、练习提升语法选择once, a king loved music so much that he searched the world for the best instrument.one day, a magic man 1 the king a harp(竖琴 ).the king took it to the palace, but 2 he played it, the harp sounded terrible. many 3 people tried it. they agreed that the harp was 4 and the king had been fooled. the harp was thrown out as rubbish.a poor little girl 5 found the harp, and even though she didnt know how 6 it, she decided to have a try. she played and played, the whole day through, for monthsand years. the music she produced was never perfect, 7 each time it sounded alittle better.then one day, suddenly, the harp started to play the most beautiful music. it was in fact 8 magic harp, and could only be played well by someone who would put in the necessary effort.the king heard the music from his window, and called the girl to the palace. when theking saw that she was playing his old harp, he was filled 9 joy. at that moment hemade the girl his own private 10 , giving her and her family many riches. ()1. a. offerb. offersc. offeredd. has offered()2. a. whenb. beforec. ifd. because()3. a. anotherb. otherc. othersd. the other()4. a. usedb. usingc. uselessd. uselessness ()5. a. lateb. latelyc. latestd. later()6. a. playedb. to playc. playingd. to playing ()7. a. sob. andc. ord. but()8. a. ab. anc. thed. /()9. a. inb. ofc. byd. with()10. a. musicb. musicalc. musiciand. musically完型填空kierman was born in sydney, australia, and grew up near the sea. for more than 40 years, he raced in international sailing competitions.in 1987,kiermanwascompetingin anaround-the-worldracewhenhebeganto 1 the huge amount of rubbish in the worlds oceans. when he returned to australia,he 2 to do something about it.he organizeda community 3 called“cleanup sydneyharbour. ”on sunday,january 8, 1989, more than 40,000 volunteers came out to 4 away rubbish. the next year, kierman made the clean-up a national event. it was a huge 5 .across australia,about 300,000 people spent the day improving their local 6 .sincethen,“cleanupaustralia ” hasgot 7 everyyear.in2002,forexample,800,000peoplecleanedupalmost15,000tonsofrubbishfromaustralia s beaches, parks and streets.kierman was 8 with the success of his project. in 2003, he started an evenbigger program. with the 9 of the united nations environment program, he introduced“cleanup theworld ”, aninternationalprogramthat supportscommunitiesaroundthe worldin cleaningup andprotectingthe environment.“cleanup theworld ”hasgrown 10 and his wonderful idea has now spread from one city to the whole world. ()1. a. saveb. collectc. noticed. produce()2. a. refusedb. decidedc. pretendedd. stopped ()3. a. lawb. partyc. companyd. event()4. a. clearb. sendc. turnd. give()5. a. problemb. successc. surprised. failure()6. a. cultureb. projectc. governmentd. environment ()7. a. olderb. smallerc. biggerd. faster()8. a. happyb. angryc. disappointedd. concerned ()9. a. needb. helpc. hoped. action()10. a. loudlyb. gently c. rapidlyd. busily阅读理解most of us probably live without vegetables, but a world without chocolate? now that would be hard! according to chocolate makers it could happen if we dont act soon.there are two main causes of the chocolate shortage - chocolates growing popularity and lessproductionof cocoa,the plantfromwhichchocolateis made.with moreand more people in india and china loving chocolate, not much can be done about the firstcause.therefore,the onlythingwe can do is to increasecocoaproduction.however,new plantdiseasesandlittlerainin ivorycoastandghana,theworld s largestproducers, have reduced cocoa production by 40 percent in the past 10 years. whats worse, manycocoafarmersinafricaandothercocoa-producingcountrieslikeindonesiaandvenezuela are changing to easier-to-grow crops such as corn or rubber. this way, the farmers can make more money.to prevent more farmers from changing, researchers at the newly opened international cocoa control centre, in the uk, are trying to create new cocoa plants that are stronger and faster growing. but first they must make sure the new plants are safe to grow. thistakes a long time.first, each new plant is stored at the control centre for six months tomakesure itis healthy.it is then plantedin thecentre s fields,studiedandtestedfor another two years. only after scientists are certain that theyre disease-free, will the plants be sent to farmers in west africa or wherever else they are needed.to create new stronger types of cocoa, scientists at the c