高中定语从句全面详细讲解

.;.一:定义及相关术语高中定语从句详细讲解1. 定语从句：修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫定语从句。定语从句一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词之后。2. 先行词：被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词。3. 关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose, as 等；关系副词有when, where, why 等。关系词通常有下列三个作用：a、引导定语从句；b、代替先行词；c、在定语从句中担当一个成分。例如： the man who is shaking hands with my father is a policeman.该句中，who is shaking hands with my father 是定语从句，修饰先行词the man， “ who”是引导定语从句的关系词，代替先行词the man ，在定语从句中作主语。二:限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句限制性定语从句形式上：不用逗号“， ”与主句隔开。意义上：是先行词不可缺少的定语，如删除，主句则失去意义或意思表达不完整。译法上：译成先行词的定语：“的 ”关系词的使用上：a作宾语时可省略b可用 thatc 可用 who 代替 whom非限制性定语从句形式上：用逗号“，”与主句隔开。意义上：只是对先行词的补充说明，如删除，主句仍能表达完整的意思。译法上：通常译成主句的并列句。关系词的使用上：a不可省略b不用 thatc不可用who 代替 whom限制性定语从句举例：the teacher told me that tom was the only person that i could depend on.老师告诉我说汤姆是我唯一的可以依靠的人。非限制性定语从句举例：his mother, who loves him very much, is strict with him.他妈妈十分地爱他，对他要求很严格。三:关系代词引导的定语从句1. who 指人，在定语从句中作主语。the boys who are playing football are from class one.正在踢足球的男孩是一班的。that is the teacher who teaches us physics.那就是教我们物理的老师。2. whom 指人，在定语从句中做宾语，常可省略。mr liu is the person ( whom ) you talked about on the bus.刘先生就是你们在公共汽车上谈论的那个人。li ming is just the boy ( whom ) i want to see.李明正是我想要见的男孩。3. which 指物，在定语从句中做主语或宾语，做宾语时常可省略。football is a game which is liked by most boys.足球是大多数男孩所喜欢的运动。the factory which makes computers is far away from here.制造计算机的那家公司离这儿很远。4. that 指人时，相当于who 或 whom；指物时，相当于which. 。在定语从句中作主语或宾语，作宾语时常可省略。where is the man that / whom i saw this morning?我今天早上看到的那个人在哪儿？the person that /whom you introduced to me is very kind.你介绍给我的那个人很友好。5. whose 通常指人，也可指物，在定语从句中做定语。he has a friend whose father is a doctor.他有一个爸爸当医生的朋友。i once lived in the house whose roof has fallen in.我曾经住在那幢屋顶已经倒塌了的房子里。注意：指物时，常用下列结构来代替：the classroom whose door is broken will soon be repaired.the classroom the door of which is broken will soon be repaired.do you like the book whose cover is yellow?do you like the book the cover of which is yellow? 6 as 的用法 :(as 引导定语从句, 在定语从句中作主语、宾语、表语)如为限制性的，多用于the sameas ; the same as； suchas; as many/much as； soas 等结构中。 i have the same book as you (have). 我有一本和你的一样的书。.-why didnt you mention that in face of the police just now?- i thought it was such a minor detail as was hardly worth mentioning.比较： here is so big a stone as no one can lift. （定语从句）here is so big a stone that no one can lift it.（结果状语从句）如为非限制性的，多单独引导一个定语从句，表示说话人对话语的看法态度解释或评论.这种定语从句可置于句首，句中或句尾，译为正如，这一点 。（动词常为know, see, expect, point out, etc）.as we all know, smoking is harmful to ones health . (as作宾语 ) smoking is harmful to ones health , as we all know . （ as 作宾语） smoking, as we all know, is harmful to one health.he was a foreigner, as i knew from his accent.(宾语 , 先行词是前面整个句子)注意 :the same.as 与 the samethat 的区分当先行词被the same 修饰时关系词既可以用as,也可以用that 在表示事物时,有时两者有一定的区别.一般说来,表示同一种类多用as,表示同一事物多用that. 在抽象概念上,同种类事物是没有绝对区别的,所以两个词可以换用 .例如 this is the same book that i used yesterday.this is the same book as i used yesterday.四:“介词+关系代词 ”引导的定语从句关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时，从句常常由“介词 +关系代词 ”引出。the school (which / that) he once studied in is very famous.the school in which he once studied is very famous. 他曾经就读过的学校很出名。注意：含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开，介词仍放在短语动词的后面。look for, look after, take care of 等。this is the watch (which / that) i am looking for.(正)这是我正在找的手表。this is the watch for which i am looking .( 误)若介词放在关系代词前，关系代词指人时只可用whom，不可用 who, that ；关系代词指物时只可用which， 不可用 that 。关系代词是所有格时用whose。the man with whom you talked just now is my neighbour.( 正) 你刚才跟他谈话的那个人是我的邻居。the man with that / who you talked just now is my neighbour.(误) “介词 +关系代词 ”前还可有some, any, none, all, both, neither, many, most, each, few 等代词或者数词。如： he loves his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.他深深地爱着他的父母，他们俩待他都很好。in the basket there are quite many apples, some of which have gone bad.篮子里有好些苹果， 有些已经坏了。五:关系副词引导的定语从句1 when 指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语。i still remember the day when i first came to this school.我仍然记得我第一次来到这所学校的那一天。the time when we got together finally arrived.我们团聚的时刻终于到了。2 where 指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语。shanghai is the city where i was born.上海是我出生的城市。i visited the farm where a lot of cows were raised .我参观了那个饲养了许多奶牛的农场。当现行词为point, case, age, business, degree condition occasion,situation,atmosphere, scene等s时 ,在定语从句作状语时 ,用 where. 例如 , )1 i can think of many cases students obviously knew a lot of english words and expressions but couldnt write a good essay.a. why b. which c. as d. where2 many people who had seen the film were afraid to go to the forest when they remembered the scenes people were eaten by the tiger. a. where b. by which c. which d. that3 he was driving so fast as to get himself into a dangerous situation he is likely to lose the control over his car.a.which b.as c.why d.where3 why 指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语。please tell me the reason why you missed the plane. 请告诉我你误机的原因。the reason why he was punished is unknown to us. 他受惩罚的原因我们都不知道。注意：关系副词引导的定语从句经常可以用“介词 +关系代词 ”引导的定语从句来表示。如：from the years when / in which he was going to primary school in the country he had known what he wante d to be when he grew up.自从他在农村读小学时，他就已经知道长大后要做什么。great changes are taking place in the city where / in which they live.他们生活的城市正发生巨大的变化。the reason why / for which he refused the invitation is quite clear.他为什么拒绝接受邀请的原因是十分明了的。六:限制性定语从句中只能用that 引导定语从句的情况1. 当先行词是everything, anything, nothing (something 除外 ), all, none, few, little, some 等不定代词时， 或当先行词受every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much 等代词修饰时。如：have you taken down everything that mr. li said?李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？there seems to be nothing that is impossible to him in the world. 对他来说似乎世界上没有什么不可能的事。注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who，如：any man that / who has a sense of duty wontdo such a thing. 任何有责任感的人都不会做这样的事。2. 当先行词被序数词修饰时。如：the first place that they visited in london was the big ben.在伦敦他们参观的第一个地方是大本钟。3. 当先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。如：this is the best film that i have ever seen.这是我看过的最好的电影。4. 当先行词被the very, the only 修饰时。如：this is the very dictionary that i want to buy.这正是我要买的词典。after the fire in his house, the old car is the only thing that he owns.注意 :当 one of 修饰的现行词在定语从句中作主语时,谓语动词用复数.当 the only one of 修饰的先行词在定语从句中作主语是谓语动词用单数.例如 he is the only one of the boys that knows me in his class. he is one of the boys that know me in his class.注意：当先行词指人时，偶尔也可用关系代词who。如：wang hua is the only person in our school who will attend the meeting.王华是我校唯一出席会议的人。5. 当先行词前面有who, which 等疑问代词时。如：who is the man that is standing by the gate? 站在门口的那个人是谁？ which is the t-shirt that fits me most?哪件 t 恤衫最合我的身？ 6当先行词为人与动物或人与物时。如：they talked about the persons and things that they remembered at school七:宜用 which 不宜用 that 的情况 :1 关系代词前有介词时 .the house in which i used to live has become a shoe shop.2 在非限制性定语从句当中,he was late for school again, which made his teacher angery.3 先行词本身就是that 时.what sthat which flashed in the sky just now?八:宜用 who 不用 that 的情况在限制性定语从句中，当先行词指人时，关系词可用who(m) 或 that ，二者常可互换。但在下列情况中，用who(m) ，而不用that ：(1) 当先行词是one, ones, any, few, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone,everybody 等词时。如：is there anyone who can answer this question? he was among the few who managed to live through the enemy prison camp.(2) 当先行词是he, they, those, people, person等词时。如： those who are against the proposal put up your hands.he who doesnt reach the great wall is not a true man.不到长城非好汉。注：在固定结构的谚语或习语中，可用he that。如：he that promises too much means nothing.九关系代词 as 和 which 引导的定语从句as 和 which 引导非限制性定语从句时，其用法有相同之处，也有不同之处。具体情况是：1. as 和 which 都可以在定语从句中做主语或宾语，代表前面整个句子。如：he is honest, as / which we can see. 他很诚实，这一点我们看得出来。2. as 引导的非限制性定语从句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至还可以分割主句。which 引导的非限制性定语从句只可放在主句之后。另外，as 常常有 “正如、正像 ”的含义。如：he is from the south, as we can know from his accent. 他是南方人，这一点我们从他的口音可以知道。john, as you know, is a famous writer. 正如你所知，约翰是个著名作家。zhang hua has been to paris more than ten times, which idontbelieve.注意：当主句和从句之间存在着逻辑上的因果关系时，关系词往往只用which 。如：t these tables are made of metal, which made them very heavy.这些桌子是金属的， 这使得这些桌子很重。当先行词受such, the same修饰时，关系词常用as。 如：i vneever heard such stories as he tells. 我从未听过象他讲的这样的故事。this is the same dictionary as i lost last week. 这部词典跟我上星期丢失的一样。注意： 当先行词受the same 修饰时， 偶尔也用that 引导定语从句， 但与 as 引导的定语从句意思