高考英语短文改错超级讲义

2016高考英语短文改错专题讲练各省历年高考考点平均出现次数各省历年高考考点平均出现次数2014201320122011动词3432名词1111连词2111形容词1102副词0110代词1111冠词1101介词1021考点命题趋势短文改错文章以记叙文为主，考察词类覆盖面广，涉及名词、动词、冠词、代词、介词、形容词、副词等的基本用法在短文改错中占相当大比例的是动词的形式变化，包括一般现在时第三人称单数、过去式、过去分词、现在分词、及被动语态等其他如名词的单复数变化、主谓一致、 词与词之间的搭配等方面的错误也会出现。错误比例分布多词：缺词：错词普遍1偶尔2： 1： 1： 8： 7偶尔1： 2： 7全国课标卷i 近四年考点启示： .核对错项时，若的确有一时难以改出的地方，可以参考所改动项是否基本符合“1： 1： 8”的比例。即多一词1 个，缺词1个，错词8 个。核对改正的语法项目是否有重复。因为短文改错往往覆盖面广，一般不会出现重复考查某个语法点的现象。范围2015201420132012动词1. think-thoughtsincethen,wehad(been1. used to doing-do1. whenthingsdid形 容 词 /副词2. must found-find 3.1. aseriously problem-serious2. muchrareanimals-manydoing)-have1. grow wanderfully tomatoes2. (thefruitsarejuicyand taste-tasty2. passed-passedremember sb very muc-much 改 为well/clearlywrong-did改为 went2. whenitearapart my改为torelittle aggressive-less连词or-andalthoug-but 把 but 去掉或改为yet1. 两句间加and2. during-whenseewhichwas happenning-改为 what名词airs-airthese year-yearsshoulderstoy-toys代词your-our/thethere are so much-manyhimself-himfora whileparent- 在parent 后面加上myit-them冠词in countyside( 加 the)as result( 加 a)in a fact( 去掉 a)介词on the development of (改为 with)with the help by(by改为 of)fromtoward-to1. no more toys to you改为 for2. make mytoys to last去掉 to上 下 文逻 辑 关系短文改错的常见错误类型(theplantsaregrowing) somewhere-everywherenever-ever1. 动词错误类型：时态、语态（历年考试的重点和热点）变得不难了。eg. one evening she told me that something happened when her parents was out.3.2) 主语后有 with,together with,along with, as well as, like, but, except, rather than, besides, including等短语时，谓语动词和主语一致。 （ a together with b 作主语，谓语动词依 a 来定）nobody except my parents knows anything about it.3.3） or, neithernor., eitheror, not onlybut also连接并列主语遵循就近原则。he or his brothers was to blame for the broken window.3.4) one of + 复数名词后的定语从句谓语动词用复数，但 the (only/very/right) one of +复数名词后的定语从句，谓语动词需用单数。eg. james is the only one of my friends who are lazy.3.5) no, many a, more than on+ 单数名词表示复数意思，但因中心词是单数，谓语仍用单数。 eg. more than one student have been to bazhong.3.6 ）有些名词只有复数形式，作主语时，谓语动词用复数。clothes, glasses 眼镜， shoes， chopsticks筷子， scissors 剪刀 , trousers, jeans, stocks.eg. this pair of trousers belong to my sister. mine are being washed.主谓一致 (语法一致原则/就近一致原则/意义一致原则) 更多参见一轮复习书p160-161. 4)简单句句子结构：主系表/主谓宾，注意完整性。she is a student. i like music.eg. there willan important game next month.5) 第三人称单数名词代词作主语，谓语动词要用单数，be 动词 was，is；实义动词加s （一般情况加s 如 takes， reads；辅音字母+y 结尾的变y 为 i+es 如： try-tries ， reply-replies; 以/s/,/ ?/,/t ?/音素结尾和o 结尾的动词 +es 如： do-does，watch-watches ， guess-guesses） have-has 是特殊。 若非第三人称单数作主语，谓语动词不能乱用单数。eg. my dream school look like a big garden.6) 被动语态的结构：be done/be being done/have/has been done. 但不及物动词（短语） 无被动： come out, run out, belong to, date back to, come up( 被提出 )，happen，occur( 发生) ，consist of, appear, die, lie, rise,.eg. this book was belonged to me. 7）动词短语考搭配，一般都是一些基础的常用短语，需要大家熟记分清。eg. my sister is going to graduate college soon and find a job.2. 名词单复数和名词所有格错误类型 可数名词：单复数错用（高频考点） 可数名词和不可数名词混用 名词所有格中“s”的误置无生命所有格of 漏用 /误用1.1）单复数错用改动依据 一：名词前的修饰限定成份（单数名词前常有a/an; 复数名词前有many ，several, a few 等；不可数名词没复数，其前常有much ， little等 ）；改动 依据二 ： 上下文的逻辑关系，谓语动词的单复数 （ be 动词 is,was 配单数名词； be 动词 are，were 配复数名词； 实义动词原形配复数名词；实义动词第三人称单数配单数名词）1.2）名词复数规则要记清：（详见一轮复习书p14）(1) there are advantage for students to work.(2) that was a dinner we had waited for several month.(3) a few minute on the internet.(4) but one and a half year later.(one and a half 意思为一个半)2） 不可数名词无复数，不能直接用冠词或数词修饰，常见的要记清：clothing 服装（总称， information,advice, news, weather, equipment, traffic, trouble, furniture,fun , paper 纸, sugar， work （工作） luggage 行李.既是可数名词又是不可数名词的。词性取决于语境。名词作“不可数”时复数形式名词作“不可数”时复数形式coffee咖啡几杯咖啡custom习惯；习俗海关silk丝绸各种丝绸force力气；力量军队hair头发几根头发glass杯子；玻璃眼镜time时间次数；倍数；时代sand沙子沙滩；沙漠food食物各种食物work工作作品；工厂fruit水果若干种水果chicken鸡肉鸡wood树木树林manner举止，态度礼貌iron铁熨斗arm手臂武器paper纸试卷；论文；报纸word消息字；词；话eg. we have called several time about hippys early morning barking.their word were a great encouragement to me.3.1) 表示“的”通常在名词词尾直接加- s;以 s 结尾的复数名词直接加“”即可如： friend s, friends but she marked strictly on student s actual performance.3.2) 注意一些习惯用法：表示店铺，某人的家，诊所等; at the barber s/dentists, at my aunt s 等 表示时间，距离，集体，城市，团体，机构的，yesterdays newspaper, five minutes walk走路五分钟的路程eg. i forgot my favorite book at my friend this weekend.4）无生命所有格，“of+ 名词”如： a picture of my family一张我家的全家福eg. without the help by his parents, he bravely got out of the financial problem.3. 形容词、副词错误类型系动词后误放副词 误用副词修饰名词; 误用形容词修饰动词、形容词误用形容词作评注性状语误用副词修饰主语表状态 v-ing和 v-ed 形容词混用误用形容词或副词的原级、比较级和最高级近义词误用误用带 -ly 的副词与不带-ly 的副词最后，注意根据上下文该用比较级而未用的“暗中比较” 特别指正 ：1) 系动词后常用形容词（ be/am/is/are/was/were/become/go/ 感官性动词smell /feel ）the memory stayed fresh. the food tastes good.2) 修饰名词用形容词serious problem ；3） 修饰动词 、形容词、过去分词及整个句子用副词：she sings well; i firmly believe you can succeed ；i had an extremely special birthday. she wasparticularlyinterested in english.4) 副词(un)fortunately, surprisingly, luckily等放句首作评注性状语修饰整个句子。改错题热门考点eg. unfortunately, i failed to go the party.不幸的是，我没能去参加聚会。5） 形容词 可以 作状语修饰句 子 主 语 。 eg. tired but happy , we won the game. 6） ving 的 adj 常修饰物，“令人的”， ved 的 adj 常修饰人，“感到.” she was surprised at the latest surprising news. she had a very surprised book on her face.7.1) much 可以修饰形副词的比较级，many 不可以。 eg. the internet plays a much more / more important role in our life.7.2) the+ 比较级， the+比较级“越越”常成为考点，注意前后一致，都要用比较级。eg. the more progress we have made, the easier the life is.7.3) adj/adv 比较级 +than“比更” 注意 than 前要用比较级。he is better at englishthan me. 8)注意一些近义词的区别：lonely, alone; farther, further; alive, live, lively; likely, possible, probable, likely.9) 注意一些形容词可以做副词，而+ly 也为副词， 但意义不同。 尤其注意late， lately ；close，closely； high， highly; hard, hardly; most, mostly; like, likely的区别。（可参阅一轮复习书p77）tips:形容词变副词规则要记牢：一般词尾+ly,fortunate,interesting,helpful,，以le结尾去e+ly, gentle,possible,；以辅音字母加y 结尾变y 为 i+ly, happy, heavy,angry.强化练习：1. they came back lately and had some tea.2. you always gave me specially attention.3. they fly down immediate and catch them without delay.4. yes， it is clearly that your life in your country is quite different from .5. i know you are particular interested in human rights.4. 非谓语错误类型（动名词、不定式、ving 分词、 ved 分词） 不定式符号to 的添、删谓语和非谓语混用 ving 分词 /ved 分词作状语混用 忽视动名词doing 作主语、宾语and 连接的不定式或动名词前后不一致（尤其距离较远时）1.1） 接不定式作宾补省略to 的有“ 11 个半”（半个帮助help，一个感觉feel ，两个听listento, hear, 三个使役动词make ， let， have，五个看see, watch, look at, observe, notice）注意：在被动句中to 不能省略。 eg1. they were made do the job from morning till night.eg2. to help each other and to make their friendship to last long.1.2) 情态动词后及短语动词had better, wouldbetter, cant (help)but,do nothingbut,cant choose but, prefer to do rather than等后的不定式要省略to。eg. i d rather stay at home than to go to see a film with jane.2) as we climbed the mountain, we fed monkeys, visiting temples and told stories.3) 过去分词和现在分词短语作状语时，有特征：动词短语放句首/中/尾， 有逗号隔开。现在分词与主语存在逻辑上的主谓（主动）关系，表示主动和进行；过去分词与主语存在逻辑上的动宾（被动）关系， 表示被动或完成。one night, we sat by the fire, have our barbecue.(一个主语， 两个动词且有逗号隔开，无连接词 but/and/or判定有一个动词需用ving/ved 分词作状语)4） 动名词作主语谓语动词用单数；动名词放在特定动词后作宾语：suggest doing sth.playing football not only makes us grow tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit5. 人称代词、物主代词、反身代词、不定代词的错误类型女性代词指代男性或相反；（ she,he 反用 ; him, her反用；物主代词his,her 反用）“ 你（们的）”、“我（们的）、他（们的)”混用；（尤其 our ， your ， their 混用）单数指代复数或相反；eg. it-them ）代词词性误用；物主代词- 名词性物主代词，宾格- 反身代词缺少人称代词不定代词混用something/anything;some,any;both,all;neither,either,none;other,another改正方法：看到代词寻找指代对象，联系上下文推敲逻辑关系核实是否一致不定代词需关注：another 三者及以上中的另一个，one.another the other 两者中另一个onethe otherother+ 复数名词；some.others.一些 .另一些都任何都不两者botheitherneither三者或以上allanynonesomething 常用于肯定句，否定句常用anything.强化训练：1. the smiths did his best to make me feel at home.2. i have a good friend who s name is liu mei.3. it was about noon when we arrived at the foot of the mountain. the three of them were very excited.4. soon i began to enjoy talking to myself on paper as i was learning to express me in simple english.5. one day i wrote a little story and showed to my teacher.6. 介词的错误类型 固定搭配错误习惯用法错误考察方向：多用、漏用、误用特别指正：1） 时间名词前有特定词如this, that, last, next, there, one, every, yesterday, today，不再用介词on, at, in等。 eg. i visited beijing with my parentson last month.2） 及物动词后不用介词；动词不定式作后置定语修饰名词时，与名词有逻辑上的动宾关系，如果不定式是不及物动词，其后需加介词。eg. he found no room to livein .3） the moment, the minute, every time等名词短语充当连词引导时间状语从句“一就”其前不用介词4) 熟记和介词搭配的短语，(常见短语，易混短语)常见短语如： belong to ， look forward to ， take care of ， listen to ， laugh at ，make fun of ，make use of ， take advantage of ， play tricks on, pay attention to, get rid of易混短语如：pick up -pick out，come up-come up with, give in-give up.tips ：固定搭配要记牢，介词后边跟宾语，结合语境细推敲. 牢固掌握介词的基本用法更易得分，当然介词常和动词搭配考，所以看到动词短语，一看搭配介词是否正确是否符合句意，二看是否少介词， 三看是否和易混短语弄错；强化练习1. after autumn arrives ， the city looks as an old man with leaves .2. .he can no longer expect others to pay his food, his clothes.3. could you share your experience for us?4. my mother was a career woman and had her own problems to take care.5. i was so tired that i fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow.7. 冠词的错误（a/ an/ the ）英语中冠词只有三个，从高考英语改错题的角度来看，只能从以下四个方向出题： 不定冠词a 和 an 互改； （易得分） 不定冠词a / an 和定冠词the 互改；（高频） 根据需要增加冠词 根据需要删除冠词高频考点特别指正：（冠词其他用法详见一轮复习书p45-46） 1）冠词的固定搭配用法要留心eg. as a result, have a cold, in the morning, out of control 2） 首次提到某物，单数名词前要用不定冠词a/ an. eg. he bought a car and it cost much.3) 定冠词 the 表特指可用在所有名词前，上文提到过的人/物，或双方都知道的人或物；i started writingdown words fromthe books that i read.(the 表定指时，名词前后常有修饰限定的成分)4） adj 最高级， 序数词 , same, only, very( 正是那个 )前需用 the.he is the second to reach the finishing line. he is the very man that the director is looking for.5） 在天体、方位、方向、乐器名词前用定冠词the，如： the earth, the east, the piano6) 用于 hit/pat/ sb + 介词 +the+身体部位，如hit sb on the head/back7) 不可数名词前一般不用冠词，如 it is great fun to have a trip to europe.；抽象名词具体化变成可数名词时可用冠词。he is a success.8） 复数名词 和不可数名词前不用冠词，表泛指 ;people like to read books.money is not everthing.9) 表季节、 月份、 星期、节假日 , 三餐， 学科，语言， 球类， 棋牌名词前 不用冠词 ，如：spring, november, monday, children s day， have lunch, maths, chinese, play basketball.10) by 后接交通工具或通讯工具名词，不用冠词，如by air/sea/car/ phone11) go to +n表示“去做与名词相关的事”，名词前不用冠词，如：go to school/college/church/ prison/hospital/ court/ bed/ town.12） by 和计量单位之间要有定冠词。如： he was paid by the hour.他的工资是按小时计算的。a 与 an 的使用区别： a：用在以辅音开始的单数名词前an 用于以元音开始的单数名词前。注意：指的是单词开头的第一个音素，而不是单词开头的字母。1. u 是元音字母，但在单词university 、universe 、used、useful 等单词中，第一个音素是j ，这是个辅音，所以冠词应用a 而不要用an。如： it is a european country. it is a useful dictionary.i bought a used car.但 umbrella 这个单词中，u 发的是 /，这是个元音，所以前面要用an,如： i need an umbrella because it looks like raining.2. there is a “ n” in the word. 是错句，应为：there is an “ n” in the word. 因字母n 的发音的第一个音素是元音，所以前面要用an.3. hour 因其第一个字母h 不发音，所以应该用an hour 。 如 ： i need an hour to finish the work.所以应用an.常用的情况有：an old man, an english/american teacher, an elephant, an idea, an hour ago, an honest boy强化训练1. the popular teacher is at same time the one who should be strict with himself.2. and if he breaks the law of society, he may go to the prison.3. so we will have plenty of spare time to visit the area and have a fun.4. as everyone knows, it s famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals.5. we may be one family and live under a same roof, but-8. 连词、复合句的引导词第一， 看到连词就要判断连词是否正确，是否符合句子意思；连接的是词还是句子，是否符合逻辑关系 。1） and 并列， but 转折， or 或者， so 所以常混淆；2） however 转折， therefore 因此， besides而且都和逗号在一起常混淆；3） 看到 not onlybu（talso）eitheror, neither等是no否r 残缺、混用；4） though 不与 but 连用， because不与 so 连用等第二，看到从句，请注意：句子结构是否完整，成份是否冗缺；从句的关系词或引导词是否得当1） 名词性从句注意that 和 what 混用；2） 定语从句，注意非限定性定语从句不用that ；先行词为地点、时间、原因名词，考虑是否用where/when/why 替 换 which第三，出现在句首的连词，修改时注意首字母要大写1. it started to rise higher again. so it was still too close to the water.2. i became very active but made new friends.3. my hometown is a pretty city, so people there are kind and polite.5. both your aunt or i look forward to seeing you again.9. 特殊句型解题技巧总结1、利用排除法进行短文改错，所谓 “排除法 ”就是在理解单句或短文大意基本把握住文章整体时态的前提下，行不离句，句不离文，将句子分成若干语段，逐一排除，使错误缩小到最小范围。再根据基础知识进行扩散性思考，从而快速找到答案。2、发现有平行结构，就要检查是否有用词不一致或因成分短缺而引起的句子不平衡错误。如：she was eating her sandwich and drank her milk at the table when i arrived .此句中并列的平行结构是两个语法上相同的谓语 ,故应把drank 改 drinking.3、发现有比较结构，就要检查是否有形容词、副词的比较级，比较的对象等方面的错误。如：in some places you can borrow many books as you want ,根据上下文不难发现该句含“ asa结s ”构的句子，所以应在 many 前加上as。4、发现有转折、 因果、对比等结构时， 就要检查是否有行文逻辑方面的错误。如：his company publishes books and he buys books all over the world .按行文逻辑， 应把 buys 改 sells.又如：i like singing ,my brother likes dancing . 英语中两个分句之间不能仅仅用逗号，而要用合适的连词连接。故以上两个分句之间要加上连词while表示对比。5、发现句子有多重结构，就要检查是否有时态、语态、连词或成分短缺等错误。如:he wroteto me immediately as soon as he got there . 该句犯了连词重复使用的错误，应去掉immediately.6、发现有特殊疑问句结构，就要检查是否有疑问词使用不当的错误。如：-how many was the price of your car ?-i bought the car at cheap price ,only s2,000.英语中问价格时， 可用 what price或 how much提问。回答时常用high price low price . 所以应把句子中的how many改为 what , 把答句中cheap 改为 low. 7、发现有名词和代词时，就要检查是否有数、所有格或指代不一致的错误。如：some people read thebooks or watch tv , while others have sports . 去掉 books 前的 the ,books 在此表示泛指。8、发现有固定短语时，就要检查副词、介词、冠词是否使用错误。如：suddenly i caught a sight of my english teacher in the crowd .caught sight of (看见 ) 是固定词组，所以要去掉a.9、发现并列主语、从句、不定代词、集合名词、非谓语动词、时间、金钱等作主语，together with, as wellas 等引导的成份修饰主语时，就要检查是否有主谓不一致的错误。如：playingfootballnot only makes us grow tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit .but also后面的分句的主语也是 playing football, 其谓语动词应当用单数，故give 应改为 gives .10、发现有特殊动词结构时，就要检查其特殊用法是否正确。如：he made me to post a letter for him . 英语中的感官动词see; look at ;watch ; notice; observe ; hear; listen to等，使役动词let ;make ; have等后面所跟的复合宾语中，如果由不定式的短语作宾语补足语，不定式须省去to. 故应去掉句中的to.11、发现有非谓语动词作状语、表语或定语时，就要检查是否有非谓语动词和逻辑主语不一致的错误。 如；the box is too heavy for the little boy to carry it .该句型中不定式to carry逻辑上的宾语就是句子中的主语，所以句中的it 是多余，应去掉。短文改错口诀动词 形， 名词 数，还要注意形和副 ；口诀详解 ：一、动词形：主要包括两类错误：动词的时态和语态错误，以及主、谓不一致的错误。动词形常见错误：1） 一般过去时与一般现在时错用。2） 第三人称单数形式错用。第三人称单数：is/was2） and ， but,or,also前后动词时态不一致。( 具有对称性） 4）主谓不一致5） 缺少谓语动词1. 主谓宾结构缺少be 动词 2、主系表结构（am/is/are/was/were）6） 主动语态与被动语态错用wash-is washed 7）短语搭配运用错误二、名词数：指名词单、复数形式的用法错误。常表现为将名词复数写成单数。改正方法：）根据名词前的修饰限定成份）根据上下文的逻辑关系三、还要注意形和副：注意形容词和副词在句子中的作用和具体用法。这也是高考短文改错题的常考点。命题特点及改正方法：主要考查形容词和副词的误用、形容词及副词的比较级等。根 据 adj 或 adv的基本用法确定错误；修饰系动词(am/is/are/was/were)或名词用形容词；修饰行为动词、形容词、过去分词及整个句子用副词。四、非谓语，细辨别：这是考查最多的错误形式之一。主要有现在分词、过去分词，动名词和不定式错误。 1）不定式to do2）动名词doing作主语、宾语3） and 连接的不定式或动名词前后一致（尤其距离较远时）4 ）现在分词和过去分词的区别等五、习惯用法要记住：主要考查习惯搭配方面的基础知识: 冠词构成的短语，动词和副词/ 介词短语， 名词和介词构成的短语，其错误表现形式主要有三种：多词、少词和搭配错误。六、句子成分多分析：不同的句子成分要用不同的词类；不同的语境要选择不同的词语。只有对句子结构和成分作细致的分析，才能找出用词不当的错误。七、逻辑错误须关注：与句子的上、下文不一致，甚至相矛盾，属于逻辑性错误，如称谓上的张冠李戴。八、冠词连词常光顾：常考的错误形式有：连 词 but ， and ， or和 so 的用法错误，以及冠词的用法错误等。（ 1）dear jeremy and alice,although we ve been delighted to have you as neighbors, we re hoping to settle something that bothers to us. in a word, your dog cleo.we ve called several time about cleo s early morning barking. it is difficultto understanding why shebarks every minute she s outside. the early morning barking have been disturbingus as we are often up all night with the baby. beside, cleo tends to bark a average of six hours a day. thismorning she starts barkingeven before 5 o clock.that is too much for us. consideringhow closely the houses are.we appreciate our apologies and goodwill, but we hope that you can figure a good way of settling thematter.(2)my father took me out camping for the first time when i was seven. he wanted teach me about animals,insects and trees. my uncles all come along with bows and arrows for hunting.one evening at sunset, we sat by the fire, have our barbecue. just then a bird was flying over us. myuncles immediate jumped up and shot their arrows on the bird. neither of the arrows hit the target. suddenlythe arrows was flying down at us from the sky they were looked like rain! we ran to escape but fortunately no one was injured.that day i didn letarn much about animals, insects or trees, but i learnt a impressive lesson about gravity!(3)hello, boys