江苏高考任务型阅读解题技巧及强化训练

.高考英语任务型阅读解题技巧及强化练习海园教育余老师纵观江苏高考近五年任务型阅读文章的体裁以说明文为主，偶有议论文出现，词数在 400500 之间，一般都比较难。这类文章结构清晰，很容易把握文章脉络。在题材的选取上更加富有时代气息，更加贴近考生的实际生活。2017 年江苏高考任务型阅读“难度依旧”，是全卷中难度最大的题。可以预判， 2018 江苏高考会继续延续过去高考的指数，要想任务型阅读得高分，考生必须具备极强的信息转换和概括能力！ 江苏高考任务型阅读近五年考情统计年份标题词数阅读文体2017population change488说明文2016an extension of the human brain430说明文2015what news stories do you read ？411说明文2014what is peer pressure407议论文2013quiet virtue: the conscientious414说明文在复习中，要注意以下几点：1. 注意对词义和词性转化的积累，提高对固定搭配的敏感度。2. 重视对句子、段落与文章之间的逻辑关系的剖析，多进行概括总结题的训练。3. 熟读课文和历年高考真题中的任务型阅读、完形填空和阅读理解经典篇目，培养对原汁原味文章深入理解的语感。 感悟真题 ;.(2017 江苏高考 )请认真阅读下面短文，并根据所读内容在文章后表格中的空格里填入一个最恰当的单词。每个空格只填一个单词。population changewhy is the world s population growing? the answer is not what you might think.the reason for the explosion is not that people have been reproducing like rabbits, but that people have stopped dropping dead like flies. in 1900, people died at the average age of 30. by 2000 the average age was 65. but while increasing health was a typical feature of the 20th century, declining birth rate could be a defining one of the 21st.statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays.furthermore, around 50% of the world s population live in regions where the figure is now below the replacement level (i.e. 2.1 births per woman) and almost all developed nations are experiencing sub-replacement birth rate. you might think that developing nations would make up the loss (especially since 80% of the world s people now live in such nations),but you d be wrong.decliningbirthrate is a major problem in many developingregions too, which mightcause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.a great decline in young work force is likely to occur in china, for instance.what does it imply? first,chinaneeds to undergo rapid economic development before a populationdeclinehits the country. second, if other factors such as technology remain constant, economic growth and material expectations will fall well below recent standards and this could invite trouble.russia is another country with population problems that could break its economic promise. since 1992 the number of people dying has been bigger than that of those being born by a massive 50%. indeed official figures suggest the country has shrunk by 5% since 1993 and people in russia live a shorter life now than those in 1961. why is this occurring?nobody is quite sure, but poor diet and above all long-time alcoholism have much to do with it. if current trends don t bend, russia s population will be about the size of yemen s by the year 2050.in the north of india, the populationis booming due to high birth rates, but in the south, where most economicdevelopment is taking place, birth rate is falling rapidly. in a further twist, birth rate is highest in poorly educated ruralareas and lowest in highly educated urban areas. in total, 25% of india s working- age population has no education. in 2030, a sixth of the country s potential work force could be totally uneducated.one solution is obviously to import foreign workers via immigration. as for the usa, it is almost unique among developed nations in having a population that is expected to grow by 20% from 2010 2030. moreover, the usa has a track record of successfully accepting immigrants.as a result it s likelyto see a rise in the size of its working- age population and to witness strong economic growth over the longer term. 把握考情 任务型阅读题在测试考生阅读理解能力的基础上，对阅读信息进行二次加工，归纳要点，筛选、整合和综合概括零散信息，以表格的形式侧重考查考生的单词拼写、词性转换、句式转换、段落归纳等综合能力。特别要求考生掌握文章大意和分析文章结构、提纲和框架。该题型有如下特点：1. 题型结构任务型阅读由两部分组成：阅读材料和表格。它要求考生通过阅读所给材料，填写完成表格中空缺的信息。阅读材料为一篇词数在400 500 之间的文章，在文章后设10 道小题，每小题只填一词，所有题目都呈现在表格中。2. 题目类型任务型阅读设题灵活，主要考查以下三种题型。(1) 直接信息题。这类题目考查考生基础，考生可以一边阅读一边从文章中直接找出答案。(2) 信息转换题。 这类题目主要考查考生的语法与词汇知识，如同义词转换、 实词 (名词、 动词、 形容词、 副词)之间词性与词形转换等。(3) 信息概括题。总结性词汇类题目主要考查考生的信息筛选能力和语言概括能力。归纳词类考题信息隐藏在某个语句、段落甚至整篇文章中，要求考生有较强的归纳概括能力，同时要有很好的词汇功底。任务型阅读的读文方式有多种，下面介绍一种既能提高解题速度又能提高读文针对性的技巧，供大家在今后的解题中尝试运用。第一步：扫读表格 把握表格结构，理清层次关系扫读表格，分析表格的设计结构，理清其显示的层次关系，初步了解文章的发展脉络及大体内容，同时，根据语法知识初步判断空缺位置所需词语的词性变化及形式要求。建议先看表格，这样我们就可以根据表格的内容了解文章的大意和行文结构。1. 表格的一般结构(1) 全文的标题：全文的标题一般放在第一行，理解文章的标题有助于把握全文的主旨大意，阅读时要多加关注。(2) 各段的大意：表格的左栏一般为文章各段的大意，利用表格与文章顺序的一致性有助于锁定解题的信息区间。(3) 对各段内容的详细阐述：表格的右栏一般是对左栏各段大意的进一步阐述，其中的表述一般为文章各段内容的转换和概括。2. 阅读表格的关注点(1) 要特别注意表格前的小标题，它通常就是段落和表格的主题句。读懂了表格标题有助于理解短文及表格的大意、了解表格结构和题目的设置。(2) 另外，要关注各段的大意，理解文章的结构和层次关系，把握文章的脉络和行文线索。第二步：略读文章 速读全文，把握大意，理清文章结构理清表格结构之后，结合表格框架结构速读全文，尤其是每段的第一句话，即topic sentence 和首尾段落，理清文章的写作思路和基本结构，以便加深对文章内容的了解。同时文章的结构往往也是很重要的设题线索。表格项目一般就是根据文章的结构而设计的。只有读懂了文章，才能顺利地在表格中填出相应的信息。一、任务型阅读三大题型解题技巧1. 直接信息题这类题目要求考生能快速在文章中查找相关细节，锁定信息来源，并用文章中的词来填空。解题时可采用下列步骤：典例 (2016 江苏高考 )other people can help us compensate for our mental and emotional deficiencies (欠缺 ), much as a wooden leg can compensate for a physical deficiency. to be exact, other people can extend our intelligence and help us understand and adjust our emotions. when another person helps us in such ways, he or she is participating in whati ve called a “ social prosthetic ( 义肢的 ) system.” such systems do not need to operate face- to- face, and it s clear to me that theinternet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems. it s already a big bank of many minds. even in its current state, the internet has extended my memory and judgment. the (71) can help make up for our mental and emotional deficiencies as a wooden leg can compensatefor a bodily deficiency.分析： 第一步：根据题干中的“can help make up for our mental and emotional deficiencies”可以确定命题区间为第一段。第二步：根据第一段的内容，特别是“ such systems do not need to operate face-to- face, and it s clear to me thatthe internet is expanding the range of my own social prosthetic systems.” 可以确定 “ 互联网正在扩大我自己的社会修复系统的范围 ” ，就像假肢能弥补身体的缺陷一样。第三步：确定答案为internet 。2. 信息转换题这类题型无法从原文中找到原词或完全一样的原句，这需要我们对文章进行加工或变通。这些变通大多与语法知识有关，也有些与短语搭配和固定句型有关。信息转换题也和直接信息题一样，首先要找到文中与表格中相对应的信息。解题时可采用以下三个步骤：典例 (2016 江苏高考 )regarding memory: once i look up something on the internet, i don t need to keep all the details for future use i know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so. more generally, the internet functions as if it were my memory. this function of the internet is particularly striking when i m writing; i m nolonger comfortable writing if i m not connected to the internet. it s become natural to check facts as i write, taking a minute or two to dip into pubmed, wikipedia, or other websites. on the internet, we could quickly and easily locate the details, and check facts, without (73) them inmind.分析：第一步： 题干中的 “we could quickly and easily locate the details ”与文章第二段中“i know where to find that information again and can quickly and easily do so ”意思相近，因此可以定位到这一段。第二步：根据第二段中的第一句“once i look up something on the internet, i don t need to keep all the details forfuture use”可以确定关键信息词是keep。第三步：因为题干上要填写的单词前面是介词without ，所以确定答案填keep 的动名词形式，即：keeping。附：信息转换常用词句1. belong to the club a member/one of the members of the club2. object to be opposed to oppose3. don t respond to . make no response to . say nothing in response to .4. accompany sb. keep sb. company5. accuse . of . charge . with .6. can t help/choose but do . have no alternative/choice but to do .7. apply to . make an application to .8. an approach to doing a way to do/of doing9. approve of subscribe to be in favor of support10. be beneficial to be of benefit to benefit11. be bored with be tired of be fed up with12. do sth. with caution do sth. cautiously13. it s likely that . the chance is that ./chances are that . there is a chance (are chances) that .14. compared to/with . in comparison with .15. congratulate sb. on sth. show/express congratulations to sb. on sth.16. as a result in consequence17. consist of be made up of be composed of18. agree with correspond with/to be consistent with19. face sth. be faced with sth.20. be merciful to have mercy on show mercy to21. a little slightly22. thank sb. be grateful to sb.23. draw near be around the corner24. occur to sb. strike sb.25. delay put off postpone26. deliberately on purpose by design27. look like sb. resemble sb.28. make a summary of . summarize .29. be superior to be better than30. tend to do . have a tendency to do . 3信息概括题这类题目难度大、要求高、得分低，考生要在透彻理解文章的基础上，根据文中相关信息综合分析后提炼出新词。此类题目主要分为两种类型：(1) 总结性词汇。设题大多数情况下是概括文章的标题、段落大意、事件过程、文章的目的、意义以及得出的结论等。解题关键寻找文章或段落的主旨句根据问题查找定位信息，找共性的东西(2) 归纳词。 有的题目在原文中可能找不到具体的信息句。这就要求我们首先要确定信息区域，然后对该区域进行认真地分析归纳。概括性在最大程度上覆盖栏内信息解题关键针对性量体裁衣，大小适度醒目性简洁注意 信息概括题有时必须结合表格本身才能正确解答。典例 1(2017 江 苏 高 考 )statistics show that the average number of births per woman has fallen from 4.9 in the early 1960s to 2.5 nowadays. furthermore, around 50% of the world s population live in regions where the figure is now belowthereplacementlevel(i.e.2.1birthsperwoman)andalmostalldevelopednationsareexperiencingsub-replacement birth rate. you might think that developing nations would make up the loss (especially since 80% of theworld s people now livein such nations), but you d be wrong.decliningbirth rate is a major problemin many developing regions too, which might cause catastrophic global shortages of work force within a few decades.it would be difficult for developed countries to maintain the (72) of population.分析： 第一步：根据题干大意可定位到文章第二段。第二步：根据第二段内容，特别是“ almost all developed nations are experiencing sub- replacement birth rate ” 和“declining birth rate is a major problem in many developing regions too, which might cause catastrophic global shortagesof work force within a few decades.”可知，发达国家保持人口的现有规模也是困难重重。size/scale 表示“ 尺寸，大小，规模 ”，符合文意。第三步：确定答案为size/scale。典例 2(2017 江苏高考 )in the north of india, the population is booming due to high birth rates, but in the south, where most economic development is taking place, birth rate is falling rapidly. in a further twist, birth rate is highest inpoorly educated rural areas and lowest in highly educated urban areas. in total, 25% of india s working- age population has no education. in 2030, a sixth of the country s potential work force could be totally uneducated.leavingaside the birth rate issue, india s economy may take offwhen the country achieves (78) ofeducational opportunity.分析： 第一步：根据题干中的“india s economy”以及 “educational”，可以定位到文章第五段。第二步：根据第五段中对于印度人口出生率以及经济发展与教育的关系的叙述可以得出这样的结论：印度若能实现公民受教育机会的平等化，它的经济会有大的增长。第三步：确定答案为equality 。附：信息概括常用词1. 原因与结果：reason (for), result;cause (of), consequence2. 异同点与优缺点：difference, similarity; advantage, disadvantage 3功能： function4. 观点与态度：opinion, view (on/about), viewpoint, idea; attitude (to/towards)5. 评论与评价：comment (on), remark (on/upon), assessment6. 方式与方法：means, way, method (of); solution, approach (to doing sth.);(take) measures (to do sth.) 7目的： purpose, aim, goal8积极与消极：positive, negative 9 建 议 ： advice, suggestion, tip 10概括与总结：summary, conclusion 11 特 点 ： feature, characteristic 12 种 类 ： kind, type, category, class 13精神上与身体上：mentally, physically14. 影响： influence, impact, effect (on)15. 情形，状况： situation, condition 16方面与项目条款： aspect, item 17材料： materials18. 知识与消息：knowledge, information19. 日程计划：schedule, agenda 20 百 分 比 ： percentage 21性别： sex22. 年龄： age23. (不)熟悉： familiar/unfamiliar 24个人，个人的：individual 25 细 节 ： description, detail 26文化： culture27 责 任 ： (take) responsibility 28 贡 献 ： (make) contributions (to) 29重要： value, importance, significance 30 比 较 ： contrast, comparison 31时期： period, time32. 存在： existence, exist33. 人 口 ： population 34天气与气候：weather, climate 35位置： location36. 主题： theme37. 背景： setting, background 38情节： plot39. 高潮： climax40. 反对者与支持者：opponent, supporter二、解题时应注意的几个问题在解答信息转换题和信息概括题时要注意以下几点：1. 字母大小写。2. 名词的数和格。3. 动词的形式。4. 形容词、副词的比较级、最高级。5. 动词或名词与介词的习惯搭配。6. 时态、语态、主谓一致、第三人称等。7. 格式一致。表格内容的同一级要用相同的形式。例如：in the arrival statement, the prime minister said he is looking forward to the meeting with singapore on ways todeepen east asia cooperationbetween twonations so as to_contributeto the buildingof a peaceful, harmonious relationship.the significance of the visitdeepening east asia cooperation between two nations contributetotheestablishmentofapeaceful, harmonious relationshipcontribute 应改为 contributing ，与上栏deepening 形式一致。 .完成下列表格，使左右栏意义一致(限填一词 )1 people who lack sleeppeople lacking sleep2 as summer approacheswith summer approaching3 a country which has a long historya country with a long history find out the reasons for their failure in the4testfind out why they failed the test5 besidesin addition to/as well as6 be accused ofbe charged with7 have the same interest as youshare your interest8 cause thousands of deathsclaim thousands of lives9 a team made up of 12 boysa team consisting of 12 boys10 succeed in passing the testmanage to pass the test11 lead to serious accidentsresult in serious accidents12 not having enough moneylack of money .同义句转换 (限填一词 )1. kate was born in china. kate s birthplace is china.2. tom couldn t agree with his boss s decision more. tom supported his boss s decision.3. the lady was not happy. the lady was unhappy.4. as we all know, if someone wants to pass this exam, he ought to prepare for it well. good preparation is key to passing this exam.5. e- mail has also changed the speed with which we exchanged information. in minutes, you can contact another person. e-mail has also enabled us to exchange information at higher speed than traditional communicative methods.6. in minutes, you can get in touch with another person who shares your love of kites or stamps. within a short time, it lets you contact another person who has the same interest with you.7. it was not a pleasant experience for them. for them, it was a(n) unpleasant experience.8. at first, some experts didn t agree with the idea. some experts disagreed with the idea in the beginning.9. it will not be harmful to your relationships with others. it will be harmless to your relationships with others.10. in some fields, women still have no equality as in the past. in some fields, there still exists inequality for women.11. such behaviors are considered not appropriate in public. such inappropriate behaviors are not allowed in public.12. in general men are not aware of this problem as women. men should raise the awareness of this problem in general.13. the more one knows about pollution, the more one can do for our environment. one should have a good knowledge of pollution to contribute to the environment.14. keeping silent can actually make your anger longer. keeping silent may not help and can lengthen your anger.15. remember gym is not your only choice. you can try other activities besides going to the gym.16. it s necessary to make use of every opportunity to practice more. we need to take advantage of every opportunity to practice more.17. it is concluded that talking on a cellphone while driving is as dangerous as drunk driving. what can be concluded from the study is that the effects of using a cellphone while drivingis equal to drunk driving.18. older people who suffer health problems still say they are ok. older people suffering health problems feel good about themselves.19. let your friends know your ideas, and you needn t force them to follow the ideas. you can let your friends know your ideas without forcing them to follow the ideas.20. some researchers have made a survey in which 200 housewives were involved, finding that they have greater ambitions for career. some researchers have made a survey involving 200 housewives and found that they still want to work. .根据材料或表格提示完成下列表格(限填一词 )1. a great number of doctors say that food programs need to pay more attention to children, especially the babies. itis high time that children s diets should be improved.diets should include foods rich in vitamina and other useful vitamins and minerals.the waysto save children diets should be improved. diets should contain foods with rich vitamins and minerals.2. without proper planning, tourism can cause problems. for example, too many tourists can crowd public places. iftourists create too much traffic, the local people will become annoyed and unhappy. they will begin to dislike tourists and to treat them impolitely.advantagesdisadvantages developing economy advancing of local people increasing employment bringing over crowdedness increasing pressure on traffic affecting the local people s attitude3. withthe number ofchinese childrenwho die fromunexpected accidents becoming larger and larger, the government is working on a safe kids program to prevent injuries and deaths. as for this, most parents have shown their support.purpose/ intentionthe program is intended to prevent accidental injuries and deaths.4. title: change in today s childrenmain comparisonscontextschildren in the past just did what theydifferent (1)behaviorsdifferent (2) feelings/emotionsdifferent (3) ways/methodsto get knowledgewere supposed to chil