大学专业计算机英语.doc

DVD：全称Digital Video Disk 中文意思：数字视频光盘或数字影盘CD: Compact Disc 光盘 RAM: Random-access memory 随机存取存储器ROM: Read Only Memory 只读存储器 BIOS: Basic Input Output System 基本输入输出系统CRT: Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管 LCD: Liquid Crystal Display 液晶显示器LED：Light Emitting Diode 发光二极管 VGA: Video Graphics Array 显示绘图列阵Cell-phones：手机 CCD: Charge-coupled Device 图像传感器CMOS: Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor 互补金属氧化物半导体分辨率：Megapixel Ratings 快门速度：Shutter Speed地址总线：Address bus CPU: Central Processing Unit 中央处理器ALU: Arithmetic Logical Unit 运算器 软件开发：Software Development执行文件：Executable file ODBC: Open Database Connectivity开放数据库互连 人工智能：Artificial Intelligence URI: Uniform Resource Location“统一资源定位符HTTP：HyperText Transfer Protocol超文本传输协议 LAN: Local Area Network局域网ISP：Internet Server Provider互联网服务提供商 IP: Internet Protocol网际协议服务器：Server 刻录机：Burner 网络搜索引擎：Web search engines Refresh Rate刷新率In monitors based on CRT technology, the refresh rate is the number of times that the image on the display is drawn each second. If your CRT monitor has a refresh rate of 72 Hertz (Hz), then it cycles through all the pixels from top to bottom 72 times a second. Refresh rates are very important because they control flicker, and you want the refresh rate as high as possible. Too few cycles per second and you will notice a flickering, which can lead to headaches and eye strain. 在基于显像管技术的监视器的刷新率是上显示的图像绘制的每秒的次数。如果您的 CRT 显示器的 72 赫兹 (Hz) 刷新率，然后它循环通过的所有像素都从顶部到底部每秒 72 次。刷新率是非常重要的因为他们控制闪烁，并且您希望尽可能高的刷新率。每秒，你太少周期将通知闪烁，从而导致头痛和眼睛疲劳。Televisions have a lower refresh rate than most computer monitors. To help adjust for the lower rate, they use a method called interlacing. This means that the electron gun in the televisions CRT will scan through all the odd rows from top to bottom, then start again with the even rows. The phosphors hold the light long enough that your eyes are tricked into thinking that all the lines are being drawn together. 电视有比大多数计算机显示器的刷新率低。为了帮助调整率低，他们使用一种称为隔行扫描的方法。这意味着在电视显像管电子枪将扫描所有奇数行从顶部到底部，然后再次开始偶数行。荧光粉持有光线足够长的时间你的眼睛在不知不觉中的所有行都正在互相都靠拢的思维 Megapixel Ratings200 万像素评级The basic attribute of a digital camera that determines image quality is its megapixel rating. This number refers to the amount of information that the camera sensor can capture in a single photograph. Cameras with high megapixel ratings take larger pictures with more detail. Those photos will also look better when printed, especially in bigger sizes.确定图像质量的数字照相机的基本属性是其万像素评级。这一数字是指的摄像机传感器可以捕获单个的照片中的信息量。评级高 200 万像素的相机拍照大更为详细的信息。这些照片也看上去会好当打印，尤其是在更大尺寸。At five megapixels, image quality gets in the neighborhood of film. If youre willing to spend about $100 on a digital camera, then its difficult to find a model that doesnt have five megapixels. These cameras are fine for most people who just want to take a few family snapshots or capture vacation memories. The more you spend, the more megapixels you get. In the $400 to $600 range, you can expect to find cameras with anywhere from eight to 12 megapixels. If you plan to take serious artistic photos, sell prints of your photos, or post large, high-resolution photos on the Internet, this is the range for you. If you think you need a more powerful camera than that, you probably dont need to be reading this article.在五个像素值，图像质量获取在附近的电影。如果你愿意在数码相机上花费大约 100 美元，然后它很难找到一种模式，不会有五个像素。这些相机都是大多数人只是想要几个家庭快照或捕获度假的记忆。你花的越多，你得到的更多的像素。在 400 元至 600 元的范围内，你可以期望找到照相机的地方从 8 到 12 万像素。如果你打算采取严肃的艺术照片、 出售打印您的照片、 或在互联网上发布大型、 高分辨率的照片，这是你的范围。如果你认为你需要比这更强大照相机，您可能不需要可读这篇文章。Shutter Speed快门速度Shutter speed is the amount of time the shutter remains open to allow light through it. An extremely fast shutter speed is 1/2000 of a second, while camera settings usually allow up to about one second, which is very slow. One-sixtieth of a second is about as slow a shutter speed as you can use when taking a hand-held shot, and not get any blur. Some photographers force their camera shutters to stay open for much longer to create various special effects. Leaving a camera pointed at the night sky with the shutter open for several hours results in a photo of the paths the stars seem to take across the sky as the Earth rotates快门速度是时间的快门保持开放，允许光线通过它量。速度极快的快门速度为 1/2000 秒，而相机设置通常允许到约一秒，速度很慢。一个第六十届的第二个是关于慢的快门速度，因为您可以使用采取手持拍摄时，并没有得到任何模糊。一些摄影师迫使他们相机快门要保持开放的很长时间来创建各种特殊效果。离开指出夜空时，几个小时结果在一张照片的星星的路径的快门打开相机似乎采取作为地球天空旋转Practice and experience are the best ways to figure out which combinations of aperture and shutter speed are best for different kinds of photos. While a slow shutter speed lets in more light, it also makes it very difficult to get a crisp picture. Any movement at all (of either the subject or the camera) will result in blurring. Sometimes you might want this effect, but for a clear photo of a moving object, you need a fast shutter speed实践和经验是最好的方式找出哪些的光圈和快门速度的组合是最适合于不同种类的照片。虽然较慢的快门速度让更多的光，它也使它很难得到清晰的图片。任何 （的主题或相机中) 所有的运动将会导致模糊。有时，您可能会想这种影响，但对于移动对象的清晰照片，您需要较快的快门速度。Many cameras have a semi-automatic mode that can be set to either aperture priority or shutter priority. You can either set the aperture or shutter speed (depending on which priority mode is enabled) to the desired setting, and the camera calculates the right settings to accommodate the lighting conditions. The camera might also have a variety of modes to choose from, such as sports mode or outdoor mode. These are aperture/shutter speed presets. Again, experience will let you know what conditions are right for each mode. 许多照相机有一个半自动的模式，可以设置为光圈优先或快门优先。您可以设置光圈或快门的速度 （取决于哪个优先模式启用） 到所需的设置，并相机计算正确的设置，以适应照明条件。相机还可能有多种方式可供选择，如体育模式或户外模式。这些都是光圈/快门速度预设。再次，经验会让你知道什么条件都适合每个模式。Decimal NumbersThe easiest way to understand bits is to compare them to something you know: digits. A digit is a single place that can hold numerical values between 0 and 9. Digits are normally combined together in groups to create larger numbers. For example, 6,357 has four digits. It is understood that in the number 6,357, the 7 is filling the 1s place, while the 5 is filling the 10s place, the 3 is filling the 100s place and the 6 is filling the 1,000s place. So you could express things this way if you wanted to be explicit: 十进制数字最简单的方法来了解位是比较它们的东西你知道：数字。一个数字是一个单一的地方可以容纳介于 0 和 9 之间的数值。数字通常合并在一起的组，以创建更大的数字。例如，6,357 为四位数字。据悉在 6,357 号 7 填补1s 地方，虽然 5 填补 10 秒 3 的地方灌装的数百个地方和 6 填充 1,000s 的地方。所以你可以表达的东西这种方式如果你想要明确：(6 * 1000) + (3 * 100) + (5 * 10) + (7 * 1) = 6000 + 300 + 50 + 7 = 6357Another way to express it would be to use powers of 10. Assuming that we are going to represent the concept of raised to the power of with the symbol (so 10 squared is written as 102), another way to express it is like this:另一种方式表达它将使用10 的权力。假设我们要代表的引发的权力的概念与符号 （所以10 平方写为10 2），另一种方式表达它是这样： (6 * 103) + (3 * 102) + (5 * 101) + (7 * 100) = 6000 + 300 + 50 + 7 = 6357What you can see from this expression is that each digit is a placeholder for the next higher power of 10, starting in the first digit with 10 raised to the power of zero. 你可以看到来自此表达式是零的每个数字是零的 10，引发的权力 10 中的第一位从开始的下一步更高力量的占位符。64-bit MicroprocessorsSixty-four-bit processors have been with us since 1992, and in the 21st century they have started to become mainstream. Both Intel and AMD have introduced 64-bit chips, and the Mac G5 sports a 64-bit processor. Sixty-four-bit processors have 64-bit ALUs, 64-bit registers, 64-bit buses and so on.第六十一位四位处理器一直与我们自 1992 年以来，在 21 世纪他们已经开始成为主流。英特尔和 AMD 推出了 64 位芯片及 Mac G5 体育 64 位处理器。第六十一位四位处理器具有 64 位 Alu、 64 位寄存器、 64 位总线，等等。One reason why the world needs 64-bit processors is because of their enlarged address spaces. Thirty-two-bit chips are often constrained to a maximum of 2 GB or 4 GB of RAM access. That sounds like a lot, given that most home computers currently use only 256 MB to 512 MB of RAM. However, a 4-GB limit can be a severe problem for server machines and machines running large databases. And even home machines will start bumping up against the 2 GB or 4 GB limit pretty soon if current trends continue. A 64-bit chip has none of these constraints because a 64-bit RAM address space is essentially infinite for the foreseeable future - 264 bytes of RAM is something on the order of a billion gigabytes of RAM.为什么这个世界需要 64 位处理器的原因之一是由于其扩大地址空间。三十一位两位芯片往往被约束为最多 2 GB或 4 GB 的内存访问。这听起来好像很多，既然大多数家庭计算机当前使用只有 256 MB 到 512 MB 的 RAM。然而，4 GB 限制可以是一个严重的问题，服务器机器和运行大型数据库。甚至在家中的机器将开始撞着 2 GB 或 4 GB 限制漂亮很快如果当前的趋势继续下去。64 位芯片有没有这些约束，因为一个 64 位的内存地址空间是无限的本质上是可预见的未来 2 64 字节的内存是大约 10 亿 gb 的 RAM 的东西。With a 64-bit address bus and wide, high-speed data buses on the motherboard, 64-bit machines also offer faster I/O (input/output) speeds to things like hard disk drives and video cards. These features can greatly increase system performance.为什么这个世界需要 64 位处理器的原因之一是由于其扩大地址空间。三十一位两位芯片往往被约束为最多 2 GB或 4 GB 的内存访问。这听起来好像很多，既然大多数家庭计算机当前使用只有 256 MB 到 512 MB 的 RAM。然而，4 GB 限制可以是一个严重的问题，服务器机器和运行大型数据库。甚至在家中的机器将开始撞着 2 GB 或 4 GB 限制漂亮很快如果当前的趋势继续下去。64 位芯片有没有这些约束，因为一个 64 位的内存地址空间是无限的本质上是可预见的未来 2 64 字节的内存是大约 10 亿 gb 的 RAM 的东西。2.3 With traditional assemblers, compilers, and interpreters, the programmer defines a procedure telling the computer exactly how to solve a problem.However, with a modern, nonprocedural language (sometimes called a 4th-generation or declarative language), the programmer simply defines the logical structure of the problem and lets the language translator figure out how to solve it. Examples of commercially available nonprocedural languages include Prolog, Focus, Lotus 1-2-3, and many others. They are becoming increasingly popular.2.3非过程语言用传统的汇编语言、编译语言和解释语言，程序员确定了一个确切地告诉计算机如何去解决问题的过程。然而，用现代非过程语言，有时称第四代语言或说明语言，程序员只简单地确定问题的逻辑关系，而让语言变换程序推算出如何解决问题。商业上使用的非过程语言的例子有：Prolog,Focus,Lotusl23和其它等。它们正变得越来越流行。Since its introduction, Visual Basic has had better support for database interface than Visual C+. Only with Visual C+ 4 has the C/C+ programmer had a real interface with the Microsoft Jet database engine. Desktop databases are applications that employ a proprietary (native) database file or index structure (or both) and that can be run on a PC of moderate performance (for example, an 80486 with 8M of RAM). Desktop databases also include an application programming language that is designed specifically for use with the native database structure.自推出以来，Visual Basic 已经更好地支持数据库接口比 Visual c + +。只有用 Visual c + + 4 C/c + + 程序员已经与 Microsoft Jet 数据库引擎的真正接口。桌面数据库是，雇用一个专有 （本机） 数据库文件或索引结构 （或两者），并可适度性能 （例如，与 8 米的 RAM 80486) 的 PC 上运行的应用程序。桌面数据库也包括编程语言，专门设计为使用本机数据库结构的应用程序。In this program, we called a method (a.k.a. function) called drawLine and we passed it four parameters (0, 0, 200, 200). The line ends in a semicolon. The semicolon acts like the period at the end of the sentence. The line begins with g., signifying that we want to call the method named drawLine on the specific object named g (which you can see one line up is of the class Graphics - we will get into classes and methods of classes in much more detail later in this article). 在此程序中，我们调用一个方法（即功能） 称为drawLine ，我们通过这四个参数（0、 0、 200、 200）。行以分号结束。分号像的句子末尾的句号。在行开头g.，象征着我们想要调用名为drawLine命名g （这一行是图形类的 我们将进入的类和方法的类的很多本文中稍后介绍的更多详细信息，您可以看到） 在特定对象上的方法。1. Since todays VGA adapters do not fully support the use of digital monitors, a new standard,Digital Video Interface(DVI)has been designed for rhis purpose.现今的VGA适配器并不完全支持数字显示器，因此一个新的标准交互式数字视频系统（DVI）产生了。2. Obviously,the sizeof the display will directly affect resolution.The same pixel resolution will be sharper on a smaller monitor and fuzzier on a larger monitor because the same number of pixels is being spread out over a larger number of inches.很明显，显示器的大小将会直接影响分辨率。相同像素的分辨率在较小的显示器上比较清晰，而在较大的显示器上，因为相同数量的像素要在更大尺度范围分布，则会较模糊。3. This is a special graphics mode used by digital video,animation and video games to achieve certain effects.Nearly every monitor sold today can handle 24-bit color using a standard VGA connector ,as discussed previously.这是数字化图像、动画和视频游戏为达到某种效果而使用的特殊图形模式。如前所述现在销售的显示器通过标准的VGA连接器几乎都可以处理24位的彩色。4. Power consumption varies greatly with different technologies.CRTs are somewhat power-hungry,at about 110 watts for a typical display,especially when compared to LCDs,which average between 30 and 40 watts.不同技术下的能耗差别很大。CRT耗能大，一台典型的显示器大约为110瓦特，相比之下，LCD平均是在3040瓦特。5. The U.S. government initiated the Energy Star program in1992. According to the EPA,if you ues a computer system that is Energy Star compliant,it could save you approximatele $400 a year on your electric bill! Similarly.because of the difference in power usage,an LCD monitor might cost more upfront but end up saving you money in the long run.美国政府在1992年开始了能源之星计划。按照美国环保署的说法，如果你的计算机系统符合能源之星计划，它可以让你在用电账单上每年节省$400！同样的，因为能量用法的不同，一个LCD显示器可能在开始时花费比较多，但从长期来看却可以省钱。6. Liquid crystal display(LCD)technology works by blocking light rather than creating it,while light-emitting diode (LED) and gas plasma work by lighting up display screen positions based on the voltages at different grid intersections. 液晶显示技术是阻止光而不是产生光，发光二极管和等离子气体工作时点亮屏幕上的相应位置，该位置取决于不同栅格交叉点的电压。7. You can directly sample the original light that bounces off your subject , immediately breaking that light pattern down into a series of pixel values-in other words, you can use a digital camera.可以直接将主题上充裕的原始光作为样本，并立即将光图像分割成一系列的像素值。就是说，可以使用数码相机。8. Aperture is measured in f-stops. Higher f-stop numbers mean a smaller aperture. The aperture setting also affects depth of field, the amount of the photograph that is in focus. Smaller apertures(higher f-stops)give longer depth of field.光圈以f值衡量。高一些的f值意味着光圈小一些。光圈设置也会影响景深照片中清晰对焦的部分。光圈越小（高一些的f值），景深越大。9. Because each pixel on a CMOS sen