US_history_book美国早期历史_(From_Pre-colonial_to_America_Reconstruction).docx

IntroductionIn the late 15th century, people from Spain, Netherlands, France, and the Great Britain began to immigrant to North America. Beginning in the early 1600s, the English established 13 colonies along the eastern shore of North America, gradually formed the foundation of what would become the United States. Britains brutal regime and coercion policy caused the conflicts between Great Britain and the American colonies escalated, until the colonists finally declared their independence. On the night of April 18, 1775, the fight at Lexington unveiled the American Revolutionary War (17751783). In 1776, the Continental Congress adopted the Declaration of Independence. The colonists had declared their freedom from Britain. After the colonists tough struggles, in September 1783, the delegates signed the Treaty of Paris, which confirmed U.S independence and set the boundaries of the new nation. With George Washington as its first president, the United States began creating a working government for its new nation. But a new problem began: the states had much more power than the federal government. However, the 1787 Constitution confirmed the federal characteristic of America. It established the rules and separated powers of the three branches of the federal government. In the 1840s, expansion fever gripped the country. Many Americans began to believe that their movement westward was predestined by God. During this time, the United States expanded to the Pacific Oceanfrom sea to shining sealargely defining the borders of the contiguous United States as they are today. The result of expansion of United States territory was the America need to face the new territory expansion colonizes for slave state or Free State problem.In 1860, republican Abraham Lincoln, who opposed slavery was elected president. He issued his Emancipation Proclamation in 1863. Then the southern rebellion began, and the American Civil War erupted. After four years of warfare, mostly within the Southern states, the Confederacy surrendered and slavery was abolished everywhere in the nation. Issues that led to war were partially resolved in the Reconstruction Era that followed, though others remained unresolved.Chapter 1 Early British ColoniesBeginning in the early 1600s, the English established colonies along the eastern shore of North America. On May 14, 1607, the colonists from the Virginia Company founded the first permanent English settlement in North America on the banks of the James River. John Smith and John Rolfe are the main people responsible for the first successful colony Jamestown Colony. Puritans Create a “New England”In the 16th century, the king of England imposed his personal believes on people. Many people felt victimized, so many of them wanted to escape religious persecution.In 1620, a ship with 102 passengers sailed from England. That ship was named Mayflower. The people in the Mayflower wanted to go to New World for their religious freedom. Before they landed to the New World, 41 adult men onboard signed the Mayflower Compact. This convention became the first legal document of the United States. They created a social structure and self government. The settlers worked hard. In their second year, they invited Native Americans for dinner, to celebrate the first Thanksgiving Day. The Colonies Come of AgeMore and more Europeans went to America. They needed slaves to work for them. After the opening of new sea routes, the European traders used cheap manufactured goods to earn the slaves and took them to the New World trade for tobacco, sugar and crops. This activity was called Triangular Trade.A PERSONAL VOIICE OLAUDAH EQUIANO “The closeness of the place and the heat of the climate, added to the number in the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us. This produced copious perspirations, so that the air soon became unfit for respiration from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died.”The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano Chapter 2: Cause of the American Revolution Main issues that lead up to the Revolutionary War 1765 Stamp Act: Britain passed the Stamp Act, a tax law requiring colonists to purchase special stamps to prove payment of tax. Colonists harassed stamp distributors, boycott British goods, and prepare a Declaration of Rights and Grievances. 1767 Townshend Acts: Britain taxed certain colonial imports and stations troops at major colonial ports to protect customs officers. Colonists protected “taxation without representation” and organized a new boycott of imported goods. 1770 Boston Massacre: Taunted by an angry mob, British troops fired into the crowd, killing five colonists. Colonial agitators label the conflict a massacre and publish a dramatic engraving depicting the violence.Colonists felt that British had no rights to tax them because the colonists were not responding to them; the Boston Massacre made the colonists most angry because the British were fired and five colonists were killed. French and Indian WarThe French and Indian War impact the colonists by no allowed them across the Proclamation of 1736 established a proclamation line. The outcome of this war was the British won. First Continental CongressThe 1st continental Congress asked all the states prepare for the revolutionary War. Sons of libertyIt was a political group made up of American patriots that originated in the pre independence North American British colonists. They took the Boston Tea Party in 1773, which led to the Coercive Acts and counter-mobilization by the patriots that led directly to the American Revolutionary War in 1775. Intolerable Acts1765Stamp Act, the Sugar Act, the Townshend Acts, the Boston Mascara were the four parts of the intolerable acts. They were important developments in the growth of the American Revolutionary War. .Chapter 3: Pre-fighting, Declaration of Independence, and the American Revolution Pre-fightingThe British government made the colonist angry. Some New England towns began to prepare for attack .Minutemen stored guns and ammunition. Battles Battles of Saratoga Victory bolstered Francess belief that the American could win the war. The French signed an alliance to join the American Revolutionary War. Valley Forge: Place where Washingtons army sent the winter of 1777-1778 Yorkton Battle that gave the America victory in the war. Second Continental CongressLeaders agreed to form the Continental Army with George Washington in command. Drafted by Tom Jefferson the Decoration of the Independent was adopted. The Important People John Locke: said that people from a second contract, or an agreement with their government. If the government takes away the p Common Sense. Tomas Pain: argued for independence in his pamphlet Yorkton peoples rights , then the people can over through the Government Drafted by Thomas Jefferson the Declaration of Independence was adopted by the 2nd Continental Congress on July, 4, 1776. He believed people have their society rights.Chapter 4: Creating a New Government American government structureA government in a set of laws called the Article of Confederation, powers were separate by states and central government, but central government has more powers than states. Federalist &ant federalistFederalists favored the new Constitutions balance of powers between the states and central government; Ant federalists opposed having such a strong central government and thus were against the Constitution. Republican & democracyRepublican: a government in which Citizens rule through their elected responsibility; Democracy: a government directly by the people placed power in the hands of the uneducated masses. Shays RebellionAfter Shays Rebellion a stronger central government need to be take n into consideration; Shays Rebellion is an uprising of cent-ridden Massachusetts farmers protester increased state taxes in 1787. FederalismFederalism ids a supporter of the Constitution and of a strong national government. The separation of powersThe separation of the powers was divided between the states and the national government. Three branches of government are a legislative branch to make laws, an executive branch to carry out laws and a judicial branch to interpret the laws and settle disputed. Chapter 5: Manifest Destiny Manifest DestinyThe 19th century belief that United States would inevitable expands westward to the Pacific Ocean and into Mexican terrify. Impact on Native AmericanWhite people occulted and annotated the land of Native America, expend the slavery. The panic of 1873, for example, had disastrous consequences and convened many Americans that they would be better off attempt a fresh star in West. Andres JacksonHe called for an Indian Removal Act in 1829. He signed the Indian Removal Act on May 28, 1830. The Indian Removal Act Negotiated with Indians in the South United States for their removal to federal territory west of the Mississippi River in exchange for their homelands. Mexican American WarPresident Polk believed that the War with Mexico would bring not only Texas into the Union but also New Mexico and California. Louisiana Purchase (such an important part of Manifest Destiny)The president at a prize of $15 million bought a more than a double size of the United States land. They set off in1804 to explore the new territory. The explorers brought back valuable information about the west a showed that the transcendental travel was possible.Chapter 6: Was fighting Civil War necessary? Civil WarVictory for the North meant the end of the Confederacy and secession in United States. Causes/BackgroundThe Southern economy was based on agricultural and they needed a lot of slaves for working, but the Republican Party was determined to present any spread of slavery. At this time, Abraham Lincoln (the Republican candidate) won the 1860 election which made Southern planters mad. ConfederacyThe Confederacy was a government set up from 1861 to 1865 by eleven Southern slavery states declared their secession from the United States. Jefferson Davis was the president. Major Battles Bull Run was the first battle of the Civil War. Fort Sumter (1861) causes of the Civil War Antietam is the bloodiest war in the U.S history. Gettysburg: In 1863, Confederate surrendered which means the Union won. New technology New types of weapons Railroad junctions and telegraph MedicalChapter 7: Was Reconstruction a successor a failure? 13th,14th,