Rhetorical Devices.doc

Rhetorical Devices The figures of speech have served three main purposes: to instruct and entertain people through the play of language,to persuade people of the truth or value of the message that a figure conveys, andto help people remember both the meaning of the message and its figurative expression.）对于一个具有一定英语水平的人来说，谙熟其修辞方式，不仅有助于辨别该语言的各种修辞现象，了解修辞运用的规律，从而提高分析语言表现技巧的能力，而且还可以有力提高准确、有效地运用语言的能力。一、比喻（the figures of speech）比喻是语言艺术的升华，是最富有诗意的语言形式之一，是语言的信息功能和美学功能的有机结合。英语中常见的比喻有三类：明喻、隐喻和转喻。1.明喻（the simile）明喻通常是把被比喻的“本体”和用以比喻的“喻体”同时说出，说明本体事物象喻体事物，用介词like ，连词as，as if，asso，动词seem等以及句型A to B as Cto D等等表示“好像”意思的比喻说法就叫明喻。标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.1.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2.I wandered lonely as a cloud.3.Einstein only had a blanket on, as if he had just walked out of a fairy tale.4.Bacteria are so small that a single round one of common type is about 125,000 of an inch across when these bacteria are magnified 1,000 times, they look only as large as a pencil point. 细菌是这样小，一种普通类型的圆形细菌直径大约只有125,000英寸。这种细菌放大一千倍看起来也只有铅笔尖那么大。5. There now exists a kind of glass so sensitive to light that, like photographic film, it will record pictures and designs. 现在有一种对光十分敏感的玻璃，它像胶卷一样能记录图像和图案。6 .O， my loves like a red, red rose. 我的爱人像一朵红红的玫瑰花。 7. The man cant be trusted. He is as slippery as an eel. 那个人不可信赖。他像鳗鱼一样狡猾。 8. He jumped as if he had been stung.他像被蜇了似的跳了起来。 9. Childhood is like a swiftly passing dream. 童年就像一场疾逝的梦。英语中除上述的用介词、连词或句型等的明喻表达方式外，还有许许多多常用的明喻习语。例如：as clear as crystal 清如水晶这类利用双声增强美感的明喻习语简洁明快，短小精悍，语言形象，比喻恰切，令人回味无穷，运用得当，可以达到表达生动、形象的效果。2.隐喻（the metaphor）它是根据两个事物间的某些共同的特征，用一事物去暗示另一事物的比喻方式。本体和喻体之间不用比喻词，只是在暗中打比方。举一个简单的例子：Argument is war. 实际上argument和 war是两种不同的事物，前者是口头争论，后者是武装冲突。但argument和war都可能十分激烈，因此该句用战争（war）来暗指辨论（argument）的激烈程度。再如：（1）He has a heart of stone.他铁石心肠。（2）To me, the pageant of seasons is a thrilling and unending drama.对于我来说，四季的奇妙变幻犹如一出动人心弦、永不完结的戏。英语中有许多数词习语和俚语，主要用作隐喻（也有个别用作明喻）。许多数词习语和俚语本身所代表的数字意思，在某种情况下往往失去具体的含义，引申演变为与某一事物相关或具有某一事物特征的含义。例如：（1）A hundred to one it will be a failure.这件事极可能失败。（2）He has one over the eight.他酩酊大醉。英语中还有许多隐喻成语。例如：to teach fish to swim 班门弄斧to plough the sand 白费力气这些隐喻成语的最大特色就是通过具体的、妇孺皆知的形象来表情达意。请看 a square peg in a round hole 用“园洞中的方钉”来说明“不适宜担任某一职务的人”，真是十分恰当；between the devil and the deep sea 一边是魔鬼，一边是大海，叫人走投无路，十分传神地表达出“进退两难”的境界。（3）转喻（the metonymy）转喻是比隐喻更进一步的比喻，它根本不说出本体事物，直接用比喻事物代替本体事物。（用某一事物的名称代替另外一个与它关系密切的事物的名称，只要一提到其中一种事物，就会使人联想到另一种。比如用the White House 代替美国政府或者总统， 用the bottle来代替wine 或者alcohol， 用the bar 来代替the legal profession，用 crown代替 king等。）（1）The buses in America are on strike now. 美国的公共汽车司机正在罢工（这里buses 喻指司机drivers）。（2）The pen is mightier than the sword. 文人胜于武士（以pen, sword喻指使用这物的人）。The chair is calling for order.His joke set the whole table in a roar.Washington has reacted cautiously to the latest proposals for nuclear disarmament.Only knife can save him.She is slowly losing her eyes.In Europe, we gave the old shoulder to De Gaulle, and now he gives the warm hand to Mao Tse-tung.比喻是英语中最为常见的，用得十分广泛的一种修辞格。论证问题，说明道理以及描绘人物、事物、景物等等，都用得着。它的基本作用是把事物或事理说得具体、生动、形象，使人可见可感可悟，以增强语言的说服力和感染力。二、夸张（hyperbole） 夸张法也是一种比喻，使用夸张来强调或产生某种效果，比如“我能睡一年”或“这书有一吨重”。 Andwhointheshortspaceoftwentyyearshastakencareofus. 此处的短语intheshortspaceoftwentyyears采用了夸张的手法。20年当然不是短短的时间，但使用夸张手法将漫长的20年用shortspace来代替既表达了强烈的感情，又给读者留下了深刻的印象。 把事物的特征，有意地加以夸大或缩小，就叫夸张，即采用“言过其实”的说法，使事物的本质特征更好地呈现出来。英语中夸张修辞格，应用极为频繁。夸张的功能是突出事物的本质特征，因而给人强烈印象或警悟、启发。例如：（1）The old man lived a year in a minute.老人度日如年。 （2）The wretched man became famous overnight.这可怜人竟一夜之间出了名。三、拟人（the personification）所谓拟人就是把无生命的事物当作有生命的事物来描写，赋予无生命之物以感情和动作或是把动物人格化。例如：（1）Necessity is the mother of invention. 需要乃是发明之母。（2）She is the favored child of Fortune. 她是幸运之宠儿。两句中名词mother和child通常用于人，而这里分别用于无生命的名词invention 和Fortune，使这两个词拟人化了。拟人法英语中用得也很多。运用得好，不仅使语言表达得生动、有力，而且给人以亲切、实在的感受。四、头韵（the alliteration）头韵即连续数个单词的头音或头字母相同，这种现象在英语中常见。例如：（1）He is all fire and fight. 他从不放弃任何机会。 （2）There was something simple, sincere in that voice. 那声音里有种纯朴真诚的东西。五、拟声onomatopoeia。拟声是词模拟人、其它有生命或无生命物的声音。英语拟声词兼有双重功能，即融“拟声”与表示动作为一体。例如：（1）He flopped down the bag and ran to help us. 他噗地一声放下袋子，赶来帮助我们。头韵与拟声修辞方式能使语言具有音韵美，可增加口头或书面表达的实际音感，给人以声情并茂的美感。 The door banged shut. 门砰地一声关上了。六 移位修饰(transferred epithet) 移就是将本来用以表述某人或某物特性的一个表述词语来修饰另一个与之不相关的事物。（It is a figure of speech where an epithet is transferred from the noun it should rightly modify to another to which it does not really apply or belong.） 例：Sometimestheythrewbitsoffood，andgotscantthanks；Sometimesamischievouspebble. 句子后半部分的amischievouspebble这一短语用了移就的修辞手法，因为mischievous本应说明修饰的是“他们”，而非“卵石块”，但在这里却用来修饰pebble，使文体显得新颖，印象深刻。 e. g. I spent sleepless nights on my projectHe was left outside in the pitiless cold.七Antithesis: Antithesis is a special kind of parallelism. As a figure of speech it is characterized by strongly contrasting words, clauses, sentences or ideas. It is balancing of one term against the other for emphasis and the repeating of the structure not to stress similarity but to stress contrast.E.g. Man proposes, God disposes.He knew about the privileges but not about the responsibilities; he was eager to partake of all joys, but wished to avoid all pains.The Romans preserved peace by a constant preparation for war.Those who are the most distrustful of themselves are the most envious of others.A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.Everything is good when new, but friends when old.Thats one small step for a man, one giant leap for mankind.We find ourselves rich in goods, but ragged in spirit; reaching with magnificent precision for the moon, but falling into raucous discord on earth.Spend not where you may save; spare not where you must spend.Where theres marriage without love, there will be love without marriage.Men make houses, women make homes.Penny wise, pound foolish.小事聪明，大事糊涂。英语Parallelism 与antithesis的区别 Parallelism 与antithesis虽然都属平行结构，但Parallelism既可由两项构成，也可以由三项构成或多项构成，而antithesis 则只能由两项构成。Parallelism的各项只要求语法结构相同，意义相关，而字数可多可少； antithesis的两项除了要求语法结构相同外，还要求用词对等或近似,字数相等和相近，意义对比或对照。Parallelism重在“成排”、“成串”，气势连贯，语意强烈； antithesis重在“成双”、“成对”，互相对照，互相映衬，显示对称美。8、提喻（Synecdoche）：提喻法又称举隅法，是以局部代表整体（如用“手”代表“水手”），以整体代表局部（如用“法律”代表“警官”），以特殊代表一般（如用“直柄剃刀”代表“杀人者”），以一般代表特殊（如用“贼”代表“扒手”），或用原材料代表用该材料制造的东西（如用“钢”代表“剑”）的修辞方法。例： Thousandsofeyesturnedupward.Thousandsofarmspointed. 句子中的eyes和arms都属于提喻修辞格，以局部眼睛和胳膊代替整体“人”，从而使句子更加生动形象。 No eye saw him, but a second later every ear heard a gunshot.There is a mixture of the tiger and the ape in the character of a Frenchman.9、矛盾修饰法（Oxymoron）:a figure of speech which combines incongruous and apparently contradictory words and meanings for a special effect. 矛盾修饰法是一种把互相矛盾或不调和的词合在一起的修辞手法，如在“震耳欲聋的沉默”和“悲伤的乐观”。例： O serpent heart, hid with a flowering face!The soft torments, the bitter sweet, the pleasing pains, and the agreeable distressHe sat there and watched them, so changelessly changing, so bright and dark, so grave and gay.Therewasinherface，whenshereturnedtoherhusband，lookofradiantmelancholythathewasnotfamiliarwith. 此处的短语radiantmelancholy采用了矛盾修饰法，意为“快乐的忧郁”。这种修辞格的使用很好地描述了艾琳的心态：她既为这个充满奸诈、虚伪的社会感到忧郁，又为自己刚做的一件善事而感到高兴。这两种情感形成了鲜明的对比，发人深省。The photo evoked bitter-sweet memories.One has to be cruel to be kind.There is a love-hate relationship between them.10、委婉语（Euphemism）: a figure of speech in which indirectness replaces directness of statement , usually in an effort to avoid offensive bluntness in some subject involving delicacy or taboo. At liberty: out of workSenior citizens: old peopleIn the family way: pregnantPass away: dieHe is always misinformed: tell liesHe is a man of poor judgment: a foolish man 委婉的说法是用一个适度的、不直接的、含糊的词来取代一个令人感到粗鲁的、过于率直、具有冒犯性的词。例： TheoldestboybecameaCongressman，andthesecondsonturnedoutnogood，too. 这句话直译为“大儿子成了国会议员，而二儿子也好不了多少”。“国会议员不是好东西”没有直接表达出来，而是兜了一个圈子，间接表达出来。这种委婉的修辞手法既讽刺了议员又使大家在轻松中接受了这种观点。 11、反语（Irony） 反语是用词语表达与它们的字面意思相异或相反的用法。它是一种以对比达到幽默效果的修辞方式。例： Youdirtydog，you！Firstasurpriseparty-whichIabhor 这个例子中存在两个反语即youdirtydog和abhor。全意是：你这个坏小子，真有你的！先是出其不意地搞一个宴会这我可不喜欢句中第一个反语youdirtyboy通常用作侮辱性语言，但此处确相反，是对对方的一种昵称，言语中透露出喜爱的意味；abhor原意是“憎恶”，用在此处医生激动不已的心情及其感谢露与其表，不言而喻。用反语表达其感情比平铺直叙要强烈的多。 12、讽刺（Sarcasm） 讽刺是一种措辞巧妙的话语，以运用讽刺性语言为特征，意在使被讥讽者成为被人蔑视或讽刺的对象。例： Ihavereadallthatthewisemenhavewritten，andallthesecretsofphilosophyaremine. 作者认为艺术家的目的是纯粹的艺术，而不是为了其他的一些政治经济上的名利。在这里，作者用thewisemen嘲讽那些非“为艺术而艺术”的功利主义者。语言生动幽默又具有讽刺意味。 irony, satire, sarcasm有何不同 先看一下英文解释 irony : 1) the amusing or strange aspect of a situation that is very different from what you expect 2) the use of words that say the opposite of what you really mean, often as a joke and with a tone of voice that shows this satire : a way of criticizing a person ,an idea or an institution in which you use humor to show their faults or weaknesses sarcasm : a way of using words that are the opposite可见 irony 和 sarcasm 都有反语的意思 而 sarcasm通常指对人进行挖苦嘲讽，irony可以指其他事物。 satire和上面两个有区别，是指通过幽默对人，想法或机构的讽刺和取笑, ,比如讽刺社会的阴暗面等。13、双关（Pun） 牛津英语词典(The Oxford English Dictionary. 1989. Oxford: Clarendon Press. Vo1.xII.P832)给“pun”下的定义：“The use of a word in such a way as to suggest two or more meanings or different associations, or the use of two or more words of the same or nearly the same sound with different meanings, so as to produce a humorous effect.”(用一个词去暗示两种或两种以上的意义或引起不同的联想，或者用两个或两个以上发音相同或相近而意义不同的词，以产生一种幽默效果。) 双关一种文字游戏，有时利用同一个词的不同意思而有时利用不同词的相近意思或发音。例： Justgoforthegoldyouvealreadygotthepot 此句采用了双关的修辞方法，pot有很多意义，potofgold是指一大罐子黄金，在这里，艾丽丝说“你只拿金子好了大肚罐子你已有了”，借用了potofgold中的pot一词来暗指拉尔夫大腹便便的肚子，巧妙讽刺了他贪财的那种野心。) 例(1) Ask for me tomorrow and you shall find me a grave man. 明天你来找我，你就将发现我已经是个坟墓中的人了。 句中grave有两义，可作“坟墓”或“严肃的”、“重大的”解。 例(2) Learn some craft when young, that when old you may live without craft. 趁年轻时学一点手艺，以便在年老时可不靠行骗为生。 句中前一个craft是“手艺”的意思，后一个craft是“骗术”的意思，形同义不同，两种意义相互关联，趣味很浓。 韦氏三版新国际英语词典(Websters Third New International Dictionary. 1981. Springfield, Massachusetts, USA: Merriam-Webster Inc. P. 1842)给“pun”下的定义：“ The humorous of a word in such a way as to suggest different meanings or applications or of words having the same or nearly the same sound but different meanings: a play on words. (词汇的幽默用法，用一个词去暗示不同的意义或引起不同的联想，或者用发音相同或相近但意义不同的(两个或两个以上)词：一种文字游戏。) 例(3) More sun and air for your son and heir. 我们这里的阳光灿烂，空气新鲜，对您的儿子事业和财产继承大有裨益。 这是一幅为海滨浴场作宣传的广告画上的一句话，巧用了同音异义词(即谐音双关)：sun与son, air 与heir,因其生动、幽默，具有很强的号召力，易打动父母的爱子之心。Its everybodys right, right? You think all your right is right? 这是每个人的权利，对吧？ 你认为你有权就有理？ 以上是两个人在对话中以双关语打趣。对话中四个“right”，共有三个词义，是同音异义词，属于一语“多关”。How To Be A guilty Parents (New York Times) 父母怎样才能自知有愧 文章的标题似乎是劝诱家长：如何做有愧的父母。而文中内容却是要父母的言行检点些，不要动辄责备孩子。 例(9) He finished the race last Friday. 句中“finished the race”有“参加了竞赛”和“消灭了那个种族”两种意思。 1）、Antanaclasis (换义) 利用某些词的多义性，在一定语境中，将原本表示彼义的词用来表示此义，并使这两种意义互相关联起来。 例(10) We must all hang together, or assuredly we shall all hang separately. (Benjamin Franklin) 我们大家必须团结一致，否则我们一定都会被分开处死。 句中前一个hang与together构成成语，意思是“团结一致”，后一个hang则是“被绞死”之意，字面相同，意思不同，前呼后应，语言生动，言简意赅。前面出现的例(2)也属此类。 2）、Paronomasia(谐音双关) 用同音异义或近音异义的词构成双关，它包含了homophonic pun(同音双关)。 例(11) On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey on you. 他们星期日为你祈祷，星期一对你敲诈。 借用同音异形词(homophone) pray和prey造成双关，讽刺西方教堂里的绅士、太太、小姐们貌似虔诚的丑恶嘴脸。 例(12) If he do breed, Ill gild the faces of the grooms withal; for it must seem their guilt. (William Shakespeare, Macbeth) 要是他还流着血，我就把它涂在哪两个侍卫的脸上；因为我们必须让人家瞧着是他们的罪恶。 gild和guilt是一对近音异义词构成的双关，它的运用暴露了麦克白夫人杀人灭口、嫁祸于人的罪恶。 例(13) When does the baker follow his trade? Whenever he kneads the dough. 面包师傅什么时候营业？ 每当他揉面的时候。 回答中利用need(需要)和knead(揉)这两个同音异形异义词，并配上dough的一词多义(含“生面”和“钱”之意),形成两个双关来构成幽默。 例(14) What four letters of the alphabet would scare off a burglar? O，ICU. 哪四个英语字母会吓跑窃贼？ O，ICU 这是利用四个字母OICU组合谐音的句子：Oh, I see you. 类似这样的还有：IOU (I owe you), 其意为“借款单据”；OIC，外国眼镜商利用这三个字母的形状作广告，其形就像个眼镜，念起来音同Oh, I see.真是匠心独具！ 3）、Sylleptic pun (一词多义双关)也有人称之为syllepsis4(P.35)。但又有人将syllepsis翻译成“一笔双叙”5(P.497)或“一词多叙”、“兼顾”6(P.331-333),这与我们将要讨论的“一词多义双关”是完全不同的修辞格。此类pun与antanaclasis相似，其区别是在sylleptic pun中，双关词仅出现一次而可以作多解。An ambassador is an honest man who lies abroad for the good of his country. 大使是一个为了本国利益而在国外说谎的诚实的人。 句中lies可理解为“说谎”，也可作“在，居住”解，一语双关，风趣、幽默。14. Synaesthesia 1）. A condition in which one type of stimulation evokes the sensation of another, as when the hearing of a sound produces the visualization of a color. 2）. A sensation felt in one part of the body as a result of stimulus applied to another, as in referred pain. 3.） The description of one kind of sense impression by using words that normally describe another.移就与通感是难度较大的修辞格。 所谓“移就”(也叫“移用”),就是把描写甲事物的词语有意识地移用来描写乙事物;所谓“通感”(也叫“移觉”),就是把一种感官的感觉移用到另一种感官上,使二者沟通起来。这两种修辞格既有区别,又有联系。单独运用,则各得其妙;综合运用,则更为生辉。 例析： 1.As I entered the room，I was hit by the heavy perfume and noisy colors.2. The dish has a high local flavor.3. Sweet Thames! Run softly, till I end my song.4. Johnsons Baby Powder: the soft smell.5. You could view the melody of every grace, and music of her face.6. The silence that dwells in the forest is not so black7. Into the shells of its ears he poured the harsh wine of his tale (他把他的经历的苦酒倒在她的耳朵里。)8. - And like music on the water -Is thy sweet voice to me.9. The sun blared like a brass.10. -The same bright face I tasted in my sleep, -Smiling in the clear well11. His voice was a censer that scattered strange perfumes.C.f. a sweet kiss; a sweet letterangry words; hot words. Ex: 1.a sleepy corner, sleepless bed, nervous hours, merry bells, an easy writer, weary way, gnawing poverty, heavy silence, icy voice ，the music of her face,一、“移就”的运用 1、“而此后几个所谓学者文人的阴险论调,尤使我觉得悲哀”(鲁迅记念刘和珍君)。 “阴险”是用来形容人的品质不良,这里用来形容反动文人诬篾爱国青年的无耻谰言,深刻揭示出其手段之卑劣。 2、“在阴沉的雪天里,在无聊的书房里,这不安愈加强烈了”(鲁迅祝福)。 “无聊”一词一般用来形容人的心绪,这里用来写“书房”,就把“我”当时在四叔家书房里窒息的极为无聊的情绪描写得十分突出。 3、“我将深味这非人间的浓黑的悲凉”(鲁迅记念刘和珍君。 “浓黑”是形容“非人间社会”的极端黑暗,这里用来形容人的悲哀心情,表现了作者对黑暗现实的无比愤懑和对革命烈士深切怀念的感情。 4、“他的圣处女升天图挂在神坛后面,那朱红与亮蓝两种颜色鲜明极了,全幅气韵流动,如风行水上”(朱自清威尼斯)。 “流动”本指液体或气体的移动,这里用来形容这幅画静中见动的艺术美感,简直把一幅画写活了。 5、“建筑也是新式。简截不罗嗦,痛快之至”(朱自清威尼斯)。 “简截”、“不罗嗦”、“痛快”本指说话写文章直截了当,这里用来形容建筑物造型简洁,线条明快,没有多余的装饰,生动地表达了作者对威尼斯建筑艺术的赞誉之情。 二、“通感”的运用 1、“塘中的月色并不均匀,但光与影有着和谐的旋律,如梵婀玲上奏着的名曲”(朱自清荷塘月色)。 “光与影”诉诸视觉,“和谐的旋律”、“梵婀玲上奏着的名曲”诉诸听觉,作者将二者巧妙地沟通起来,用长短快慢高低强弱错落有致配合适当的“和谐”的音乐旋律,描绘出月光透过云缝穿过树丛而泻在荷塘中浓淡不一分布不匀,看起来匀称自如恰到好处的朦胧月色,真是妙笔生花,别有情趣。 2、“建筑家说,建筑是凝固的音乐”(宗璞废墟的召唤)。 “建筑”诉诸视觉,“音乐”诉诸听觉,作者将二者自然沟通起来,用感染力极强的富有动感的音乐艺术美来形容处于静态的建筑艺术美,可谓匠心独运,发人深Oh could you view the melody Of every grace,And music of her face.The silence that dwells in the forest is not so black.15. Parallelism: similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases or clauses.He was tired but happy.He who loses wealth loses much; he who loses a friend loses more; but he who loses courage loses all.16. climax 渐进法, 层进法 这种修辞是将一系列词语按照意念的大小、轻重、深浅、高低等逐层渐进，最后达到顶点，可以增强语势，逐渐加深读者印象。 例如：1. I am sorry, I am so sorry, I am so extremely sorry.2. I came, I saw, I conquered.3. We gain knowledge by reading, by reflection, by observation or by practice.4. Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested.17. Anti-climax or bathos: (突降）It is the opposite of Climax. It involves stating ones thoughts in a descending order of significance or intensity, from strong to weak, from weighty to light or frivolous（not serious or sensible ; foolish and lighted-hearted; silly or wasteful）. For instance, E.g. 1. But thousands die, without or this or that, die, and endow(赋予) a college, or a cat. 2 .He lost his wife, his child, his household goods, and his dog at one fell swoop. 3. -O dear! O Dear! What shall I do? -Ive lost my beau(情人)and lip-stick,( 口红) too 4. On his breast he wears his decorations, at his side a sword, on his feet a pair of boots. 5. The duties of a soldier are to protect his country and peel potatoes.18. Repetition19. Rhetorical question Exercise:1. So, during any five-week shape-up, focus more on the tape measure than on the bathroom scale.2. Change is part of life and the making of character. Hon, when the things happen that you do not like, you have two choices: You get bitter or better.3. Predictably, the winter will be snowy, sleety, and slushy. 4. Long and loudly little Lily laughed. 小莉莉长时间地、大声地笑着。 5. The windows waved violently in the wind. 窗户在风中剧烈地摇动。 6. The sun sank slowly. 太阳慢慢地下沉。7. There was a short, thoughtful silence. 出现了一阵短暂的、令人沉思的寂静。 8. The old man put a reassuring hand on my shoulder. 老人把一只令人安心的手放在我的肩膀上。9. My heart was singing. 我的心在歌唱。 10. This time fate was smiling to him. 这一次命运朝他微笑了。 11. The flowers nodded to her while she passed. 当她经过的时候花儿向她点头致意。 12. The wind whistled through the trees. 风穿过树丛，树叶哗哗作响。13. His purse would not allow him that luxury. 他的经济条件不允许他享受那种奢华。 14. The mother did her best to take care of the cradle. 母亲尽最大努力照看孩子。 15.He succeeded to the crown in 1848. 他在1848年继承了王位。英语中的修辞与汉语的修辞相比,分类细,种类多.下面将英语的修辞简单介绍如下: 1.Simile 明喻明喻是将具有共性的不同事物作对比.这种共性存在于人们的心里,而不是事物的自然属性.标志词常用 like, as, seem, as if, as though, similar to, such as等.例如:1.He was like a cock who thought the sun had risen to hear him crow.2.I wandered lonely as a cloud.3.Einstein only had a blanket on, as i