朱红军应用化学专业英语翻译.doc

CONTENTSUnit 1 Scientific Paper and LiteratureLesson 1 Writing a Scientific PaperThis chapter is a general guide to writing a scientific paper. Specific guidelines for text length, preparation of figures and tables, and instructions on how to submit your paper differ from journal to journal and publisher to publisher. For ACS journals and special publications, read the Guide, Notes, Notice, or Instructions for Authors that appear in each publications first issue of the year and on the World Wide Web at . For ACS books, consult the brochure “How To Prepare Your manuscript for the ACS Symposium Series” or “Instructions for Authors”, available from the Books Department or on the World Wide Web at the same address. 译文：这一章节是写科学论文一个总的指导。包括对于文章长度要求，数字和图表的制备，还有向不同杂志和出版商提交论文的说明指导方针。对于美国化学学会杂志和特殊的出版物，请阅读出现在每年第一期和全球网上对于作者的指南，注释，公告和说明。对于美国化学会的书目，请查阅一些像如何为ACS准备你的底稿，作者须知这样的小册子，这些资料可以从书籍部或者在相同地址的全球网页上得到。Introduction to Science PaperA research paper is a form of written academic communication which can be employed to disseminate useful information and to share academic ideas with others. Most of the research papers are written for publication in journals or conference proceedings in ones field. Publication is one of the fastest ways for propagating ideas and for professional recognition and advancement. If you have a clear idea about the features and styles of academic articles, it will be easier for you to successfully get your paper published in the target journal or accepted by an international conference.（去年曾考！）一篇研究论文是学术交流的书面形式，它可以用来传播有用的信息并且可以和别人分享有用的学术见解。大多数的研究论文是用于杂志出版或者作为个人领域的会议记录。出版是作为传播见解和专业认知与提高最快捷的方法。如果你对学术文章的特点和形式有着清晰地认识，那么你的论文可以更容易的在目标杂志上发表或者被国际会议所采纳。Features of Academic Papers The first of the features of an academic paper is the content. It is no more and no less than an objective and accurate account of a piece of research you did, either in the humanities, social, sciences, natural sciences or applied sciences. It should not be designed to teach or to provide general background.学术论文的特色学术论文的第一个特色就是内容。它只不过是你做的部分研究客观并且准确的记录，要么是关于人文，社会，科学，自然科学或者应用科学。他不能用来教授或者提供一般背景。 The second feature is the style of writing for this purpose. Your paper should contain three ingredients: precise logical structure, clear and concise language, and the specific style demanded by the journal to which it will be submitted.论文的第二个特征就是这一目的的写作方式。你的论文必须包含三种要素：严格的逻辑结构，清晰和简洁的语言，还有就是你论文要提交的杂志所规定的特定写作形式。 The third, which is indeed a part of the second, is the system of documenting the sources used in writing the article. At every step in the process of writing, you must take into account the ideas, facts, and opinions you have gained from sources you have consulted. 第三，实际上是第二条的一部分，就是文章所用资源的引证系统。在文章过程的每一部里，你必须对你从资源查阅到的想法，事实，观点进行充分考虑。 One of the most convenient features of academic articles is that they are divided into clearly delineated sections. This is helpful because you only have to concentrate on one section at a time. You can thus visualize more or less completely the whole paper while you are working on any part of it. Though papers of the humanities and social sciences do not always have the clearly divided sections, they share some of the common requirements with the scientific papers. 学术论文的特征中最方便的地方之一是学术论文被清晰地分成几个部分。这一点对你很有帮助，因为你每次只需考虑一个部分。当你撰写其中一个部分时你总能总揽全文。尽管人文科学和社会科学没有明显的界限，但是他们遵循科学论文的一般要求。Getting Started Although there is no fixed set of “writing rules” to be followed like a cookbook recipe or an experimental procedure, some guidelines can be helpful. Start by answering some questions: 尽管学术论文不像食谱配方或者实验流程一样有一套固定的写作规矩，但是一些指导方针也是很有帮助的。接下来回答请一些问题：What is the function or purpose of this paper? Are you describing original and significant research results? Are you reviewing the literature? Are you providing an overview of the topic? Something else? 你论文的作用和目的是什么？你是在描述独创的并且有重大意义的科研成果吗？你是在综述文献吗？你是在进行主题概括吗？或者是其他的问题。How is your work different from that described in other reports on the same subject? (Unless you are writing a review, be sure that your paper will make an original contribution. Some publishers, including ACS, do not publish previously published material.) 你的论文与其他具有相似主题的报告有什么不同之处？（除非你是在写综述，确保你的论文具有原创性贡献。）一些出版商，包括ACS，不会出版过去已经被发表过的材料。What is the best place for this paper to be published-in a journal or as part of a book? If a journal, which journal is most appropriate? 这篇论文最好的出版地方是哪里？是在一本杂志里面或者作为一本书的一部分。若是在杂志中，哪种杂志是最合适的。Who is the audience? What will you need to tell them to help them understand your work? 你的读者是谁？你需要讲述哪些信息以便于帮助他们理解你的文章？Answering these questions will clarify your goals and thus make it easier for you to write the paper with the proper amount of detail. It will also make it easier for editors to determine the papers suitability for their publications. Writing is like so many other things: if you clarify your overall goal, the details fall into place. 回答这些问题可以明确你的目标，并且可以帮助你在论文里书写合适的内容，也可以帮助编辑更容易的判定你的论文在他们出版物的适用性。写作就像其它好多事情一样：如果你把你的总体目标明确好，内容就会变得井井有条。Once you know the function of your paper and have identified its audience, review your material for completeness or excess. Then, organize your material into the standard format: introduction, experimental details or theoretical basis, results, discussion, and conclusions. This format has become standard because it is suitable for most reports of original research, it is basically logical, and it is easy to use. The reason it accommodates most reports of original research is that it parallels the scientific method of deductive reasoning: define the problem, create a hypothesis, devise an experiment to test the hypothesis, conduct the experiment, and draw conclusions. Furthermore, this format enables the reader to understand quickly what is being presented and to find specific information easily. This ability is crucial now more than ever because scientists, if not all professionals, must read much more material than their time seems to allow.你一旦知道了你的论文功能并且确定了它的读者，请评估你材料的完整性。然后用标准板式对你材料进行组织：包括内容，实验数据或者实验依据，结果，讨论，结论。这种版式已成为标准因为它对大多数的原始科研报告具有适用性。它基本上符合逻辑，并且应用简单。它适用于大多数报告的原因就是它与演绎推理的科学思路类似：定义问题，做出假设，设计实验验证假设，进行实验，得出结论。另外，这种版式可以使读者快速的理解呈现出来的内容并且更容易的发现特定的信息。这种能力在今天至关重要，因为科学家，如果不是全部的专业人员，必须在他们允许的时间范围内读更多的材料。Even if your results are more suited to one of the shorter types of presentation, the logic of the standard format applies, although you might omit the standard headings or one or more entire sections. As you write, you can modify, delete, or add sections and subsections as appropriate. 即使你的结果更适用于短类型的陈述，但是标准版式的逻辑也可以适用。你也可以省略某个标题或者一个或多个段落。当你写作的时候，你可以修改，删除，或者在合适的地方增加段落或分段。An extremely important step is to check the specific requirements of the publication you have targeted and follow them. Most publications require revisions of manuscripts that are not in their requested format. Thus, not following a publications requirements can delay publication and make more work for you. Finally, your paper will be peer-reviewed, so a good idea is to pay attention to the aspects that the reviewers will be considering. 其中极其重要的一步就是核对目标杂志的特定要求并且遵从他们。大多数的出版物要求对不符合格式的原稿进行修订。因此，不遵循出版物的要求可能会延误发表并且给你带来更多的工作。最后，你的论文需要同行评审，所以，一个不错的主意就是注重评审者所考虑的方面。Writing Style and Word Usage Short declarative sentences are the easiest to write and the easiest to read, and they are usually clear. However, too many short sentences in a row can sound abrupt or monotonous. To add sentence variety, it is better to start with simple declarative sentences and then combined some of them than to start with long rambling sentences and then try to shorten them. 简短的说明语言非常容易书写和阅读，他们通常是清晰地。然而，太多的短句子排列在一起听起来会很生硬且单调。为了增加句子的多样性，与其以杂乱无章的句子开头然后尝试缩短他们，不如以简短的说明语句开始然后去组合他们。You and your colleagues probably have been discussing the project for months, so the words seem familiar, common, and clear to you. However, the readers will not have been part of these discussions. That is where copy editors can help. Their job is to make sure that readers understand the material you are presenting. 你和你的同事可能数月来都在讨论课题，所以语言对你们来说很熟悉，通用而且清晰。然而，读者并没有参与你们的讨论。这就需要编辑提供帮助。他们的工作就是确保理解你们提交的材料。By all means, write in your own personal style, but keep in mind that scientific writing is not literary writing. Scientific writing serves a purpose completely different from that of literary writing, and it must therefore be precise and unambiguous. 无论如何，请按照你自己的方式去写，请记住科学论文并不是文学创作。科学论文与文学创作有着完全不同的目的，因此它们必须是精确并且不含糊的。If English is not your first language, ask an English-speaking colleague-if possible, a native English speaker-for help with grammar and diction. 如果英语不是你的母语，请教一个说英语的同事，如果有可能，最好是一个以英语为母语者，他会对你的语法和措辞进行帮助。Choosing the Correct Word or Phrase 选择正确的单词和短语 Use words in their primary meanings; do not use a word to express a thought if such usage is uncommon, informal, or primarily literary. Examples are using “since” when you mean “because”, and “while” when you mean “although”. Many words are clear when you are speaking because you can amplify your meaning with gestures, expressions, and vocal inflections-but when these same words are written, they may be clear only to you. 使用单词时要用他们最原始的意思；请不要用不寻常，不正式或者文学性的用语来表达你的想法。举个例子，就是当你表达因为的时候用了“since”，当你表达即使的时候你用了“while”。当你说话的时候，许多单词的意思是很清楚地，因为你可以通过手势，表情，音调的抑扬顿挫来强化你的意思。但是当相同的单词被书写的时候，这些词汇只对你一个人清楚了。 Use appropriate verb tenses. 请用动词合适的时态(1) Simple past tense is correct for stating what was done, either by others or by you: “The spectra were recorded.” “The solutions were heated to boiling.” “Jones reviewed the literature and gathered much of this information.” “We recently found that relativistic effects enhance the bond strength.” “The structures were determined by neutron diffraction methods.” (2) 一般过去式用来描述过去发生的事情，这些事情要么被别人做，要么被你完成。“这种光谱被记录”“溶液被加热到沸腾”“琼斯回顾了文献并收集了这些信息”“我们最近发现相对论效应增强了键的强度”“这种结构是由中子衍射思路决定的”。(3) Present tense is correct for statements of fact: “Absolute rate constants for a wide variety of reactions are available.” “Hyperbranched compounds are macromolecular compounds that contain a branching point in each structural repeat unit.” (4) 一般现在式用于对事实的陈述。“绝对速率常数对很多类型的反应都是适用的”“超分支化合物是在每个重复结构单元含有分支点的高分子化合物”(5) Present and simple past tenses may both be correct for results, discussion, and conclusions: “The characteristics of the voltammetric wave indicate that electron transfer and breaking of the carbon-iodine bond are concerted.” “The absence of substitution was confirmed by preparative-scale electrolysis at a potential located at the foot of the voltammetric wave.” “IR spectroscopy shows that nitrates are adsorbed and are not removed by washing with distilled water.” (6) 一般现在和过去式对于结果，讨论，结论都是正确的。“伏安特性曲线的特征表明电子转移和C-I键的断裂是一致的。”“取代反应的消失是由伏安特性曲线底部潜在的位置大规模的电解得以证实。”“红外光谱表明了硝酸盐通过蒸馏水的冲洗得到富集而没有被移走” Use the active voice when it is less wordy and more direct than the passive. 用主动语态比被动语态更简洁更直接。Poor:The fact that such processes are under strict stereoelectronic control is demonstrated by our work in this area. Better:Our work in this area demonstrates that such processes are under strict stereoelectronic control. 我们在这个领域的工作表明了这种反应是在严格的电子效应控制之下。 Use first person when it helps to keep your meaning clear and to express a purpose or a decision. 使用第一人称会使你的意思和你表达的目的或结论更清晰、Jones reported xyz, but I (or we) found . . . I (or we) present here a detailed study . . . My (or our) recent work demonstrated . . . To determine the effects of structure on photophysics为了决定这种结构对于光物理学的影响, I (or we) . . . However, avoid phrases such as “we feel”, “we believe”, “we concluded”, and “we can see”, as well as personal opinions. 然而，请避免使用像“我感觉”“我相信”“我推断”“我们发现”以及具有个人意见的短语。 Use an affirmative sentence rather than a double negative. 请使用肯定句型而不是双重否定。Instead ofConsider usingThis reaction is not uncommon This reaction is common This reaction is rare This reaction occurs about 40% of the time This transition转换 was not unexpectedThis transition was expected We knew that such transitions were possibleThis strategy is not infrequently used This strategy is frequently used This strategy is occasionally used This result is not unlikely to occur This result is likely to occur This result is possible Watch the placement of the word “only”. It has different meanings in different places in the sentence. 请注意观察单词“仅仅”的位置。它在句子不同的位置处有不同的意思。Only the largest group was injected with the test compound. (Meaning: and no other group) 只有最大那组注射了测试用的化合物（含义：没有其他组）The largest group was only injected with the test compound. (Meaning: and not given the compound in any other way) 最大的那组只通过注射的方式通入了待测化合物（含义：没有其他方式）The largest group was injected with only the test compound. (Meaning: and no other compounds)最大的那组只注射了待测化合物。（含义：没有注射其他化合物） The largest group was injected with the only test compound. (Meaning: there were no other test compounds) 最大的那组只注射了唯一的实验化合物。（含义：没有其他测试化合物） Be sure that the antecedents of the pronouns “this” and “that” are clear. If there is a chance of ambiguity, use a noun to clarify your meaning. 确保在“这个”和“那个”一类代词作为先行词时含义要明确。如果有歧义，请用名词来澄清你的含义。Ambiguous:The photochemistry of transition-metal carbonyl complexes has been the focus of many investigations. This is due to the central role that metal carbonyl complexes play in various reactions. 过渡态金属羰基化合物的光化学已成为很多研究调查的焦点。这主要是因为金属羰基化合物在很多反应中扮演关键角色。Unambiguous: The photochemistry of transition-metal carbonyl complexes has been the focus of many investigations. This interest is due to the central role that metal carbonyl complexes play in various reactions. Use the proper subordinating conjunctions. “While” and “since” have strong connotations of time. Do not use them where you mean “although”, “because”, or “whereas”. 请使用合适的从属连词。“while”和“since”具有很强的时间内涵，当你表明“尽管”“因为”“然而”的意思的时候不要使用它们。Poor: Since solvent reorganization is a potential contributor, the selection of data is very important. Better: Because solvent reorganization is a potential contributor, the selection of data is very important. Poor: While the reactions of the anion were solvent-dependent, the corresponding reactions of the substituted derivatives were not. Better: Although the reactions of the anion were solvent-dependent, the corresponding reactions of the substituted derivatives were not. Also: The reactions of the anion were solvent-dependent, but (or whereas) the corresponding reactions of the substituted derivatives were not. Use “respectively” to relate two or more sequences in the same sentence. 请使用“分别地”来连接一句话中两件继起的事。The excitation激发 and emission were measured at 360 and 440 nm, respectively.(That is, the excitation was measured at 360 nm and the emission was measured at 440 nm.) Use the more accurate terms “greater than” or “more than” rather than the imprecise “over” or “in excess of”. 用更准确的短语greater than” or “more than”而不是欠准确的over或者inExcess of。greater than 50%, not in excess of 50% more than 100 samples, not over 100 samples more than 25 mg, not in excess of 25 mg, not over 25 mg Use “fewer” to refer to number; use “less” to refer to quantity. fewer than 50 animals; fewer than 100 samples; less product; less time; less work.用fewer来描述数字，用less描述数量。 However, use “less” with number and unit of measure combinations because they are regarded as singular. less than 5 mg; less than 3 days. 然而，要用less修饰数字和测量单位的组合，因为它们被认为是单数。 Use “between” with two named objects; use “among” with three or more named or implied objects. Communication between scientists and the public is essential. Communication among scientists, educators, and the public is essential. Communication among scientists is essential. 用between在两个命名的对象之间，用among在三个或三个以上命名或隐含对象之间。科学家与公众的交流很重要。科学家与教育者，公众之间的交流很重要。科学界之间的交流很重要。 Choose “assure”, “ensure”, and “insure” depending on your meaning. To assure is to affirm; to ensure is to make certain; to insure is to indemnify for money. He assured me that the work had been completed. The procedure ensures that clear guidelines have been established. You cannot get a mortgage unless you insure your home. 选择assure、ensure、insure是根据你的意思来决定。Assure的意思就是肯定，ensure就是确保，insure就是用钱补偿。他向我断言工作已经被完成，这个工序确保了清晰地指导方针被建立。你不能得到贷款除非抵押你的房子。 Choose “affect”, “effect”, and “impact” depending on your meaning. “Affect” is a verb meaning to influence, modify, or change. “Effect” as a verb means to bring about, but as a noun it means consequence, outcome, or result. “Impact” is a noun meaning a significant effect. 选择affect、effect、impact是由你的意思来决定。Affect是影响，调整，改变的动词形式。Effect是引起的名词形式，但作为名词来讲他的意思是结果。Impact的意思就是有重大意义的影响。The increased use of pesticides 杀虫剂affects agricultural productivity. The use of polychlorinated benzenes多氯苯 has an effect on the cancer rate.The effect of the added acid was negligible. The new procedure effected a 50% increase in yield. The impact of pesticide use on health is felt throughout the world.The acid did not have a great impact on the reaction rate. It is acceptable to use split infinitives to avoid awkwardness or ambiguity. 为了避免不协调和混淆使用分离不定式也是可以接受的。Awkward: The program is designed to assist financially the student who is considering a career in chemistry. Better: The program is designed to financially assist the student who is considering a career in chemistry. Ambiguous: The bonded phases allowed us to investigate fully permanent gases. Better: The bonded phases allowed us to fully investigate permanent gases. 副词放在动词前面 Use “whether” to introduce at least two alternatives, either stated or implied. I am not sure whether I should repeat the experiment. I am not sure whether I should repeat the experiment or use a different statistical treatment. I am going to repeat the experiment whether the results are positive or negative. 使用whether去描述两个可以替换物，要么是陈述或者隐含。我不清楚我是否应该重复这个实验。我不确定是否该重复这个实验或者进行不同的数据处理。我将会重复这个实验不管结果正确与否、 Use “whether or not” to mean “regardless of whether”. 当译为不论的时候用whether or notInco