第2单元 translation skills翻译技巧(119p)

Module 2Translation Skills,Unit 1 Diction,1. Correspondence between English and Chinese at Word Level,Marxism激光,马克思主义laser,1）Word-for-word correspondence,2）One word with multiple equivalents of the same meaning,Wife妻子、爱人、夫人、老婆、老伴、媳妇、堂客、内人Potato: 马铃薯、洋芋、土豆、山药蛋人：human being, man, people, person,3）One word with several equivalents of different meanings,Cousin: 堂兄、堂弟、堂姐、堂妹、表哥、表弟、表姐、表妹、卿President: 总统、总裁、主席、董事长、议长、会长、社长、校长,走 walk,Saunter（闲逛, 漫步）Amble（缓行, 溜蹄） Stride（大步行走）Trudge（跋涉）Trapes（漫步）,Shamble（蹒跚地走, 摇摇晃晃地走）Prance（昂首阔步）Scamper（奔跳）Clump（重踏着走）, tiptoe,4）Equivalents interwoven with one another,talk 说speak 讲say 述tell 道,5）Words without equivalents,Teenager13-19岁的青少年Clock-watcher老是看钟等下班的人阴(in Chinese thought) the soft, inactive, female principle or force in the world阳(in Chinese thought) the strong, active, male principle or force in the world,2. Methods of discriminating the original meaning of an English word,1）Judging from the word formation2）Judging from the referencesHealth is above wealth, for this cannot give so much happiness as that.健康比财富更重要，因为财富/后者不能像健康/前者那样给人那么多幸福。,3) Judging from the context and collocation head,He was badly wounded in the . You should use your a bit. He has a good for mathematics. The dinner cost us five dollars a .Prick with the of a needle. He was standing at the of the staircase. Lets discuss the question under five s. The of his bed was piled with books. Present at the meeting were the s of government of the four countries. s or tails? Where is the ？,他头部受重伤。你该用一下自己的头脑。他的数学能力很强。这顿饭花去我们每人5块钱。用针尖挑。他站在楼梯的顶端。让我们分五个题目来讨论这个问题。他的床头堆满了书。出席会议的有四国政府的首脑。正面还是反面？厕所在那里（船上用语）,3) Judging from different braches of learning and specialties,basein lexicology词根；in business本金；in painting底漆；in survey基线；in military根据地,3. Techniques of translating a given English word,Deductionboomer： a person born in the marked rise in birthrate生育高峰期出生的人2) Transplantmicrowave微波 supermarket超级市场,3) Extension引申法,Bottleneckbrain trustbrain drainIt is more than transient everydayness.,瓶颈交通狭口阻塞 脑托拉斯智囊团 脑排干人才外流人才流失这远非一时的柴米油盐问题。,4) Substitution,kill sb. as an example杀一儆百The same is not true with a mortal illness.如果是得了不治之症（绝症），情况就不一样了。,5) Explanation,a throwaway society一个大手大脚、浪费成风的社会redshirt红衫运动员；美国大学中在体育方面有发展前途的学生swan song天鹅临死时的叫声；绝唱、辞世之作,6) Combination合并法,so subtle and careful an observer一位如此精细的观察者a grim and tragic Christmas 一个惨淡的圣诞节the body and mind cramped by noxious work有害的工作造成的身心困顿,7) Transliteration,Wall Street华尔街 The Times泰晤士报Clone克隆,8) Pictographic translation,H-beam 工字梁 O-ring环形圈,Unit 2Introduction to Translation Skills,Skill I: Conversion,Module 2 Translation Skills,1. Conversion into verbs,English sentences contain no more than one predicate verb, while in Chinese it is not unusual to have clusters of verbs in a simple sentence.Families upstairs have to carry pails to the hydrant downstairs for water.住在楼上的人家得提着水桶去楼下的水龙头打水。,1）Nouns converted into verbs,The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，我感到心驰神往。,2）prepositions converted into verbs,“Coming!” She skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the verandah, and into the porch.“来啦！”她蹦跳着越过草地，跑上小径，跨上台阶，穿过凉台，进了门廊。,3） adjectives converted into verbs,Many English adjectives after a link verb indicating ones consciousness, feelings, emotions, desires, etc., are always converted into Chinese verbs.Doctors have said that they are not sure they can save his life.医生说他们不敢肯定能否救得了他的命。,4）adverbs into verbs,As he ran out, he forgot to have his shoes on.他跑出去时，忘记了穿鞋。,2. Conversion into nouns,1) verbs converted into nounsSuch materials are characterized by good insulation and high resistance to wear.这些材料的特点是：绝缘性好，耐磨性强。The design aims at automatic operation, easy regulation, simple maintenance and high productivity. 设计的目的在于自动操作，调节方便，维护简易，生产率高。,2） adjectives into nouns,They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。,3） pronouns into nouns,The result of this experiment is much better than those of previous ones.这次实验的结果比前几次实验结果都好得多。,3. Conversion into adjectives,1) nouns converted into adjectiveIndependent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.学习中的独立思考是绝对必须的。2) adverbs into adjectivesThe pressure inside equals the pressure outside.内部的压力和外部的压力相等。,4. Conversion into adverbs,1) Adjectives converted into adverbsOnly when we study their properties can we make better use of the materials.只有研究这些材料的特性才能更好地利用它们。,2) Nouns and verbs into adverbs,I have the honor to inform you that your request is granted.我荣幸地通知您，您的请求已经得到批准。Rapid evaporation at the heating-surface tends to make the steam wet.加热面上的迅速蒸发，往往使蒸汽的湿度变大。,5. Conversion of sentence elements,Conversion in a broader sense includes the conversion of the “active voice” into the “passive”. Sometimes, it may involve the change of various elements of a sentence, such as from the subject to the object, and vice versa.,Examples,As the match burns, heat and light are given off.火柴燃烧时发出光和热。(from subject to the object)Care must be taken at all times to protect the instrument from dust and damp.应当始终注意保护仪器，不使其沾染灰尘和受潮。(from the subject to the predicate),Examples,The baby doubled its weight in a year.婴儿的体重一年中长了一倍。(from the subject to the attributive)She behaves as if she were a child.她的举止像是个孩子。(from the predicate to the subject),Unit 2Introduction of Translation Skills,Skill II: Restructuring,Module 2 Translation Skills,1. Different word order in English and Chinese,Most of the information we have got is through that channel.我们的大部分消息是通过那个渠道获得的。His address is 3612 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA. 19104, USA.他的地址是美国宾夕法尼亚州费城市场街3612号，邮政编码19104。,1) Interrogative inversion疑问倒装What did you do yesterday?你昨天干什么来着？2) Imperative inversion命令倒装“Speak you,” said Mr. Black, “Speak you, good fellow!” 布莱克先生叫到：“说，说吧！伙计！”3) Exclamatory inversion惊叹倒装How dreadful is this place!这地方好可怕啊！,4) Hypothetical inversion假设倒装Had you come yesterday, you could have seen him here.要是你昨天来了，你就会在这里看到他的。Young as he is, the little boy has learned a lot.尽管这个小男孩尚年幼，可已经学了不少知识。5) Balance inversion平衡倒装Through a gap come an elaborately described ray.从一个空洞透出一束精心描绘的光线。6) Link inversion衔接倒装On this depends the whole argument.整个争论都以此为论据。,7) Signpost inversion点题倒装By strategy is meant something wider.战略意义比较广。8) Negative inversion否定倒装Not a word did he say.他只字未说。9) Metrical inversion韵律倒装As pants the hart for cooling streams. (Normal order: As the hart pants for cooling streams.)像公鹿渴望清凉的小溪一样。,2. Restructuring in English-Chinese Translation,1) Different sequences in customary word combinationYou, he and I 你我他Food, clothing, shelter and transportation衣食住行Back and forth前前后后Every means possible一切可能的手段,2) Different sequences in customary sentence arrangement,He had to quit the position and went into exile, having been deprived of his power.他被剥夺了权力之后，只好离职，流落他乡。We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that followed one another for three years after we left China in 1959.我们于1959年离开了中国。此后，中国连续三年遭到自然灾害。当我们在国内读到这方面的消息时，心情颇为低沉。,3) Adverbial clauses in a complex sentence,The government is determined to keep up the pressure whatever the cost it will pay in the end.不论最终将付出什么代价，政府决心继续施加压力。The librarians have compiled a card-index catalogue so that they can afford facilities for reference. 为便于参考起见，图书馆馆员们编制了索引目录卡。,4) Cases involving adverbials,They, not unexpectedly, did not respond.他们没有答复，这完全是意料之中的事。Illogically, she had expected some kind of miracle solution.她满以为会有某种奇迹般的解决办法，这显然不合情理。,5) “That” clause used as a judgment or conclusion,I believe equally that it is in the interests of the world as a whole that Europe should increasingly unite and speak with a common voice.我同样认为，欧洲应该日益团结起来，并且用同一个共同的声音说话，这是符合全世界的利益的。It was a keen disappointment that I had to postpone the visit I had intended to pay to China in January. 我原打算在1月访问中国，后来又不得不推迟，这使我深感失望。,3. Restructuring in Chinese-English Translation,社会主义的现代化强国a powerful, modern, socialist country一位美国现代优秀作家an outstanding contemporary American writer救死扶伤，实行革命的人道主义。Heal the wounded, rescue the dying, practice revolutionary humanitarianism.,Unit 2Introduction of Translation Skills,Skill III: Amplification,Module 2 Translation Skills,Amplification in English-Chinese Translation,1. Amplification by supplying words omitted in the originalcell phoneOtherwise, benefits seem murky.除此之外，手机的好处似乎就说不清楚了。In the evening, after the banquets, the concerts and the table tennis exhibitions, he would work on the drafting of the final communique. 晚上在参加宴会、出席音乐会和观看乒乓球表演后，他还得起草最后公报。,2. Amplification by supplying necessary connectives,Heated, water will change into vapor.水如果受热就会气化。,3. Amplification by supplying words to convey the concept of plurality,Note that the words “technique” and “technology” require explanation.请注意，“技巧”和“技术”这两个词需要解释。He stretched his legs which were scattered with scars. 他伸出双腿，露出腿上的道道伤痕。The mountains began to throw their long blue shadows over the valley.群山开始向山谷投下一道道蔚蓝色长影。,4. Amplification by supplying words to make an abstract concept clear,After all preparations were made, the plane took off.一切准备工作就绪之后，飞机就起飞了。Most people in America, minority people in particular, are convinced that injustices exist in their economic system.大多数美国人，尤其是少数民族，都确信美国经济制度中存在着不公正现象。Some people were anxious to relax in retirement with all the strains relieved.一些人渴望过轻松的退休日子，使自己从一切紧张状态中解脱出来。,5. Amplification by logical thinking,Air pressure decreases with altitude.气压随海拔高度的增加而下降。,6. Amplification by supplying words of generalization,According to scientists, it takes nature 500 years to create an inch of topsoil.根据科学家们的看法，自然界要用500年的时间才能形成一英寸（2.54厘米）厚的表层土壤。,7. Amplification for purpose of rhetoric or coherence,This printer is indeed cheap and fine.这部打印机真是物美价廉。I like Chinese food. Lots of people do these days. Sort of the fashion.我喜欢中国菜。现在很多人都喜欢中国菜，这种情况算是有点儿赶时髦吧！,8. Amplification by repetition,They could sense her (Titanic) mass, her eerie quiet and the ruined splendor of a lost age.他们体会到它（泰坦尼克号）船体的巨大，感受到它周围可怕的沉寂，领略到因岁月的流逝而造成的凄凉景观。,Amplification in Chinese-English Translation,1. Amplifying by adding necessary pronouns上交翻译之前，必须读几遍，看看有没有要修改的地方。Before handing in your translations, you have to read them over and over again and see if there is anything in them to be corrected or improved.,2. Amplifying by adding necessary articles,耳朵是用来听声音的器官，鼻子用来嗅气味，舌头用来尝滋味。The ear is the organ which is used for hearing. The nose is used for smelling. The tongue is used for tasting.,3. Amplifying by adding necessary connectives,虚心使人进步，骄傲使人落后。Modesty helps one to go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.留得青山在，不怕没柴烧。So long as green hills remain, there will never be a shortage of firewood.,4. Amplifying by adding necessary prepositions,咱们校门口见吧。Lets meet at the school gate.,5. Amplifying by adding necessary background words,三个臭皮匠，顶个诸葛亮。Three cobblers with their wits combined equal Zhuge Liang the mastermind.别班门弄斧。Dont try to show off your proficiency with the ax before Lu Ban the master carpenter.这真是俗话说的“旁观者清”。It is just as the proverb goes, “The onlooker sees most of the game.”,Unit 2Introduction of Translation Skills,SkilI IV: Omission,Module 2 Translation Skills,Omission,减词是指将原文中需要、而译文中又不需要的词语省去。减省的词语应是那些在译文中保留下来反而使行文累赘噜嗦、且不合汉语语言表达习惯的词语。减词一般用于以下两种情况：一是从语法角度进行减省；二是从修饰角度进行减省。 一、 从语法角度进行减省 英汉两种语言在语法上差异较大，例如：英语有冠词，而汉语却没有；英语重形合、连接词较多，汉语重意合、连接词较少；英语中介词丰富，多达280多个，汉语中介词则较少，只有30来个；英语中经常使用代词，尤其是经常使用人称代词、关系代词等，而汉语中代词则用得较少；因此，英译汉时可根据具体情况将冠词、连接词、介词、代词略去，使译文练达晓畅。,1. From grammatical point of view,(1) Omission of pronounsHe put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.他将双手放进衣袋，然后耸了耸肩。You must always remember not to become conceited.切记不可骄傲。She seldom absents herself from class.她很少缺课。I remembered her eyes as she looked at me before she died.我忘不了她临死前看着我的那种眼神。,(2) Omission of articles,The moon was slowly rising above the sea.月亮慢慢从海上升起。Any substance is made up of atoms whether it is a solid, a liquid, or a gas.任何物质，不论是固体、液体或气体，都由原子组成。,(3) Omission of propositions,Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不许吸烟。Now complaints are heard in all parts of the country.现在，举国上下，怨声载道。,(4) Omission of conjunctions,He looked gloomy and troubled.他看上去有些忧虑不安。Ones mind works fast when it is in great danger.人在危机之中,反应很快。（急中生智。）If I had known it, I would have joined it.早知如此，我就参加了。,(5) Omission of verbs,When the pressure gets low, the boiling point becomes low.气压低，沸点就低。,(6) Omission of “it”,It was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own house.他费了不少劲才找到回家的路。,(7) Omission of other sentence structures,University students who have worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.有工作经验的大学生优先。Anything one can imagine, other man can make real.有人想得到，就有人做得到。,2. From rhetorical point of view,University applicants who had worked at a job would receive preference over those who had not.报考大学的人，有工作经验的优先录取。（如果不作省略，译成“报考大学的人，有工作经验的，比没有工作经验的，优先录取”，就显得累赘。）Neither party shall cancel the contract without sufficient cause or reason.双方均不得无故解除合同。（如果译成“.没有原因和理由”的话，就不够精炼。）,There was no snow, the leaves were gone from the trees, the grass was dead.没有下雪，但叶落草枯。（此句如果译成“.树叶从树上落下来，草也枯萎了”就嫌累赘。） There was still the faith that ordinary men are greater than the powers of nature or the mechanisms of mans hands and will master them all in the end.仍然具有这种信念，普通的人要比自然的力量或人类造出来的机器更伟大，而且最终会控制它们。（这里，The mechanisms of mans hands不必译为“人类的手造出来的机器”。）,Unit 2Introduction of Translation Skills,SkilI V: Negation and Affirmation,Module 2 Translation Skills,Antonymic Translation,1. English affirmation is converted to Chinese negationKeep off the lawn.请勿践踏草地！Admission by invitation only.非请莫入。I do think that it is beyond his power to fulfill the task我的确认为要完成这项任务是他力所不及的。The lecturer spoke above the heads of his audience.讲演者讲得太深奥，听众听不懂。,He went to an outdoor phone booth and dialed Chicago, then New York, then San Francisco. Silence. Silence. Silence. 他到一个户外公用电话亭，先给芝加哥、又给纽约、旧金山打了电话。没人接听。没人接听。还是没人接听。（忙音）He was absent from his own country last year他去年不在自己的国家。He was extremely sorry for the shortness of time他对时间不足感到十分抱歉。The plan as it is leaves much to be desired目前这样的方案大有不足之处。Before I could say“thank you”，the postman had disappeared around the corner我还没来得及说声“谢谢”，邮递员已经在拐角处不见了。,1. English negation is converted to Chinese affirmation,I cant remember his name.我忘了他的名字。You cant be too careful. 你要特别小心。If you need any further help, please dont hesitate to contact us.如需帮忙，请随时与我们联系。The significance of these incidents wasnt lost on us. 这些事件引起了我们的重视。,The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanation.虽经他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。He carelessly glanced through the note and got away.他马马虎虎地看看那张便条就走了。All the articles are untouchable in the museum.博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。,Winners are not afraid to do their own thinking and to use their own knowledge.成功者敢于独立思考，敢于运用自己的知识。He killed all the chicken infected with the bird flu without exception.他把感染了禽流感的鸡一只不留地全都杀光了。,3. Same English word, with either affirmative or negative equivalents in Chinese,Im new to the work.这工作我是生手。（这工作我不熟悉）He is free with his money.他花钱大手大脚。（他花钱从不吝啬）He realized that he was in trouble.他意识到遇到麻烦了。（他感到自己的处境不妙）The station is no distance at all.车站近在咫尺。（车站一点儿也不远）Its no less than a fraud.这简直是一场骗局。（这无异于一场骗局）,4. Double negation for emphasis,There is no rule that has no exception.任何规则都有例外。There is not any advantage without disadvantage.有一利必有一弊。,5. Roundabout affirmative间接的肯定结构,He didnt half like the girl.他非常喜欢那姑娘。I couldnt feel better.我觉得身体好极了。I couldnt agree with you more.我太赞成你的看法了。If that isnt what I want! 我所要的就是这个呀！He cant see you quick enough.他很想尽快和你见面。,Some traps in negative structures否定的陷阱,The engine didnt stop because the fuel was finished.引擎并不是因为燃料耗尽而停止运转。The importance of this conference cannot be overestimated. 这次会议的重要性无论怎么强调也不过分。I shall never be able to stress too much for your kindness.不管我怎么感谢你，都不足以报恩于万一。,You cannot be too careful in proofreading.校对时，越仔细越好。All that glitters is not gold.发光的不一定都是金子。Everything is not straightened out.并非每一个问题都弄清楚了。You may leave at once for all I care.你尽可立即离开，我才不管呢。,7. Negation in Chinese-English Translation,1） Negation according to usage习惯用法俗话说，“男儿有泪不轻弹，皆因未到伤心处”嘛。As the saying goes, “Men only weep when deeply hurt.”Except for the howl of the north wind, the snow-mantled land is silent.,2） Negation for emphasis or rhetorical effect,这个惨痛的历史教训，我们全党同志一定要永远记取，引以为鉴。No comrade in the Party must ever forget this bitter lesson and we must all take warning from it.党的十六大充分表明我们党兴旺发达，后继有人。The 16th Party Congress fully demonstrates that our Party is flourishing and has no lack of successors.,3) Negation to convey exactly the original meaning为了表达出原文的确切意思,到目前为止，该组织辜负了世界人民所寄予的希望。This organization has not, so far, justified the hopes which the people of the world place in it.正如没经历过大事的人一样，他是经不起成功也经不起失败的。Like those of little experience, he was easily elated by success and deflated by failure.,Unit 3Sentence Translation Skills,Translation of Long English Sentences,Module 2 Translation Skills,Analysis of sentences,Behaviorists suggest that the child who is raised in an environment where there are many stimuli which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses will experience greater intellectual development.,主句：主语为behaviorists 谓语为suggest宾语为一个从句suggest的宾语从句中：主语为child, 谓语为experience, 宾语为greater intellectual development.who is raised in an environment为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为child; where there are many stimuli为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为environment; which develop his or her capacity for appropriate responses为定语从句, 所修饰的先行词为stimuli,整个句子为Behaviorist suggest that-clause 结构。,Translation,行为主义者认为, 如果儿童的成长环境里有许多刺激因素, 这些因素又有利于其适当反应能力的发展, 那么, 儿童的智力就会发展到较高的水平。,1. 分句翻译法（拆分扩句翻译法）,The Chinese seemed justifiably proud of their economic achievements.中国人似乎为他们在经济上所取得的成就而自豪，这是合乎情理的。He ar