英语论文英文文献中introduction的写法 PPT课件

Introduction Agoodbeginningmakesagoodending 1 Whatisanintroduction 2 What sthepurposeoftheintroduction 3 HowshouldIstart 4 Howtobuildamodelofintroduction 5 Themodelofintroduction 6 Fourcomponentsofamodel 7 Grammarandwritingskills 8 Vocabulary 1 WhatIsanIntroduction Theintroductionsectionshowsthequestionsthatshouldbeansweredforthereadersoncetheyfinishreadingthe Introduction Readerswillaskthequestions WhattopicamIgoingtolearnabout Whyisthattopicimportant DoIknowthetopicalready WhatdoIknowalready 2 What sthePurposeoftheIntroduction Theintroductioncomesatthestartofapieceofwriting Withoutthispart thereadercannoteasilyunderstandthemoredetailedinformationabouttheresearchthatcomeslaterinthethesis Itintroduces theresearchbysituatingit bygivingbackground presentingtheresearchproblem andsayinghowandwhythisproblemwillbesolved explainingwhytheresearchisbeingdone ratio nale whichiscrucialforthereadertounderstandthesignificanceofthestudy 3 HowShouldIStart Youmaywanttostartyourintroductionbydescribingtheproblemyouaretryingtosolve ortheaimofyourwork butasyouwillseewhenyouexaminepublishedwork thisisnothowmostresearchpapersbegin andthereforeitisnotthebestwayforyoutobegin Inordertohelpyouwritetheintroductiontoyourownresearch themodelyoubuildmustanswerthefollowingthreequestions Howdowritersnormallystarttheintroduction Whattypeofinformationshouldbeinmyintroduction andinwhatorder Howdowritersnormallyendtheintroduction 4 BuildaModelofIntroduction Task Readthefollowingintroductionanddecidewhattheauthortellsusineachsentence Buildamodelofintroductionbywritingashortdescriptionofwhatthewriterisdoingineachsentence ExampleAnalysis The SynthesisofFlexiblePolymerBlendsfromPolylactideandRubbers Introduction 1 Polylactide PLA hasreceivedmuchattentioninrecentyearsduetoitsbiode gradableproperties whichofferimportanteconomicbenefits 2 PLAisapolymerobtainedfromcornandisproducedbythepolymerizationoflactide Analysis Inthissentence thewriter 1 establishestheimportanceofthisresearchtopic 2 providesgeneralbackgroundinformationforthereader 3 Ithasmanypossibleusesinthebiomedicalfieldandhasalsobeeninvestigatedasapotentialengineeringmaterial 4 However ithasbeenfoundtobetooweakunderimpacttobeusedcommercially 3 inamorespecific detailedway usingresearchreferencestosupportboththebackgroundfactsandtheclaimforsignificance 4 describesthegeneralproblemareaorthecurrentresearchfocusofthefield 5 OnewaytotoughenpolymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticlesandtherehasbeenextensiveresearchregardingtherubbermodificationofPLA 6 Forexample Penneyetal showedthatPLAcompositescouldbepreparedusingblendingtechniquesandmorerecently Hillierestablishedthetoughnessofsuchcomposites 5 providesatransitionbetweenthegeneralproblemareaandtheliteraturereview 6 providesabriefoverviewofkeyresearchprojectsinthisarea 5 TheModelofIntroduction Continue 6 FourComponentsofaModel Another writtenbyChinesewriter 7 GrammarandWritingSkills 1 Tense a PresentSimple PresentPerfect background significance currentresearch e g Fuelcellisatechnologyforthecleanandefficientconversionfromchemicalenergyinfossilfuelstoelectricity e g Thebatterytechnologyhasbecomeincreasinglypoplarinautomotiveindustry b PresentSimple PresentPerfect PresentContinuous PassiveVoice therebe etc presentsubjectmatterorresearchfield e g Theimportanceofsafedrivingisnowwellestablished e g Airpollutionhasbeenextensivelystudiedinrecentyears e g Researchersarepayingmoreattentiontohighpressureinjection e g TherehasbeenincreasingreportingaboutforestdeclineinNorthAmerica C PresentSimple presentinformationincitationofliteraturereview Pastsimple presentperfect presentthewriter e g McGregor 1988 arguesthatAustraliansocietycanbecategorizedintothreelevels e g Schmidt 1982 identifiedthreetypesofmicrocomputeruseinclassrooms d UncertainresultsinliteraturereviewMainpart propose suggest hypothesize appear seemClause may can would coulde g However itappearsthattheresultsofthisstudiesmaynotbeapplicableforeducatorswhoworkwithgraduatestudentsteachingattheuniversitylevel e PresentSimple PresentPerfect strongly slightlynegativewords presenttheproblemordeficiencyinpreviousresearch e g Nevertheless theseattemptstoestablishalinkbetweensecondarysmokeandlungcancerareatpresentunconvincing e g Nostudieshavebeenfoundinwhichbothconstructswereincludedinthesamemodel f PresentSimple PastSimple PresentPerfect contrastivesentence presenttheproblemordeficiencyinpreviousresearch e g Thesestudieshaveemphasizedthecontextofreal timesystemsandtestingreal timeproperties asopposedtomodelbasedtestgeneration g PresentSimple PastSimple researchpurpose e g ThepaperisabouttheidentificationofL1strategiesusedbyfreshmenandfromtheangleofwritingproductconclusionswillbedrown h Modalverbs propose suggest appear seem ValueorStructure e g Itishopedthatinformationfromthisstudymaybeusefulinidentifyingareasofweaknessorlackofknowledgetothosewhoareresponsibleforplanningcoursesandprogramsinconsumereducation 2 Passive Activea Passive Question Canweuseweinourresearcharticle Answers referringtoyourresearchgrouporteam referringtopeopleorhumanityingeneral byusingaconstructionwithItItisknown thoughtthat Weknow thinkthat Notice usingthepassive especiallyinthecentral report section wasmeasured wasadded etc b Active Usewordslikehereandinthisstudytoletyourreaderknowwhenyouarereferringtoyourownwork Youcanalsousea dummy subject 虚拟主语 totaketheplaceofIorwe e g 1Thisarticledescribesanalgorithmforclusteringsequencesintoindexclasses insteadofxwasdescribed e g 2Thepresentpaperpresentsasetofcriteriaforselectingsuchacomponent insteadofxwaspresented Continue Paragraphing Question1 Whyisparagraphingimportant Paragraphsareanimportantvisualaidtoeffectivereadingandwriting Twocommonerrorsinitare clustersofshortorsinglesentenceparagraphs andparagraphsthataretoolong Question2 Howcanyoufindoutaboutalongarticleorchapterbeforereadingit Skimming 略读 apre readingtechniqueandshouldbedoneveryfast nomorethanafewminutes Question3 Howdoesskimminghelpyoutowrite Notice6 Lookquicklyatthefirstsentenceofeachparagraph Aparagraphinacademicwritingoftenstartswithatopicsentence Paragraphsaremarkedeitherbyinden tation 首行缩进 startingfivespacesin空五格 orbyadoublespace 双行 betweenlines 3 Signalinglanguage 传递信号的语言 a Sentenceconnection 衔接 overlap 重叠 e g OnewaytotoughenpolymersistoincorporatealayerofrubberparticlesandtherehasbeenextensiveresearchregardingtherubbermodificationofPLA useapronoun it they orpro form 替代形式 thismethod thesesystems e g Manyresearchershavesuggestedwaysofreducingcostwithoutaffectingthequalityoftheimage Thesemethodsrelyondatastructuresbuiltduringapreprocessingstep useasemicolonorarelativeclause a which clause e g Theprocedurefortestingwhethercomponentsareoperationallysafeusuallytakesmanyhours thismeansthattestsarerarelyrepeated b Examplesofsignalingwordscauseresultcontrast difference unexpectedness 8 Vocabulary fourcomponents 1 Establishingsignificance Examplesofhowthesewordsorphrasesareused 2 Verbsusedintheliteraturereviewtopresentpreviousand orcurrentresearchandcontributions continue Examplesofhowthesewordsorphrasesareused 1 Thisphenomenonwasdemonstratedby 2 Intheirstudy expandedT cellswerefoundin 3 Initialattemptsfocusedonidentifyingthecauseof 4 Weatherseverityhasbeenshownto 5 Earlydatawasinterpretedinthestudyby 6 Thealgorithmhasbeenproposedfortheseapplications 7 Theresultsonpairdispersionwerereportedin 8 Theirstudysuggestedapossiblecausefor 9 Analternativeapproachwasdevelopedby 3 Gap Question Problem Criticismsignaledbywordssuchashowever although while nevertheless despite but Examplesofhowthesewordsorphrasesareused 1 Fewresearchershaveaddressedtheproblemof 2 Thereremainsaneedforanefficientmethodthatcan 3 However lightscatteringtechniqueshavebeenlargelyunsuccessfultodate 4 Thehighabsorbancemakesthisanimpracticaloptionincaseswhere 5 Unfortunat