陈列艺术空间浅论英译汉汉译英.doc

陈列艺术空间浅论 博物馆陈列设计的四维空间在我国，把陈列设计艺术作为一门专门的学科进行研究还处于刚刚起步的阶段。在公众的心目中，陈列设计既司空见惯，又深感陌生。尽管每年全国博物馆中各种陈列展览活动数以千计，尽管为筹备展览活动投入了众多的专门人才，却仍有人认为“陈列展览谁都会搞 ，“陈列展览怎么搞都行”。媒体对博物馆陈列的评价也常常局限于具体功利的得失或者对某些藏品的品评。虽然也有人提出“陈列艺术是综合艺术，是边缘的新兴学科” 等等，但均未能揭示出陈列艺术的本质及其内涵。因此，我们的任务不能只停留在对陈列设计艺术赖以生存的独特个性特征究竟是什么，首先需要搞清一些必要的概念。一 、从 “装饰 到 “设计”现在，大多数设计家已经较明确地认识到陈列艺术是一门综合设计艺术，是连接精神文化与物质文化的桥梁。但仍有相当多的领导或项目仲裁人认为陈列艺术只是简单地对藏品的展示，是在建筑师提供的内部空间中对展具和藏品所进行的 “美化 活动。甚或至今，仍习惯地把设计师称为 “美工”或 “美术设计”。这种称谓的不确切，既说明观念的陈旧，也反映了人们对 “装饰”和 “设计”两个概念的混淆。“装”，首先是装扮的意思。傅毅 舞赋中：装饰，在古语中主要是修饰的作用。 “饰”，原意为增加人或物体形貌的华美，如司马相如 上林赋中：“靓妆刻饰”；后汉书 章帝论：“夫俗吏矫饰外貌。”总之，装饰的本义为修饰、乔饰。陈列艺术中“装饰”的概念来自于“室内装饰”。从“室内装饰”向“室内设计”的转变是二十世纪的一场革命。在从“室内装饰”向“室内设计概念的演进过程中，人们逐渐地认识到二者之间的本质区别。“室内装饰”的目的在于美化，即在建筑师提供的内部“方盒子”中对空间围护的表面进行涂脂抹粉的装饰。这种装饰风在欧洲巴洛克时代、洛可可时代的建筑中随处可见，可谓“室内装饰”的典型作法。在近现代的工业化生产活动中，生产的规范化要求排除装饰，强调功能使用以及造型的单纯化，使用功能的形态表现逐渐上升到最重要的地位。于是，以 “美化”为目的的单纯地“室内装饰”开始衰落，代之以更为有计划和理论性的“室内综合设计” 即按照不同的室内功能要求，从内部把握空间。设计中考虑其形状、色彩、光线、功能等诸多因素，创造为满足人们的各种活动所需的各种空间，各种环境。那么，是否由空间、功能和结构布置的设计再加上以打扮、美化为目的的装饰就可以取得理想的效果呢？这是不可能的。即使在两方面都已达到较高水平，如果不是综合地、有机地、整体地考虑，两者也不会很好地协调起来。因此，一般所谓的“外观设计”、“美术设计”、“装饰设计 之类的提法都未接触到设计的核心和本质。那么，设计师的作用到底是“设计”，还是“美化”我们再来看看设计的含义。“设计” 一 词是由英文 “Design”翻译过来的。Design一词包含了意向、计划、布局和具有美学因素的造型探索意义。设计是一个思维过程，也是一个确定形态的过程。设计既不只是造型美的研究，也不是功能、计划的研究，而是二者交融的文化现象。它既包含有艺术刨造，又与生产技术、材料资源、文化背景，尤其是人类行为的诸多因素有密切的关联。因此，设计要求设计师有广博的知识和比其他专业更为广泛的修养。陈列设计的内容，大致可归纳为以下几个部分：1、空间形象的设计：就是对建筑所提供的空间进行处理，在建筑设计的基础上进一步调整空间的尺度和比例，解决好空间与空间之间的衔接、对比、统一等同题。2、室内装修设计：按照空间处理的要求，把空间围护体的几个界面墙面、地面、天花等进行处理，即对建筑构造体有关部位进行设计处理。3、陈列设备设计：主要是对室内展柜、展具、设备、装饰织物、照明灯具及绿化等方面的设计处理。4、陈列物理环境设计：对室内体感气候、采暖、通风、湿温调节等方面的设计处理是现代陈列设计中极为重要的方面。随着科技的不断发展与应用，它已成为衡量环境质量的重要内容。以上这些内容如何协调、处理好，要求陈列设计师必须有高度的艺术修养和文化修养，掌握现代科技与材料工艺知识 ，并具备解决处理实际问题的能力。展示是以传达信息展示产品为主题进行陈列的，采用怎样的方法才能吸引观众，突出产品的特征，是参观者产生共鸣，这是展示陈列中需要解决的问题。展示陈列的手法多种多样，可以概括为：（1）组合陈列法：是按照某种分类标准，把同种、同类的展品适当地集中组合在一起，在同一个局部空间位置或连续空间位置展示的陈列方法。它是一般性展示活动特别是商品贸易型展示最常见的一种陈列形式。（2）系统陈列法：按照展品的逻辑结构和科学分类原则，把同类事物按照一定的关系联合起来，有秩序地进行展品组合并顺利陈列，使之共同组合成一个统一整体的陈列方式，称为系统陈列法。它是展示陈列布置普通采用的基本方法之一。（3）线型陈列法：在同一个展示空间或平面上，按照一定的顺序方向，对展品进行延展线排列的陈列布置方法。主要适用于展示事物发展过程和变化规律。（4）中心陈列法：以整个展示空间或展台的中心位置为陈列重点，以主题展品处于显著中心位置的一种编排组合方式。多用于专题性和主题性强的展示陈列中。（5）对比陈列法：是一种把外表、内容含义、性质互相矛盾对立的两种或两种以上的展品，在同一个位置或沿着同一个视线顺序延伸方向，加以并列或对照组合的展示陈列形式。他具有主题突出、观点鲜明、直观性强、富于说服力、印象深刻等特点。（6）复原陈列法：属于再现性陈列，是主题性强的展示项目常用的一种陈列艺术手法，其基本实施特征是根据历史和现实中已经发生的真实事件场景、物品，在原发生地点或展示场可按原大或比例缩小，运用建筑、雕塑、机械加工、影视、绘制以及灯光、音响等各种工艺技术，通过修正补充、再造模拟等方式，真实地再现原事物的本来面目，以此来表达某个特定的主题或内容。（7）生活化陈列法：是模拟实际生活环境的一种陈列布置方式。这种陈列方式具有亲切感和投入感，从而产生强烈的吸引力，同时也有助于一目了然地对展品的外观、样式、功能、品质等特点形成完整的认识和了解，是各种生活用品展示广泛采用的陈列方式。（8）开放型陈列法：是一种体现现代展示新观念的展品陈列方式。（9）特写陈列法：是电影艺术中引申出来的一种陈列手法。此方法可以解决顾客对展品的疑问，传达产品的优势和特长，强化观众对产品的视觉印象。（10）分类陈列法：是将整体划分为几个部分进行陈列。在购物环境展示设计中运用最为广泛，可以为顾客仔细地了解、判断、挑选商品提供良好的可比较性条件。二、从“三维”到“四维”在室内设计从“装饰”走向“设计”的过程中，我们渐渐地习惯从“空间”的角度来思考问题。“空间”是一个复合名词。是由“空”与“间”复合而成。所谓 “空”，是虚无而能容纳之处；所谓“间”，有阻膈不连接的意思，如“间断” 、“间接”；更有度量的意义，如柱与柱之间的“间距”、“间数”。由于建筑的每一个体积，一块墙体都构成了一种边界，构成了空间延续中的一种间歇，藏品的展示空间是通过这种阻膈而被组织成有构思意图的结构空间。藏品在这个结构空间中有各自的位置、年代、形制、等级等等。这是一套完整的设计，这一设计不仅反映了文化体系的完整性，也表现了艺术构思的完整性。博物馆陈列是以藏品为主体，结合辅助材料，在特设的空间内组成的具有一定时间序列和艺术形象的直观教育形式，也是博物馆所具备的有专业展示内容及其传播信息的手段。观众心理空间的建立，已成为现代陈列设计的重要艺术手段之一。陈列设计的特征即它与其它艺术区别开来的特征，就在于它使用的是一种将人包容在内的四度空间的 “语汇”。绘画所使用的是两度空间的“语汇”；尽管所表现的是三度或四度的空间；雕塑是三度空间的，但却与人分离；人是从外面来观看它的。而陈列设计一旦与建筑相结合，人可以进人其中并在行进的时间序列中来感受它的效果。人在这个环境中可周、可见、可问，可以不同角度去观察、体验、感受、参与。因此，陈列空间是一个流动的四维空间。严格意义上讲，博物馆陈列的空间设计还应包括馆围空间即展室外的环境空间，演示交流空间和辅助空间如服务设施的设计。限于篇幅，这里只讨论展室的设计。展室的空间大致分为两种：一、序列式展示空间。即从大门序厅大小主次排列有序的一个个展厅结语。前后序列分明。这类展示空间，一般适用于旨在给人以系统完整印象之陈列馆、纪念馆、较有庄重、严谨、时序与逻辑层序感。如以历史前后顺序为主线的各类陈列。二、组合式展示空间。即各个展馆之间不分先后，无谓主从，组合自由，走线任意，给人以随意、开放和轻松自由感。组合式展示空间，适用于具有自由选择，充分观览，各具特点的展览。如美术陈列、雕塑、珍宝等不必强调时间的前后顺序的分类展览。在序列式展览空间的设计中，作为承担总体设计的责任设计师，在处理好完善的展示主体环境之后，要对艺术观赏的前奏环境序列设计注予关心。这个为诱导观赏主体的前奏环境不仅与展示空间的功能和风格有关，而且与艺术主体的主题意蕴与情趣有关。然后，根据展品的时代序列划分段落，在不同阻隔空间中把握不同的文脉特点，形成不同的风格区域。最后 ，在经历了主体观赏之后，为深化艺术形象，还应适度地安排一定的后续空间序列，让艺术的“弦外之音”仍因历史情境的潜在呼应去净化、升华观者的情思，凝化为意念，深深地印人人们的心田。在组合式展示空间中，更要注意把握住主体风格，缩短文物与观者的距离，营造身临其境的艺术氛围。以上海博物馆雕塑馆为例：利用辅助材料组成合适色调和质感 ，配以适度的灯光，在空间凹凸的组合中安置风格各异的雕塑，烘托出石窟、庙堂等古代雕塑存在环境，给人以身临其境的感受。这比在墙面上复制几个佛龛要来得高明得多。这是因为前者是一个多元整合的设计，在设计构想中牢牢地把握象征、臆喻的启迪连带意识，使观者跨跃时空，如身临其“境”。而后者在特定的环境中也会有身临其境的感觉，但由于停留在直观地具体复制阶段。是一种生硬的时空转换，不易引起观者的心理共鸣。陈列的形式作为一种视觉艺术，不仅需要满足观者韵视觉要求，还要满足人们的心理要求。因此陈列设计的艺术性还在于应给人们的心理建造一个空间。这个空间是由主体设计的氛围、场，以及它们组合在一起所呈现出的内在关系所暗示而产生的，这种空间形态叫做意向空问。它的重要特征之一表现在时间的发展过程中。在陈列展览这一特定的活动中，观者时时处于运动之中，视线停落与驻足即在观众行动的过程中。如果对观众参观过程作细微考察的话，可以看到处在营造空问中主体对象对观者所引起的感受是不定形韵。观众感情的升华与跌落，都会伴随着时间而推移。因此，空间的变换应能创造出更多的能留住人们脚步的地方，使人们在参观中感情的发展能延续较长的时间。这种内心活动的时间愈长 ，空间愈宏远 ，其观众的心理感受就愈太。正所谓 “境由心造”。 随着文物发掘和研究工作的深人，内容涵盖面之广，文化意蕴之深，要求我们从过去的一般性创造气氛提高到对意境的追求，进而进行意向空间的创造。三、“人为的”与 “为人的”的空间艺术艺术家们认为，艺术是自由的，非功利的。但是，制约于特定陈列环境中的设计艺术与其他艺术相比较而言，显然是有其功利目的的，是要受节制，合于分寸而并不自由的。如处置不当，无节制夸大，反而喧宾夺主，扰乱功能，丑化环境。这是有前车之鉴的。例如故宫展室内活动栏杆的设计。就栏杆本身而言，镀金的金属杆主体，红色的丝绒围绳，可谓富丽堂皇。但将其置人展示环境中就会发现，金色的杆体在灯光下到处散发着眩光，鲜红的围绳使所有的主体文物黯然失色，尤有 “一叶障目，不见泰山”的感受。更为遗憾的是这种情况并未引起足够的重视，反而有人一进展厅就称赞这栏杆的漂亮。环境中的陈列设计之所以为艺术，在于对陈列环境整体的把握在于把握怎样适度地去烘托，宣叙，深化主体，与主体交融一起创造出 “为人的”文化活动空间。陈列设计作为一种环境艺术，除了考虑到主体内容的各种需要外，还要使展室内部的环境适合观者的生理机能的要求。陈列设计的空间作为“人为的”营造空间，首先要明确的是 “为人的”空间。它应使人活动其中时一切都自然得体。在这里，莰有功利的强制，莰有装饰的眩曜，只感到人的价值，人的尊严和人的话动得到尊重。现在，陈列设计艺术的概念愈来愈清晰明了。它既是空间与场地规划的艺术，又是人为的环境创造艺术。是在人与物之间创造出一个彼此交往的中介，是为展示滔动提供一 个具有美学属性的空间结构 。这个结构以其无与伦比的系统的整合性，和独特的将人包含在内的四维空间的语汇，明确地区别于其它造型艺术。展示空间的审美设计，不在求过多的变化，而在求多样的统一；不在求刺激，而在求淡化；不在求繁杂，而在求简练。然而 “空间消失”的境界，则是展示空间设计最高的审美水准。四、结语陈列设计艺术，作为一种大众传播手段一种人与物之间的中介，一种具有美学属性的空间结构，无时不在反映时代。陈列艺术形式上的创新，不应仅仅在裘面形式的变化上，其本质应在设计思想上追求变革，在新观念的启迪下勇于探索。要使设计者的观念符合时代的节拍，应从以下几个方面进行研究和思考：1、陈列设计的审美意识的重心应从建筑的三维空间转向时空环境的四维空间。以人为主体，强调人的参与与体验。2、现代陈列设计的创造手法应为 “一切皆为人用”。设计师作为艺术家，应当具有充分的想象力和造型能力。调动和使用各种艺术的、技术的手段，使设计达到最佳的声、光、色、形匹配的效果，创造出理想的、值得人赞叹的空间环境来。3、陈列设计应强调关系学与整体把握。法国哲人狄德罗说 “美与关系俱生、俱长、俱灭”。这句至理名言应是每一位从事陈列设计的工作者永记的格言。陈列设计是整合地艺术，它的诸要素之间的协调与把握是至关重要的，它应是功能组合关系的把握，空间、形体、色彩、光照，虚实等关系的把握；意境创造的把握以及与周围环境的关系谐调。4、陈列设计的审美层次应从形式美转向文化意识美。从过去的为装饰而装饰，或一 般地营造气氛提高到对艺术风格、文化特色和美学价值的追求以及意境的创造。陈列设计师在有了众多的设计实践机会之后 ，开始大胆地把观念艺术的尝试用到环境空间的设计上来。在艺术形式上从具象转向抽象；从具体直观的联想环境的创造，转向运用符号化、象征、隐喻等启迪连带意识的设计手法的尝试。这些大胆的尝试和开拓无疑对发展现代陈列设计艺术具有很好的启发意义。中国博物馆2001年第一期Display art space shallow theory museum displays the four-dimensional space design In China, the display design art as a special subject for research is just the beginning stages. In the eyes of the public, display design is commonplace, but more unfamiliar. Although annually national museum exhibitions in various display for preparation of exhibition, although thousands into numerous activities professionals, but still some people thought who will make display, exhibitions, anything goes display, exhibitions how make of museum displays. The media and often confined to the evaluation of the gain and loss or specific utility. Although some collections of comment put forward some integrated arts display art is the edges of the emerging discipline, and so on, but failed to reveal the nature and connotation display art. Therefore, our task should not stay in display design art survival of the unique character is what is necessary, we first need to make clear the concept. First, from adornment to design Now, most designers have more clearly realize display art is a comprehensive art design, is the connection spiritual culture and material culture of the bridge. But there are still many leadership or project referee think display art simply display of the collections in the architect, is the internal space provide exhibition and collection of beautifying activities. Even today, the designer habit to still called artists or the fine arts design. This terms not exactly, which means the antiquated educationral views, also reflects people adornment and design two concepts of confusion. Pack, first is to dress up meaning. In the dance FuYi ode to decorate, in the archaism, mainly was modified role. Act, original intention is increasing person or object, such as the morphology of beauty in the LinFu on sima xiangru carved adorn : holiday; The emperor of HouHanShu chapter of : husband common collectors appearance. sanai Anyhow, decorative original for modification and Joe adorn. Display art of the concept of adornment from indoor decoration. From interior decoration to interior design transformation is a revolution in the 20th century. From the interior decoration to interior design concept of evolution process, people gradually realize the essential distinction between them. Interior decoration aims to beautify, namely, the architect of the internal boxes provided in the surface of space palisade. The decorated the adornment of paint in European baroque era, the rococo age buildings everywhere, it may be said interior decoration typical practice. In the modern industrial production activities, the production of standardization exclude adornment, emphasizing the function is used and formative simplistic use functional form performance, gradually rose to the most important position. So, with beautification for the purpose of simply interior decoration began to decline, acting with more planned and theoretical indoor comprehensive design - that is, according to different indoor function requirement from the internal grasp space. Design consider its shape, color, light, function, and many other factors, create to satisfy peoples various activities required by all kinds of space, all sorts of environment. Then, whether by space, function and structure layout design plus to dress up, beautification for purposes of adornment to be able to obtain ideal effect? This is impossible. Even in two aspects have reached a higher level, if not comprehensively, organic ground, overall considered, both also not very well coordinated. Therefore, generally called appearance design, art design, adornment design, without access to the formulation of the core and the essence. Design, then what is the role of the designer design , or beautification we see the meaning of design. Design is a term from English translated themselves. A word contain themselves intention, planning, layout and has the aesthetic factors modelling exploratory significance. Design is a thinking process, is also a certain form process. Design not only not just, modelling beauty nor function, study of the program, but both blending cultural phenomenon. It both contain art planing and build, production technology, material resources and cultural background of human behavior, especially are closely related to many factors. Therefore, Design requirement stylist has extensive knowledge and broader than any other professional tutelage. Display design content, generally can be divided into the following several parts: 1, space design of image is provided for buildings, the space processing, on the basis of architectural design further adjustments of the space, to solve the scale and proportion between space and space of cohesion, comparison, unified equivalent problem. 2, the interior decoration design: according to space, the space of the disposal requirements of several interface retaining body, metope, ground, smallpox etc undertake handling, namely relevant parts of building structure design and processing. Three, display equipment design: is mainly to the interior of the displays, exhibition, equipment, decorative fabric, lighting and greening in design processing. 4, display of indoor physical environment design: body feeling climate, heating, ventilation, wet temperature adjusting in design process is modern display design is important. Along with the science and technology unceasing development and application, it has become the important content of measure environmental quality. Above these content how coordination, handle, request the display designers must have high artistic accomplishment and culture, grasp modern technology and material technology knowledge, and have the ability to deal with practical problem solving. Display a message for display products with the display of themes, adopting the method how to attract audience, outstanding product characteristic, is the visitors resonate, this display was on display in need of solution. Display is varied, the display of technique can be summarized as: (1) Combination display method: according to a certain classification standard, the same and similar exhibits properly concentrated together, in the same local space position or continuous space position show display method. It is general display activities especially the commodity trade show the most common kind of display form. (2) System in accordance with the exhibits on display method: logical structure and scientific classification principle, according to certain similar things together, the relationship of orderly on display, and the smooth exhibits combination of combined into a unified whole jointly display kind, known as a system of display method. It is to show the basic display layout method of ordinary. (3) Linear display law: in the same display space or plane, according to certain order direction, to spread the thread arrangement exhibits on display layout method. Mainly applies to show things develop process and change rule. (4) Center display law: with the whole display space or the center position booth for display key to theme exhibits in a significant center position arrangement combinations. More for Mosaic and thematic strong show display. (5) Compared to display method: is a kind of appearance, content meaning, the nature of the oppositions between each of two or more exhibits, in the same location or along the same line to order extension direction, tied for or controlled show display form combined. His outstanding theme, views, vivid, intuitive is strong, abound persuasive, impressive etc. Characteristics. (6) Recovery display method: belong to reproducibility display, is thematic strong show project a common display artistic techniques, its basic enforcement characteristics is according to history and reality have of a real-life incident scene, items, in the original scene or display field can press former big or reduced proportion, using architecture, sculpture, mechanical processing, film, and draw and lighting, audio, etc. Various kinds of technology, through the fixed complement, reengineering simulation, reappears the real way to re-create some of the original things, so as to express a particular topic or content. (7) Life display method: is simulated living environment of a display layout mode. This display way has the kindness and devotion, resulting in strong attraction, but also help clearly on exhibit appearance, style, function and quality of the feature complete knowledge and understanding of life, is widely used product showroom display mode. (8) Open display method: is a new concept of modern display exhibits on display mode. (9) Close-up display method: is film art derive a display technique. This method can solve the customer on exhibit, convey product advantage questions and specialty, strengthen the visual impression of product audience. (10) Classification display method: is divided into several parts to overall on display. In shopping environment display design most extensive, can apply for customers to understand, judgment, carefully selected commodity provide good comparable conditions. Second, from 3d to four-dimensional The interior design from adornment to design in the process, we gradually habits from the Angle of the space to think about a problem. Space is a compound nouns. By empty and room compound and into. The so-called empty, is nothing and can accommodate places; The so-called , it has resistance between the diaphragmatic not connect meaning, like discontinuous , indirect; The more a measure of significance, such as the between column and column spacing between number, . Because each volume, building a wall all constitute a kind of boundary, constitute the continuation of a space, collection display space batch is through this resistance diaphragmatic and is organized into have conceived the intentions of the structure space. Tibet is tasted in this structure has its own position in the space, time, shape, grade, etc. This is a complete set of design, this one design reflects not only the integrity of the cultural system, but also showed the integrity of the artistic design. Museum displays in Tibet is tasted for main body, combined with auxiliary materials, in AD hoc inside the space composition of a certain time series and art education form, the visual image is museum have a professional display content and means of dissemination of information. The establishment of the audience psychological space, has become the important modern display design art means one. Display design features that distinguish it with other art characteristics of the use of is that it is a kind of person inclusive, fourth dimensional vocabulary. Painting the use of space vocabulary twice; Despite the display is the third or fourth space; Sculpture is three dimensional, but with people depart; People watch it from outside. And display design once and architecture that people can be combined into one in which the time series and travel to feel its effect. People in this environment can be weeks, visible, can ask, can different Angle to observe, experience, feelings, to participate. Therefore, display space is a flow of four-dimensional space. Strictly speaking, the museum displays of space design should also include the museum - that surrounded the space outside the room, the demonstration environment space communication space and auxiliary space - such as service facilities design. Somewhere, here only discuss the showroom design. Exhibit space roughly divided into two kinds: one, sequence type display space. That is, from gate - sequence hall - the size of the secondary one orderly exhibition hall - epilogue. The sequence and trenchant. Before and after This kind of exhibition space, generally applied in aims to give