高中写作最终版

高中写作讲义2010版高中写作讲义2010版 姓名10年暑假班教材编委会成员顾问：武艺洁策划：许玄主编：滕燕 刘成龙 李晨 薄涛编委会委员： 编者的话：这是一本始于应试，高于应试的写作指导书。“文思如泉涌，谁与我争锋！”要想在十天短时间之内突破自己写作的瓶颈，达到行文如流水的高深地步，看似一件不可能完成的任务。有道是“巧妇难为无米之炊”，这本讲义的设计，就是本着让大家“理论为辅，模仿为主”的指导原则，写出佳作。言之有物，落笔生花。基于模仿和背诵在作文中的重要性，本书的特色有三：第一， 收集了近年北京市高考真题，并加以思路分析，在范文的鉴赏基础上，更侧重同学们的思路的开阔。第二， 本书对情景作文和开放作文都给予了模板写作练习，对于那些下笔如下油锅一般煎熬的同学来说，无疑是绝佳的背诵和联系的机会。其中的12句作文法，可以帮助同学们用“填空”一样简单的方法来快速作文。第三， 本文提供了大量近年的高频话题和社会热点话题，每一篇范文呈现和赏析，虽然不能说是字字珠玑，但是却是我们力求字字斟酌，句句实用，篇篇都有借鉴性。Unpolished Writing Never Shine! 精英英语高考写作组 全体老师目录1 总览.Part 1: 1.1评分细则及写作基本原则61.2改造低级句型8Part 2: .2.1高考写作之情景作文总览202.2“叙事夹思”类要点202.3记叙文开头结尾写法20Part 3: .3.1“情景回顾”类要点283.2记叙文连接词及过渡段写法28Part 4: .4.1高考写作之开放作文总览324.2开放作文图片快速审题334.3描述图片段落模板38Part 5.5.1开放作文议论段提炼观点395.2主题句+分论点写法395.3图片发散思维训练41Part 6.6.1高考开放作文模板写作（12句作文法）436.2说明利弊型/阐述主题型436.3解决问题型/对比型45Part 7.7.1考前练笔之谋篇布局487.2美文鉴赏3篇487.3主题句及连接词练习50Part 8.8.1考前练笔之开阔思路538.2美文鉴赏3篇538.3美化语段55Part 9.9.1考前练笔之关注社会569.2美文鉴赏3篇569.3从整体上把握篇章58Part 1010.1常见作文错误6110.2附录64高考写作题型介一 情景作文（20分）80-100字1. 考查的文章体裁：1） 04-09年绝大多数为四幅图的看图记叙文，其中06年要求写一篇自我介绍信，但题目也给出了基本信息点，与看图作文类似；2） 近十年来没有考察过图表类说明文；2. 考查的文体形式：1） 05-07年的题均是以信件的形式出现，但题目没有在信件格式上难为学生，均给出了开头与落款；2） 08、09两年均是采取撰写校园英文稿件的形式，但除要写题目外，对文章格式没有其它特殊要求；3. 考点：1） 题目信息无论是以什么方式呈现（图画、文字、图表）均要囊括于作文中，第一大忌就是丢信息点；2） 词、句的运用要得当。不能有表意不明的词，更不要有语法错误的句子；长短句要搭配；3） 文章要连贯通顺句子逻辑&连接词的使用；二 开放作文（15分）60-80字1. 考查的文章体裁：自04年以来，北京高考英语开放作文考查形式固定，均是看一幅漫画，而后写一篇小议论文；2. 考查的文体形式：议论文；3. 考点：1） 描述图片(Describe the picture) 阐释你如何理解图片(Explain how you understand the picture);2） 对文章的理解不止一种，但是高考不是创意大赛，能得高分的只有一种，所以必须找准立意；3） 对图片的分析要表达清楚、逻辑通顺避免车轱辘话来回说；4） 要得高分就必须有好的复杂句、长句。Part OneSection One: 写作的基本原则理论为辅，模仿为主一、 长短句原则一个短小精悍的句子，通常可以起到画龙点睛的作用。尤其当我们把短剧放在段首或者段末的时候，它不仅可以承上启下，还可以揭示主题，如：as a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar. 如此可见，长短句结合，可以给人抑扬顿挫的感觉。所以，我们建议：在文章的第一段（开头）用一长一短，且先长后短；在文章的主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后再阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式。在文章的结尾部分只需要一长一短。二、 主题句原则。一篇文章的开头（有时是结尾）有一个主题句，也就有了中心，然后围绕主体展开相关内容，这样文章思路便会清晰。如果将主题隐藏在文章里，便会云里雾里，不知所云。如：To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be carefully prepared before the exam.(主题句) Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly. 开头一句便直接点题，赫然醒目。三、 条理性强的原则一般来说，如果文章以第一、第二、第三或者首先、其次、再次等罗列要点会让人感觉层次分明，条理清晰，逻辑性强。我们向大家推荐以下关联词：1， to begin with, then, furthermore, finally2， to start with, next, in addition, finally3， first and foremost, besides, last but not least4， most important of all, moreover, finally5， for one thing, for another thing6， on the one hand, on the other hand用来说明不同的理由或者原因四、 短语优先原则正确运用短语，能给文章增光添彩，自然会增加得分点。此外，考场上如果思维短路，想不出一个单词，那么用短语替代代词不失为一个对策！例如: I can not bear it!用短语来表达的话就是：I can not put up with it! 又例如：I want it!可以改为I am looking forward to it.这样不仅可以增加字数，同时也使语言表达更占优势。五、 多实少虚原则写文章尽量不要使用那些比较“大”的词，例如形容人的时候，大家喜欢用例如nice这样的空洞词，取而代之的是generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospitable之类的具体的词。将抽象变为具体，才能使文章更加生动。六、 多变句式原则很多同学惧怕写长句，怕会弄巧成拙。其实，平时适当的训练和掌握一些句式的技巧，可以使简单句顺其自然的成为长句。以下介绍6种技巧，请大家回家练习：1. 加法（串联）-最保险的写法为了解决大家怕写长句的问题，我们首先介绍最保险方法，在句子之间加上and。此处请注意：句子的关系一定是先后或者并列关系。在入门级并列句and 的基础上，我们可以再升级，用一个超级句式：not onlybut also如：Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.其他短语可以用：besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover.2. 转折用表示转折的关联词，可以让文章重点更加突出：如：The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.The coat was thin, but it was warm.表示转折的关联词还有：despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite , not with standing.3. 因果使用表示因果关系的连词后，可以使文章句式变得更有说服力：The snow began to fall, so we went home.表示因果的关联词有：then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that.4. 失衡句（头重脚轻或头轻脚重）一个不合乎常理（但语法没问题）的句子，往往能以其与众不同的韵律引起注意力。其实我们只是运用了主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。This is what I can do.Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.5. 附加定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语的恰当运用，也可以让人感觉你有深厚的语法功底，又具有极强的语言表现力。The man, whom you met yesterday, is a friend of mine.I dont enjoy that book you are reading.Mr.Liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.6. 排比排比句往往可以做到排山倒海：运用多个排比，多个对偶，多个不定式，多个动词，多个短语Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you to do.Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life.7. 挑战性原则看似高不可攀的极限句，例如独立主格，只是分词的一种特殊形式。分词要求前后主语一致，而独立主格则有自己的逻辑主语。The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.这种句子自然就成为了采分点。Section Two:改造低级句型从句分为三大种： 主语从句 宾语从句名词性从句 表语从句 同位语从句定语从句（形容词性从句）状语从句名词性从句的由来名词性从句全部来自于以句子（由不同的引导词引导）替换六种基本句型中相应位置的单词深刻体会这一点是至关重要的，因为“以句换词”是写名词性从句写作的核心与实质。形容词性从句（定语从句）的由来首先，定语从句的核心依然是“以句换词”，只不过它换的不是主语、宾语或者表语，而是形容词。比如a beautiful girl 中的beautiful换成定语从句的表达方式就变成了a girl who is beautiful.其次，从上面的例子中我们发现，定语从句并不像主语从句一样是“原地置换”，而是要将换上的句子甩到它要修饰的名词后面。第三，定语从句的作用在于加强修饰的力度。还以上面的短语为例，如果换成a girl who is beautiful等于没换，因为修饰的力度没有加强，而如果换成a girl who has big eyes and attractive lips就大大加强了修饰的力度，这就是定语从句的作用。状语从句的作用与前两大种从句不同，状语从句并不是替换基本句型中的任何单词而来。状语从句是我们在不同语境中必须赋予主句的有关时间、地点、条件、原因、结果、目的、方式、让步这八大方面的限定，它使我们的句子表意更加充分。一 名词性从句主语从句（）主语从句的写作可以遵循“原型变型”的模式练习。以下例句均是主语从句的原始形态，即在主语位置上就地“以句换词”而来的句子：That she was able to come made us very happy.That you joined us was what we had expected.Whether she will come or not is still a question.What we need is more time.What impressed me most was that they spoke English fluently.Who will go makes no difference.Whoever broke the mirror will be punished.However careful you are wont satisfy the boss.Which team will win the match is still unknown.When they will start is not known yet.Where she has gone is a mystery.How this happened is not clear.Why he did that wasnt quite clear.但是主语从句出现在写作中往往是以其变形后的形态出现，即将形式主语it代替从句置于句首，其他位置不变，从句甩至全句最后。用 it 作形式主语的 that- 从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：1. It + be + 形容词 + that- 从句 It is necessary that 有必要 It is important that 重要的是 It is obvious that 很明显 2. It + be + -ed 分词 + that- 从句 It is believed that 人们相信 It is said that It is reported that It is known to all that 从所周知 It has been decided that 已决定 It has been found that 已经发现 It has been proved that 已经证明 It must be pointed out that 必须指出3. It + be + 名词 + that- 从句 It is common knowledge that 是常识 It is a surprise that 令人惊奇的是 It is a fact that 事实是 4. It + 不及物动词 + that- 分句 It appears that 似乎 It happens that 碰巧 It occurred to me that 我突然想起 It doesnt matter whether 是否都没关系 It turned out that 结果是 It makes no difference whether 是否毫无区别以上句式在作文中均可直接使用，因此主语从句可用之处极多，意义极大。二 名词性从句宾语从句（）宾语从句在句中作及物动词或介词的宾语；引导词：连词：that, whether, if;代词 who, whose, what, which;副词 when, where, how, why;We can learn what we did not know. We do not know who they are waiting for.I have no idea about what is actually going on in the classroom.My brother drove the car down the street at what I thought was a dangerous speed.We can not figure out why a large number of animals are dying out.doubt 和wonderI doubt whether/if he will come soon. I do not doubt that he will come soon.I wonder whether/if it is right.宾语从句后如果还带有宾补，要用it作形式宾语，而将宾语从句移至句末，这时that 不能省略： They find it difficult to finish the work on time. We consider it a pity that you could not come.三 名词性从句表语从句（）表语从句和宾语从句相同，都是在相应位置上“以句换词”而来；引导词：连词：that, whether代词：who, what, which副词：when, where, how, whyThe fact is (that) she never liked him.The question is who can finish it first.The way he did it was different from what we were used to.It is because (that)I think its because (that) you are doing too much.The reason + 同位语从句 + is + that引导的宾语从句The reason why Hamlet is such a successful play is that it appeals to many different people.这个句型中的前一处下划线标注的是后面要讲解的定语从句，后一处才是表语从句，而这个用于分析原因的句型也因为同时包含了两种从句而显得格外重要，特别是在开放作文中；四 名词性从句同位语从句（）同位语从句是主语从句中特殊的一种，因为它并不来源于基本句型中的某个固定位置，而是跟在一些特定的名词后，进一步说明该名词的具体内容，或对该名词作进一步解释这也体现了同位语从句的应用范围是很广的，只要这些固定名词出现，理论上后面都可以跟上补充说明的从句。这些可以跟同位语从句的名词通常是一些具有“内容”含义的名词，比如最常用的有：conclusion, evidence, fact, hope, idea, news, opinion, problem, promise, reason, truth, belief, reply, answer, saying, feeling. 此时同学们应该可以感受到，对文中这些词的补充说明，其实恰恰构成了我们论证的重要部分，因此同位语从句的说理作用即是它的意义所在。His delay is due to the fact that the car broke down halfway.The problem whether this material can be used in our factory has not been solved.Along with the letter was his promise that he would visit me this coming Christmas.There is a new problem involved in the popularity of private cars that road conditions need to be improved.注意：同位语从句的引导连词that虽然无意义、在句中不充当任何成分，但是不能够被省略；五 名词性从句写作的注意事项：1. 语序问题：从句必须使用陈述语序：I have no idea about what he meant.Where she lives is a secret.The manager came out to see what was the matter with the alarm.I do not know what is wrong.2. 语气问题：“一坚持（insist） 二命令（order, command） 三建议（suggest, advise, propose） 四要求（demand, require, ask, request）”这些动词后的宾语从句这些动词过去分词后的主语从句这些动词的名词形式后的表语从句和同位语从句，谓语部分要用should + do的虚拟语气It is requested that we should finish the work on time. （主语从句）My suggestion is that you should start at once. （表语从句）An order came that all of us should not go swimming in the river. （同位语从句）3. 引导词的问题：当引导词是关系连词（比如that, whether, if）的时候，它不扮演句子中的任何语法成分，因此后面的从句是一个完整句；当引导词是关系代词（比如who, whose, what, which）的时候，它扮演从句中主语、或宾语、或定语的角色，总之它后面的从句一定是缺成分的；当引导词是关系副词（比如when, where, how, why）的时候，它扮演的是一个表示时间、地点、方式、原因的状语角色，因此它后面的从句应该也是一个完整句。六 定语从句（）在复合句中，修饰某一名词或代词的从句，称为定语从句。正如前面讲过的，定语从句是形容词性的，是来修饰名词的，所以前面必须有先行词，而且最好紧跟先行词。 关系代词：that, which, who, whose引导词 关系副词：when, where, why关系代词引导的定语从句关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词，它从句中作主语、宾语，作主语时从句中谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致；1） Who, whom*, thatHe is the man who/that wants to see you. （who在从句中作主语，从句谓语want跟随先行词the man发生了单三变化）He is the man whom/that/who I saw yesterday. （whom在从句中作宾语，这个位置用who也可以，所以以后统一都用who）2） WhoseThey rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.Please pass me the book whose cover is green.趣味练习：A. Describe the ideal lover in your mind 描述你理想中的恋人；B. 翻译：宅男、御宅族、啃老族、月光族、etc.3） Which, thatA prosperity which/that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. （which在从句中作主语）The package which you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. （which在从句中作宾语）趣味练习：A. What present do you wish to receive in the Spring Festival? 春节希望收到什么礼物？I wish to get a that/which B. 定义下列名字：豆汁、二胡、京剧、etc.XXX is a that/which 1. 关系副词引导的定语从句关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。when, where, why = 介词+ whichThere are occasions when (on which) one must yield.Beijing is the place where (in which) I was born.I do not understand the reason why (for which) he refused our offer.趣味练习：A. 机器猫的任意门，你想去哪里？I expect to go to a place where B. 解释下列词语：Doomsday, OdysseyC.2. 非限定性定语从句的妙用非限制性定语从句能将整个主句作为先行词，对其进行修饰，这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.as, which由as或which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句。As一般放在句首，which在句中，例如：As we know, smoking is harmful to ones health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.A large number of chinese girls, who are not overweignt at all, are always going on diet or taking weight-loss pills, which is actually dangerous.注意：as引导的定语从句可置于句首，which不可； as在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词只能是系动词，比如： As is known to all, 趣味练习：A. 有什么事曾经让你狂喜、狂悲、狂怒？Once , which made me B. 有什么事对大家来说是老生常谈？As is known to all, 七 状语从句（）状语从句写作的核心是很简单的首先选择正确类别下的引导词，然后再引导词后写出完整地表意的句子。1. 时间状语从句引导词：as, when, while, before, since, every/each/next/the first/any/all the time, whenever, no matter when, directly, immediately, the moment1） as, when, whileThe runners started as the gun went off. （as引导时间状从重在强调主句与从句同时发生）It was raining when we arrived. （when引导时间状从既可以表示一个点时间，也可以表示一段时间）Please dont talk so aloud while others are working. （while引导时间状从重在突出主句和从句的对比，从句中的动词一般要用延续性动词，比如work）when用作并列连词时表示“这时”、“那时”，常用句式：Somebody was doing something whenSomebody was about to/going to do something whenSomebody was on the point of doing something whenSomebody had just done something when2) beforeWe had sailed for four nights before we saw land. Youd better write it down before you forget it.It is/was (not)+时间+before+从句：用了多长时间It was not long before I forgot it all. It wont be long before we meet again.3) As soon as; no soonerthan; hardly/scarcelywhenHe will write to me as soon as he gets the letter.Call me as soon as you get home.The fans cried as soon as they saw the movie star.= The fans had no sooner seen the movie star than they cried.= No sooner had the fans seen the movie star than they cried. （No sooner置于句首时的倒装句式，围绕助动词旋转）= The fans had hardly/scarcely seen the movie star when they cried.= Hardly/scarcely had the fans saw the movie star when they cried. （倒装同上）4） directly, immediately, the moment, the minute that 一就He made for the door the moment he heard the knock.5） Whenever, no matter when 无论什么时候Whenever I see the picture, I think of my hometown. （no matter when不能置于句首）6） SinceI have written home four times since I came here.She has been working in this factory since she left school.It is + 段时间+since从句，时间的计算一律从since从句的动作完成或状态结束时算起。It is three years since the war broke out.It is three years since he lived here.7） every/ each/ next/ the first/ any/all the timeEvery time I was in trouble, he would come to help me out.2. 地点状语从句引导词：where, wherever, no matter whereYoud better make a mark where you have any questions.Wherever there is smoke, there is fire. （置于句首也不能用no matter形式）3. 原因状语从句引导词：because, since, for, as1) Because语气最强，用来说明人所不知的原因；Dont cry because its over; smile because it happened.I didnt go, because I was afraid.2) Since “既然”，表示对方已知的事实或理由；Since the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.Well pass it since no one is against it.Lets begin since everyone is here.3) As表示较为明显的原因，语气较弱，比较口语化；As the sun rose, the fog dispersed.As she had no car, she stayed at home. 4) For语气最弱，表示对主句进行推断或解释，只能放在主句之后，一般中间加一个逗号隔开；The day breaks because the sun is rising. (必然的因果关系)The day breaks, for the birds are singing. （不是直接的原因，而是推断的结果）4. 条件状语从句引导词：If, unless, as long as, in case, on condition that 1) If, unless (=if not )If you have any problems regarding these words, let me know. They have a meeting every Friday, unless we have an opinion. Unless we act now, the bird flu may win.由if引导的条件状语从句，有时可以把if省略，而把从句倒装：Were it not for their assistance, we would be in serious difficulty. Had we made adequate preparations, we might have succeeded.2） In case 万一Ill leave you my phone number in case you want to contact me.3） As long as 只要As long as we dont lose heart, well find a way to overcome the difficulty.*“主将从现”：主句如果是一般讲来时，从句用一般现在时来表示：Hell be a doctor when he finishes studying here4） 目的状语从句引导词：so that, so/suchthat, in order that, lest, for fear that, in caseMy father has bought me a bicycle so that I can get to school quickly.They spoke in whispers lest they should be heard.Shut the window for fear that it may rain. I shall stay in the hotel all day in case there is news of Henry.5. 结果状语从句引导词：so that, sothat, suchthatShe is so ill that she cant get out of bed.so+形容词/副词+thatsuch+名词+thatThe whether is so nice that all of us want to go to the park.Its such nice weather that all of us want to go to the park.6. 让步状语从句引导词：Though, although, even if, even though, however, whatever, whoever, no matterDont lose heart, whatever you do. Ill do it whether you like it or not.1） although, though引导让步状语从句，不能与but连用，但可以与yet连用；Though hes young, he knows a lot.Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.2） even if/even though “即使”、“就算”I wouldnt do it even if you paid me a thousand dollars.3） as引导让步状语从句，要用倒装：表语或状语（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词）提前：Child as (though) he is, he knows a lot.= though he is a child, he knows a lot.Much as I like it, I wont buy it.Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily. （实义动词倒装至句首，要将其他助动词留在主语之后；如果实义动词后跟有宾语和状语，则随实义动词一起放在主语之前）4） No matter who/ which/ what/ when/ where = whoever/ whichever/ whatever/ wheneverWherever he is he will be thinking of you.= he will be thinking of you no matter where he is.* No matter 不能引导主语从句或宾语从句(错) No matter what you say is of no use now.(对) Whatever you say is of no use now.Prisoners have to eat whatever theyre given5） 固定分词搭配：Supposing (that) it rains, we can play the match indoors. Providing (that) there is no opposition, we shall hold the meeting here.7. 方式状语从句引导词：as, asso, as if, as though1） As, assoAs water is to fish, so air is to man.Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.2