LTCC与大功率LED封装.docx_第1页
LTCC与大功率LED封装.docx_第2页
LTCC与大功率LED封装.docx_第3页
LTCC与大功率LED封装.docx_第4页
LTCC与大功率LED封装.docx_第5页
已阅读5页,还剩20页未读 继续免费阅读

下载本文档

版权说明:本文档由用户提供并上传,收益归属内容提供方,若内容存在侵权,请进行举报或认领

文档简介

低价产品撼动市场竞争渐入白热化 继2009年3月推出第一款4.3WLED灯泡之后,东芝照明技术公司于今年7月又推出一款全新的LED灯泡,售价仅为之前产品的一半。在夏普公司低价产品的竞争压力下,东芝别无选择。 惊人的价格 2007年12月,东芝照明技术公司推出一款小型反射灯泡型LED照明产品,采用E26灯头,亮度相当于40W白炽灯。2008年8月,该公司又推出亮度相当于60W白炽灯的LED照明产品。不过,为了满足电源电路以及热辐射表面积等的需求,这两款产品的外形尺寸都比较大,应用范围也受到了一定的限制。 2009年3月,东芝照明技术发布了一款4.3W的LED灯泡,亮度相当于40W白炽灯,厂商建议零售价(MSRP)为10500日元(100日元约合7.63元人民币),市场价格约为8000日元。这款LED灯泡的外形和亮度与普通白炽灯泡别无二致,它的推出标志着LED灯泡的革命性进步,之前的亮度不够和应用受限的问题均得到解决。 2008年,夏普公司以低价策略进军LED照明市场。2009年6月,该公司发布了一款全新的LED灯泡,其市场价格约4000日元,仅为同类竞争产品的一半,推出后立即在市场上掀起了一股强劲的冲击波。夏普公司的这款低价产品迫使东芝照明技术于2009年7月推出亮度相当于60W白炽灯的LED灯泡,其厂商建议零售价约为5000日元,市场价格约为4000日元。与4个月前东芝推出的同类产品相比,价格大幅下降了50%(见图1和表1)。 在LED照明市场上,其它日本公司也紧随其后。2009年7月,Ecorica大幅下调了公司于同年4月推出的LED灯泡的价格,从原先的7200日元下调到3780日元;IRISOHYAMA公司也推出了售价3980日元的产品。NEC照明于2009年8月发布了一款L ED灯泡,新闻稿中称其价格具有较强的市场竞争力。10月下旬,松下公司也推出10款与竞争产品同等价位的EVERLEDS系列LED灯泡产品。 夏普采取低价策略的目的是希望能够尽快在LED照明市场立足。公司解释说:“夏普是LED照明市场的后来者,所以我们选择了这样一种战略价格。”显而易见,夏普是将市场份额而不是利润作为最优先考虑的因素。 灯具市场未来4年将扩大4倍 目前,日本LED照明市场诸侯纷争,其中包括老牌厂商、新兴势力以及海外公司等。他们都对未来几年LED照明市场的前景充满了信心。根据日本市调机构富士经济(Fuji Keizai)的报告,2008年2012年,日本LED照明市场至少将扩大4倍:尽管同期日本照明市场的整体增长率仅为8.6%,但其中LED照明的市场规模将会从133亿日元增加到578亿日元,到2010年将占整体照明市场的12%(见图2)。2006年以来,全球白光LED照明市场的年增长率约为50%,2009年市场规模已经达到1600亿日元。未来几年,该市场将会加速成长,预计2012年的市场规模将增至2009年的3倍(见图3)。同时,白光LED在照明领域的应用也将大幅扩展,到2012年将占整个白光LED市场的20%以上。 面对即将到来的普及期,在老牌照明厂商千方百计抢占LED照明市场份额的同时,许多其它行业的厂商也纷纷挺进LED照明市场,希望能够把握这一商机。这些新加入的后发企业对照明市场上的老牌厂商发起了强大的攻势,其力量不容忽视,比如,在夏普公司推出低价产品之后,LED灯泡的价格就一路下跌。面对这种现状,老牌厂商以其丰富的产品线为武器,正面迎击新兴势力。大公司纷纷抢占市场 由于用户期望值较高,加之市场增长迅速,2008年以来,照明市场上的老牌公司纷纷推出LED照明新品。与此同时,许多在其它行业颇有建树的大型公司也开始进入该市场。2008年9月,夏普推出低价的基础照明和聚光照明LED产品,成为进入该市场的首批公司。2008年底,电子元器件厂商罗姆(ROHM)半导体公司推出LED聚光灯;2009年春天,该公司又与一家设计公司联合开发出店面的基础照明产品。大和房屋工业公司则联合京瓷及NABESHO等公司开发出用于商业设施的LED基础照明灯具。 此外,飞利浦照明、欧司朗(OSRAM)等日本海外的领先照明厂商也都期望通过开发LED照明新品来扩大市场份额。飞利浦照明公司不仅推出了通用LED照明灯具,还推出了LED聚光灯、间接照明及其它特种照明灯具。通常,电源损耗、热效应及其它因素会使照明灯具的整体发光效率下降到LED封装本身的发光效率的30%50%,即50lm/W70lm/W。不过,最近许多厂商都推出了整体发光效率高于80lm/W的产品。尽管还比不上发光效率接近100lm/W的高频荧光灯管,但LED发光效率的提高还是非常迅速的。 比如,2008年上市的小型反射型LED灯泡的整体发光效率仅为68lm/W(白光),而东芝照明技术公司2009年中推出的新型LED灯泡的整体发光效率达到了81.9lm/W(见4202亿日元表1)。也就是说,在短短一年时间内,LED照明灯具的发光效率就提高了20%。如果以这种速度继续向前发展,那么,20112012年,LED产品的整体发光效率就将能够超过100lm/W。 另一方面,LED的价格也正在大幅下降。在某些情况下,LED照明的整体成本(照明灯具加上电费)已经优于荧光灯解决方案。对于亮度相当于60W的LED灯泡而言,40000小时寿命周期的总成本约为10000日元;同样是40000小时照明,使用白炽灯时,由于每个灯泡的寿命只有1000小时,则其总成本将超过50000日元;使用荧光灯泡时,其成本约为16000日元(见图4)。当累计照明时间超过14000小时,LED灯泡的整体成本就将优于荧光灯泡。可见,LED照明具有长期成本优势。 据日本LED协会估计:到2012年左右,LED每单位亮度的成本将下降到每流明1日元这是进入实用化的关键目标。实际上,这个日期将有可能大幅提前。日亚化学工业公司的田崎登解释说:“目前,LED照明价格每年的下降幅度都在20%以上,我认为今后的价格下降速度不会放缓。” 厂商将逐步停止生产和销售白炽灯,LED灯具的发光效率将超过荧光灯,每流明1日元的实用化目标将会实现综合考虑这些因素可以得出一个结论:到2012年,LED照明将大量普及。新、老照明厂商正竭力研制全新的LED照明品,迎接未来3年大幅增长的市场机遇。技术创新打造质优价廉的LED开启实用之门 目前,LED照明的价格是传统照明的几倍到几十倍,对于公司和普通消费者来说,门槛较高。这些产品的价格之所以高,主要是因为其关键组件LED芯片/封装的成本较高。此外,外围电路(如电源及外壳)的成本控制也非常重要。 在亮度方面,LED灯具的整体发光效率仍不如高频荧光灯管,LED芯片厂商正通过芯片与封装架构、材料等方面的创新来提高发光效率。较高的发光效率不仅能降低封装成本,而且还可以减少发热。此外,散热性能也是至关重要的因素。如果LED封装内产生的热量可以得到高效释放,那么就可以延长LED的寿命,并提高其发光效率。该公司的产品采用压铸铝外壳,在外壳上方的金属基板上安装LED封装,其上放置压克力半圆球罩来散射光线。铝壳内含有用于安装电源电路板的树脂壳(见图5)。铝壳外有16个散热片,用于耗散电源以及LED封装产生的热量。 排列400个LED 罗姆半导体公司正致力于改进LED封装,以降低成本。该公司的小型聚光灯采用由400个LED封装组成的阵列,每个LED封装的尺寸为1.6mm0.8mm,输出功率为0.1W。 最近,许多LED照明器件都采用1W以上的高亮度LED封装,其趋势是减少LED封装的数量。不过,罗姆公司分立模块生产总部照明分部部长四方秀明表示,该公司发现采用大量低亮度LED更便宜。 目前,通用的LED封装已批量生产,而且价格非常便宜。另外,由于每个封装内采用大量微型LED芯片,封装特性的平均变化也可保持最小。此外,该公司正在开发其它类型的LED照明,包括灯泡、基础照明和线性照明。这些产品中采用的都是输出功率0.5W、尺寸2mm4mm的LED。LED灯泡中的LED数量超过70个,基础照明和线性照明中的LED数量则在400个以上。散热技术促成更高的功率输出 罗姆公司之所以能够以较低的成本安装这么多低亮度芯片,是因为他们能够自己封装,并利用公司现有设备进行安装。为了降低采购、安装等成本,许多其它厂商往往倾向于使用高亮度芯片。 采用高亮度芯片时, 热源集中,因此散热非常重要。日本Multi-Task公司服部寿提醒说:“23年内,业界将会达到自然散热的极限。”对更亮照明的需求将会导致热量输出的不断增加。 当LED变热时,正向电压和发光效率会下降,使用寿命会缩短。高亮度封装往往会产生很多热量,需要昂贵的热阻材料,从而进一步提高成本。换言之,热辐射是影响LED发光效率、成本和寿命的关键因素。 随着高亮度封装的增加,越来越多的LED照明设计采用金属基板,与此同时,确保这些基板具有足够的散热能力也日益困难。因此,业界提出了许多新的能够高效散热的基板结构。 日本电气化学工业公司利用大和工业(Daiwa Kougyo)公司的有关技术开发出AGSP(Advanced Grade Solid-bump Process)基板技术,改进了散热性能。该结构在绝缘树脂中嵌入具有高导热率的铜柱,使得LED产生的热量能够通过铜柱传至封装外部(见图6)。只要散热器、外壳等彼此之间采用物理接触,就能够通过该方法实现高效散热。电气化学工业公司电子材料业务部长米村直己表示:“当LED灯具亮度相当于40W白炽灯时,金属基板足以解决散热问题;而当LED灯具亮度相当于100W白炽灯时,就需要采用AGSP基板技术。”铜柱的直径约为4mm,足够安装LED芯片。 为了实现高热导率,高亮度LED通常会在AlN(氮化铝)基板上涂覆陶瓷和银浆,但AlN的生产成本较高。虽然AGSP的散热性能不如陶瓷基板,但其性价比较好。目前,电气化学工业公司正在进行量产评估,其目标是在2010年实现全规模的商用化运作。 虽然AGSP基板相对便宜,但仍需进一步降低成本,因为目前其成本仍是金属基板的两倍。公司希望能够改进铜柱成型技术,并实现批量生产,从而将成本降低到与金属基板相当的水平。(未完待续 记者 吉田胜)新旧两款产品在外壳形状上没有太大差异,但新产品没有涂层,直接采用裸露的铝表面,而且省去了装饰环,从而控制了成本。 两者内部的电源电路则大不相同。在原来的产品中,树脂壳中电源电路板的内侧使用了填充剂;而在新产品中,由于电路板较大,就没有使用填充剂。工程人员将与金属基板接触的表面做薄,以扩大电源空间。此外,对于电源电路板来说,利用酚醛纸取代玻璃环氧树脂也可以降低成本。当然,较薄的外壳也有助于降低材料成本。 新旧产品的LED封装都是由日亚化学工业公司生产的。旧款LED封装包括6个并联芯片,新款则只包括3个串联芯片。这种设计上的变化减小了电源电流,从而减少了电源发热。发光效率提高3倍 最近,日本三菱化学公司宣布进入LED照明市场,希望通过采用由新型m面GaN(m-plane GaN)基板材料制造的芯片来大幅提高发光效率。2008年,该公司并购了三菱电缆工业公司的LED部门;2009年1月,公司又与美国Cree公司签订了关于m面GaN技术的授权协议。工程师认为m面GaN基板优于目前普遍使用的蓝宝石基板。三菱化学公司信息电子本部SSLD推进业务规划组负责人川名真表示:“m面GaN技术可以使发光效率提高3倍,达到200lm/W300lm/W。”该公司计划利用该技术为白光LED提供高显色性和高发光效率,并将与照明厂商通力合作,生产和销售LED灯具。 也有其它公司正在开发m面GaN基板LED,但都遇到了生产率低和成本高的难题。三菱化学公司则采用了成本相对较低的液相生长技术。据该公司的川名真透露,到2015年,其制造成本有望降低到与蓝光LED芯片相当的水平。 三菱化学公司目前采用的是传统的LED封装,其中包括蓝光LED与黄色荧光粉(见图9)。公司下一步将利用其荧光粉专用技术,将红色、绿色荧光粉与蓝光LED相结合,打造具有高显色性的LED封装。目前这类封装的发光效率较低,公司希望通过改进荧光粉,在2010年实现100lm/W的发光效率。 日本经济产业省2009年度包括2683亿1000万日元信息政策相关预算在内的第2次补充预算案,于2010年1月28日获准通过。其中,含有许多LED照明产业相关扶持预算。有望对LED照明产业发展起到推动作用。 预算具体内容包括,(1)用于延长环保积分(Eco-point)制度的2321亿4000万日元(延期至2010年底);(2)用于基于IT技术的生活低碳化进程的54亿7000万日元;(3)用于推动绿色创新的9亿9000万日元;(4)用于扶持在日本国内推进可创造低碳型产业就业机会的297亿1000万日元。我国台湾UEC 公司(国联)采用金属键合(Metal Bonding) 技术封装的MB 系列大功率led,其特点是用Si 代替GaAs 衬底,散热好,并以金属黏结层作光反射层,提高光输出。现有led 单芯片面积分别为0.30.3mm2 、11mm2 和2.52.5mm2的芯片,其输入功率分别有0.3W、 1W 和10W, 其中2.52.5mm2 芯片光通量可达200lm, 0.3W 和1W 产品正推向市场。 德国Baoberlin 公司近期开发一种高功率led,其芯片面积为2.83.2mm2 ,电流可达600mA。目前主要提供0.250.25mm2 及11 mm2 规格产品,其功耗为1.5W。主要用于机场照明系统、室内外照明、汽车指示灯及建筑物显示器等。 多芯片组合封装的大功率led 其结构和封装形式较多,这里介绍几种典型的结构封装形式: 1、美国UOE 公司于2001 年推出多芯片组合封装的Norlux 系列led,其结构是采用六角形铝板作为衬底,如图5 所示,铝层导热好,中央发光区部分可装配40 只芯片,封装可为单色或多色组合,也可根据实际需求布置芯片数和金线焊接方式,该封装的大功率led 其光通量效率为20lm/W, 发光通量为100lm。 图5. UOE “Norlux led” 2、Lanina Ceramics 公司于2003 年推出采用公司独有的金属基板上低温烧结陶瓷(LTCC-M)技术封装的大功率led 阵列。有二种产品:一种为7 元led 阵列,光通量为840lm ,功率为21W; 另一种是134 元led 阵列,光通量为5360lm, 功率134W 。由于LTCC-M技术是将led 芯片直接连接到密封阵列配置的封装盒上,因此工作温度可达250C 3、松下公司于2003 年推出由64 只芯片组合封装的大功率白光led ,光通量可达120lm,采用散热性能优良的衬底,把这些芯片封装在2cm2 的面积中,其驱动电流可达8W, 这种封装中每1W 输入功率其温升仅为1.2C。 4、日亚公司于2003 年推出号称是全世界最亮的白光led ,其光通量可达600lm, 输出光束为1000lm,时耗电量为30W, 最大输入功率为50W。 提供展览的白光led 模块发光效率达33lm/W ,如图六所示:5、led Tronics 公司发布一种新型的G25-style Dcor led 型灯泡,是组合功率led, 其基座为Edison螺旋型,可直接替代白炽灯,其功耗为1.01.7W,使用寿命长达11 年,现可提供产品的发光颜色包括红、橙、黄、绿、蓝和白,用户可自定制选项。雾化彩色灯泡和多色灯泡主要用于装饰性照明。 有关多芯片组合的大功率led ,许多公司根据实际市场需求,不断开发很多新结构封装的新产品,其开发研制的速度是非常快。 Light-emitting diode (LED) technology is on a tear. Higher brightness levels, higher efficiencies, longer lifetimes, and decreasing costs have spun out from a barrage of advances in heat dissipation, packaging, and processing. LEDs made from indium-gallium-nitride (InGaN), aluminum-indium-gallium-phosphide (AlInGaP), gallium-nitride (GaN), silicon-carbide (SiC), and yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) processes now come in red, amber, red-orange, blue, cyan, green, and white, often at economically viable prices. They come in various form factors, including discrete devices, neon-look light pipes or light guides, and reflector systems, spreading their appeal to interior and exterior lighting.LED efficiency has made dramatic gains (Fig. 1). These improvements result from better light generation within the chip and better means of extracting that light from the chip and its package.Applications for LEDs? Theyre simply all over the place these days. Just a sampling of their whereabouts finds them in displays and indicators for automotive and aircraft dashboards, cell phones, flat-panel-display backlighting, traffic signals, architectural and outdoor stadium lighting, and even Christmas tree lighting.Deepening LED market penetration is evident. For example, some estimates say that one-third of all U.S. traffic signals use LEDs. Digital signage applications are rampant among retail businesses. The advent of a full-color range of high-power LEDs has paved the way for more advanced architectural designs and stage and studio lighting. Market growth is particularly strong for high-brightness LEDs. According to Strategies Unlimited, their compound annual growth rate (CAGR) is 47% since 1995, which in dollars totals out to $2.7 billion today.The biggest advantages of LEDs over other lighting approaches is their relatively small size and great flexibility. Compact, digitally addressable LED arrays can be produced using programmable controls.LED light bars from companies such as Para Light Corp. exemplify LED lighting in small enclosed areas, spotlight projectors, and even architectural applications. One of the companys light-bar modules consists of 64 individual 150-mA, high-power LEDs with a total flux output of 200 to 400 lumens in amber, red, green, cyan, and blue, as well as red-green-blue (RGB) versions with color-changing capability. Oki Electric uses LED printheads for electrophotographic printing. While conventional lasers use elaborate combinations of rotating mirrors and lenses that must remain in alignment throughout the printing process, LED printheads have no moving parts (Fig. 2).Lighting Sciences patented Optimized Digital Lighting (ODL) technology generates less heat than other light sources while delivering 30% more light output. The company claims it cuts energy consumption by 90% with a useful life thats 25 times longer than existing incandescent lamps. DOMINATION BY LCD BACKLIGHTING LEDs rule in the world of liquid-crystal-display (LCD) flat-panel backlighting. With an LED backlight, an LCD can have about 30% more color range versus other types of backlighting, matching the capability of film-based still and movie cameras.Samsung has shown a variety of LED backlit LCDs with more than the usual RGB pixels. Properly applied, these pixels can produce four to six primary colors with wider ranges of color and brightness than other LED backlighting techniques.Agilent Technologies recently described an illumination and color-management system for backlighting LCD TVs that utilize LEDs. Developed through a joint venture with Philips Electronics, the system increases the brilliance of colors in an LCD screen by some 25% over current technologies.Digital signage represents another quickly expanding application area for LEDs, but it may be a more expensive proposition. Depending on the configuration, a red LED sign can use 20% to 60% less power than a neon light for the same light output for both outdoor and indoor signage applications. Color Kinetics pioneered LED-driven intelligent digital signage applications with its iColor Flex SL, iColor Tile FX, and iColor Cove products. These technologies illuminate the high-profile Washington Mutual beanstalk sign in New York Citys Times Square. The structures 80-ft. tall 3D sign has a fiberglass exterior that shimmers in varying shades of green.Market-research firm Intertech expects the value of LEDs used in digital signage applications to hit $7 billion by 2007. Key areas include electronic billboards and promotional signs.WHITE LEDs FOR GENERAL USELEDs are generally monochromatic. More recently, LED manufacturers have produced cool white lighting indirectly, using ultraviolet LEDs to excite phosphors that emit a white light. This spawned one of todays hottest application areas for illuminating homes, offices, and industrial plants. Strategies Unlimited expects this market to jump from $1.84 billion in 2002 to $4.7 billion in 2007.Generating a white light from an LED involves several mixing RGB color emissions, phosphor emissions, or a combination of both. More is needed for higher white LED efficiencies, which continue to improve. Theyre more efficient than incandescent and halogen lamps but still much less efficient than CFLs. Although their costs have dropped recently, theyre at least five times more expensive than CFLs.At General Electrics Global Research Center, scientists are investigating promising methods of increasing LED efficiencies and decreasing their costs to make them more competitive for illumination applications. Theyve discovered that 405-nm emitters with a vertical structure and grown on free-standing GaN substrates outperform lateral devices grown on either GaN or sapphire substrates. Another effort to make white LEDs more cost-effective with other illumination sources involves scientists at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA). Theyve demonstrated a novel approach to LED fabrication using a polymer wet-coating process that has the potential for large-scale LED manufacturing at low cost. Researchers are using what theyve coined as twistacene, derived from twisted acene, a chain of benzene rings that are usually flat. THERMAL MANAGEMENT One challenging technical hurdle in the LED universe concerns thermal management. Though LEDs dont radiate as much heat as other lighting sources, they still need an appropriate heatsink so that light output and lifespan dont decrease. A high-brightness LED with a 25-lumen output typically consumes more than 1 W. Much of this is in the form of heat, which must be removed from the LED chips junction to maintain its high-efficiency advantage. Implementing a low-temperature cofired ceramic-on-metal (LTCC-M) substrate to remove heat, Lamina Ceramics came up with a white-light LED engine thats 14 times brighter than any previously demonstrated LED array. It consists of 1120 LEDs with a 5500K correlated color temperature (CCT), a color rendering index (CRI) of 80, and an output of 28,000 lumens. The 5-in.2 Aterion White unit is powered by 1400 W and requires an external heatsink (Fig. 3).Laminas patented LTCC-M technology uses LED dies bonded to a copper/molybdenum substrate. The substrate features a thermal conductivity of approximately 170 W/mK and a thermal coefficient of expansion of about 6 ppm/K, a figure that closely matches the LED semiconductor materials thermal coefficient of expansion. Good heat management can be seen in Lumileds Luxeon family of white LEDs. They can withstand maximum junction temperatures of 185C without the need for an external heatsink. Instead, the heatsink is a metal slug thats part of the chips package (Fig. 4). The LEDs also feature a reduced thermal resistance of 9C/W, which means more light output and less heat dissipation.Also taking that route, Osram Optoelectronics uses a metal copper slug beneath the die in its line of Golden Dragon LEDs mounted on an aluminum heatsink (Fig. 5). The companys Dragontape LED system can assemble very flat LED modules that have a flexible tape with an adhesive backing, simplifying the illumination modules installation.A TRANSPARENT COMPOUND The conventional method of attaching the LED die to a packages heatsink is to use resin epoxies. Deviating from that trend, Hong Kongs Cotco buys its dies and then processes and packages them. The LED supplier developed a patented transparent compound that will eutectically bond the die to a leadframe atop a pc board. We developed proprietary and simplified packaging and surface-mount process technologies that give us low-cost and high-reliability advantages, says Sidney Chu, Cotcos general manager for Business Development. Our process does not involve any soldering, hence theres no need to withstand the typical high temperatures involved in surface-mount processes that degrade conventional epoxies.He cites just one example of the reliability issue: Cotco has supplied General Motors with high-brightness LEDs for brakelights on many of GMs cars and claims zero defects over the last three years. A 3-W line soon will complement its 1-W Dorado LED line, with a 5-W version now under development. The list of companies producing high-luminosity white LEDs now includes Cree with its Xthin and XLamp, Nichia with its Jupiter and Rigel, Sharp with its GM5WA0626A, Toshiba with its TL10W02-D, and product offerings from Rohm and Toyoda Gosei. Also, Osram licensed its technology to Taiwans Harvatek.The average life of new white LEDs runs 50,000 hours when operated properly. Comparative average lifetimes for other illumination technologies, such as incandescent lamps, halogen bulbs, and CFLs, pale by comparison with average lifetimes of 750, 3000, and 10,000 hours, respectively. Even for other colors like red and yellow, studies have shown lifetimes of 100,000 hours at 50% of output. On average, an LED produces 40 to 50 lumens/W compared with 10 to 15 lumens/W for incandescents. However, CFLs can produce 80 to 100 lumens/W.Key to the LEDs longer life is its solid-state nature. It doesnt suffer from the filament breakage and electrode decay endured by other illuminating sources. Moreover, an LED element is much smaller and takes up a lot less space. LEDs also are more energy-efficient than other light sourcesabout 80% better than incandescents, which dissipate most of their output as heat. In addition, theyre environmentally clean light sources.The LEDs popularity as an illumination source for consumer and industrial applications hasnt gone unnoticed by the U.S. government. The Department of Energy (DoE) is working with industrial, academic, and government laboratory partners to accelerate advances in solid-state lighting technology. According to the DoE, solid-state lighting promises to fundamentally alter lighting in the future. DoE estimates say the widescale use of LEDs for illumination can cut the nations electric energy consumption in half for lighting. Currently, 25% of our electrical energy is spent on lighting. Beyond the consumption aspect, the quality of buil

温馨提示

  • 1. 本站所有资源如无特殊说明,都需要本地电脑安装OFFICE2007和PDF阅读器。图纸软件为CAD,CAXA,PROE,UG,SolidWorks等.压缩文件请下载最新的WinRAR软件解压。
  • 2. 本站的文档不包含任何第三方提供的附件图纸等,如果需要附件,请联系上传者。文件的所有权益归上传用户所有。
  • 3. 本站RAR压缩包中若带图纸,网页内容里面会有图纸预览,若没有图纸预览就没有图纸。
  • 4. 未经权益所有人同意不得将文件中的内容挪作商业或盈利用途。
  • 5. 人人文库网仅提供信息存储空间,仅对用户上传内容的表现方式做保护处理,对用户上传分享的文档内容本身不做任何修改或编辑,并不能对任何下载内容负责。
  • 6. 下载文件中如有侵权或不适当内容,请与我们联系,我们立即纠正。
  • 7. 本站不保证下载资源的准确性、安全性和完整性, 同时也不承担用户因使用这些下载资源对自己和他人造成任何形式的伤害或损失。

评论

0/150

提交评论