基于单片机的太阳能路灯的铅酸蓄电池的快速充电系统外文文献翻译.doc

原 文Title：RAPID CHARGE SYSTEM FOR LEAD-ACID BATTERY OF SOLAR ENERGY STREET LIGHT BASED ON SINGLE-CHIP MICROCOMPUTER1. IntroductionOur country is very rich in solar energy resources and the utilization of solar energy heat is one of the technologies that are of the highest commercial degree and the most universal application in new and renewable energy resources. Under the initiative of building saving society, the solar energy electro-optic illumination is our countrys realistic choice under the existing national condition and it reduces the expenditures of municipal administration on street lamp to a certain extent. Especially in the newly-built urban road section and remote border district that has difficulty in using electricity, it is of the strongest promotion and is taken seriously by Finance department; it is honored as the 21st centurys green project.2. The basic theory of battery chargingIn the mid-1960s, American scientist Mas has done the massive experimental study to the charging-up process of ringent accumulator cell, and proposed acceptable charging curve taken by the accumulator by the lowest gas efficiency for premise, the curve function is i = I 0 e . The experiment indicated that if the charging current changes according to this curve,it may reduce the duration of charging greatly, and has not affect on batterys capacity and its life, thus it had established research direction to the method of the fast charging. is called the curve the best charge pattern in principle.It May see that the initial charging current is very big from the Mas curve, but weakens very quickly. The primary cause is that it comes into being the phenomenon of polarization during the process of charging. The phenomenon of polarization is refers to that the interior the sealed accumulator has produced the oxygen and the hydrogen during its process of charging, when the oxygen cannot be absorbed promptly, then it piles up on the positive plate, enlarge the pressure of the interior of battery, the batterys temperature rises, reduces positive plates area simultaneously, performance by the increase of interior resistance. The polarization can affect the speed and the quality of charging, and even reduce the life of accumulator. Therefore, its important to develop fast charge system of battery whose performance is fine and movement is reliable. By Not affecting the service life of accumulator as far as possible for premise, it hoped that it can fill the battery capacity sufficiently adopting the biggest charging current in a short time,and the battery neither produces too much gases nor causes the interior hyperpyrexia during the process.3. Solar street light systemIn the solar streetlight system, accumulators charging source is from the solar cell, the change of climate and the users excessive using electricity are very easy to cause the accumulator over-discharge, and therefore the normal works guarantee rate of the solar streetlight is lower than the situation of alternating current by far. If the Lead-acid battery is in the state of over-discharge during use process, then the accumulators life will reduce greatly. Otherwise, if the accumulator cell has been in the use process floats the charge or the shallow discharge condition, then accumulator cells service life will lengthen greatly, even lengthen one more time. Therefore, the function of the charging and discharging control system is obvious in the streetlight system merely relies on the solar cell for the battery charging, its performance has decided accumulators performance, systems reliability and systems cost directly.3.1 pulse charging methodThe theoretical base of pulse fast charge method is by superimposing certain frequency, width and high negative pulse or midway stops for a short time during the charge, makes the lead ion participates in the response produce Pb by dissolving PbS04 and PbO2 with enough time and enhances its density, also makes the procreant H+ and HS04- ion put aside with enough time from the surface of electrode. Its synthetical effect is to reduce the polarization of the accumulators concentration, permit to enlarge the charging current, reduce the charging time.Because the phenomenon of polarization is often not obvious during the initial period of charging ,it may adopt big electric current 0.81 time of rated capacity to carry on the constant-current charge, makes the accumulator charging attain to the 50%60% rated capacity in a short time. Stop to charge when the single standard voltage of accumulator rises to 2.4V, the water starts to decompose and micro air emits (about is 25 milliseconds). In order to eliminate the electric charge accumulation of the electrochemistry polarization and the gas which forms in the pore of pole plate, after stopping sufficiently, Making the accumulator through one big current pulse whose direction is opposite to charge by discharging after stopping charging, then stops (about 40 milliseconds) charging again, the depth of pulse is 1.53 times of charging current, the pulse width is 1501000 microseconds. The later charging-up process follows this cyclic until sufficiently. This may make the speed of polarization reduce obviously, thus solves the problem of accumulators life influenced by fast-charge.3.2 master controller P87LPC767The control loop still consumes accumulators energy after control circuit cutting off loads return route and therefore the control loop must reduce the electronic component to reduce the power lost as far as possible. Stemming from this intention, this electric circuit takes micro controller P87LPC767 of PHILIPS as CPU. This micro controller suits for many situations requesting high density, low cost, particularly its power loss is only 0.44mA1.7mA when it works round 100kHz4MHz, the supply voltage is 3.3V, thats very suitable for power supply system of accumulator.P87LPC767 takes P1.7 (Fzs) and P1.6 (PWM) as the grid control signal of MOSFET, then controls its break over condition, guarantees the steady operation of circuit. This controllers load is streetlight, therefore it is of function of control, that is to say when theres sunlight,VG2 cuts off; when the ray is insufficient in the night or rainy day,VG2 break over to supply streetlight. The solar cell arrays output voltage drops obviously because of insufficient ray, therefore it can judge the situation of ray by measuring output voltage decomposed, taking it as the criterion for break over and a closure of VG2.3.3 MOSFET actuations and protectionMOSFET is the control component of voltage and its of merits of high operating frequency, cheap and so on. This system has selected IRF230 of IR Corporation. Systems operating frequency is 30 kHz, if the frequency is high, it may make smaller, thus reduces overall systems volume greatly, and then saves weight.MOSFET VT3 is the discharge switch of battery in the system, when the lead-acid battery discharges, from the point of view of protecting accumulator, when the accumulators voltage is smaller than over-discharge voltage, VT3 cuts off to cut off the loop between the accumulator and the load, carries on “over-discharge protection”, avoids the battery over-discharge, damages the accumulator. When the solar cell array supplies power again, only when the accumulators voltage rises to the floating voltage again, then VT3 break over again, connects loop of load. This method is when the breakdown appears, grid signal removed in 2s rapidly, this system has chosen EXB481 as MOSFET driver. EXB841 is mixed IC, it can drive to 600V IGBT as high as 400A and1200V IGBT as high as 300A. Because of the delay of driving circuit signal is less than 1s, the mixed IC is suitable for on-off operation as high as about 40KHZ.3.4 experimental result analysisIt carries on the experiment adopting the way of traditional constant flow - constant pressure charge way , changing current by stages and present discharge pulse charge way for charging the battery in the solar energy streetlight, experimental result as shown in Table 1:Table 1 experimental comparison of charged way compared to the traditional constant flow constant pressure charge way , the charge re acceptance increased 6.64%,accumulators exotherm reduced 3.6%. The belt discharges the pulse charge with discharging is of the shortest duration of charging, the exotherm is high, but all is in accepted scope. All things considered, the belt discharges the pulse charge with discharging is better way of charging. The extra characteristics that displayed in the test system by the pulse charge way with discharging is given below: 1. The capacity of accumulator increased fast, the charge can eliminate the polarization, made the chemical reaction be full, therefore accumulators capacity increased. At the same time, the new accumulator neednt to discharge after initial charge which saved the electrical energy and brought convenience for use. 2. The effect of getting rid of sulfuration is remarkable. General method of getting rid of sulfuration is both time-consuming and troublesome, however the method of charging with discharge pulse only needs 45 hours, and the effect is all right.4.conclusion The charge system controlled by microcomputer is of characteristics: the volume is small, the weight is light, the control loop is simple, the reliability is higher and so on, and therefore time is favored. The manipulative system of streetlight charge adopted microcomputer technology, it took the solar cell as power in the article, the hardware has been simple, the duration of charging was short, the cost was low, the efficiency and the reliability had been enhanced. It both had guaranteed the solar cell array was at the best functional mode,and made the accumulator be at the correct charging and discharging condition like this, meanwhile it could use the electrical energy generated by itself to maximum, and was of the widespread Promotional value. 译 文题目：基于单片机的太阳能路灯的铅酸蓄电池的快速充电系统1.介绍我国拥有非常丰富的太阳能资源，并且太阳能热利用技术最普遍应用在新能源和可再生能源资源方面。在建设节约型社会的倡议下, 依据现有的国情，太阳能光电照明是我国的现实选择，它在一定程度上减少了市政管理在照明方面的支出。由财务部门认真落实，解决新建的城市道路部分和偏远的边境地区存在的用电困难问题,是对太阳能路灯的最佳推广,它被誉为21世纪的绿色项目。2.电池充电的基本理论在1960年代中期,美国科学家马斯进行了大量的实验，研究蓄电池的充电过程,并在蓄能器气体最低效率的前提下提出可接受的蓄电池充电曲线,曲线函数e。实验表明，根据这条曲线，如果充电电流变化,这可能大大减少充电的时间,并且不影响电池的容量和寿命,因此建立了快速充电方法的研究方向。这被称为曲线最好的充电模式原则。马斯曲线初始充电电流很大,但很快减弱。其主要原因是它在充电过程中形成极化现象。极化现象是指内部密封蓄电池产生的氧气和氢气在充电过程中,当氧气不能及时吸收,然后堆积在正极板,扩大电池内部的压力,电池的温度上升,同时降低了正极板的面积,提高性能的内部阻力。极化会影响充电的速度和质量,甚至减少蓄电池的寿命。因此,开发很好的电池快速充电系统性能是非常重要的。在尽可能不影响蓄电池的使用寿命的前提下,采用在短时间内最大充电电流,既电池不会产生过多气体,也不会使室内的过程中体温过高。3.太阳能路灯系统在太阳能路灯系统中,蓄电池的充电源来自太阳能电池,气候的变化和用户的过度用电非常容易造成蓄电池漏电,因此存在太阳能路灯正常工作的保证率低于交流电路灯正常工作的情况。如果铅酸电池在使用过程中漏电,蓄电池的使用寿命将大大减少。如果蓄电池在浮充电或浅放电条件下使用,那么蓄电池的使用寿命将会大大延长,甚至翻倍。因此, 仅仅依赖于电池充电的太阳能路灯系统，充电和放电控制系统的功能是显而易见的,其性能决定蓄电池的性能、系统的可靠性和系统的直接成本。3.1脉冲充电法脉冲快速充电方法的理论基础是在短时间内通过叠加特定频率,宽度和高度负脉冲或中途停止时,使铅离子参与反应产生溶解硫酸铅和二氧化铅有足够的时间，且提高它们的密度, 也使得产生的氢离子和硫酸氢根离子从电极的表面搁置有足够的时间。其综合效果是减少蓄电池的极化浓度,允许扩大充电电流,减少充电时间。因为极化的现象在初始段充电经常是不明显的,它可能采用大电流0.8 1次额定容量进行恒流充电,使蓄电池在短时间内充电达到50% 60%的额定容量。蓄电池停止充电的单一标准，电压上升到2.4伏,水开始分解，同时，产生微型空气 (约25毫秒)。为了消除电荷积累的电化学极化，在气体形成的孔隙极板停止一段时间后,使蓄电池通过一个电荷方向相反的大电流脉冲,放电后停止充电,然后再停止(约40毫秒)充电,脉冲的深度是1.5 3倍的充电电流,脉冲宽度是150 1000微秒。以后充电过程遵循这一循环,直到充满。这使极化的速度明显减少,从而消除了蓄电池的寿命受到快充的影响的问题。3.2主控制器P87LPC76