机械类专业英语全套讲义重点

专业英语与科技翻译,韩芳,一、课程性质与学习任务,1 、课程性质：是一门专业必修考察课2 、学习任务：掌握机制专业有关的专业术 语,能够阅读、理解、并准确翻译科技文献.,二、课程特点及重点、难点,1 、课程特点：本课程是在大学英语及所学专业 课的基础上开设的,文章的专业术语多,句子长,且多用被动语态,理解需与专业知识相结合。,三、学习方法：,1、字、词：1)专业术语需记忆,可以采用对比法。,2、句子的理解：,2、重点及难点：,1）重点：文章的正确理解与准确翻译。,2）难点：文章的准确翻译。,2 )根据不同场合（搭配）选择词意. 如 meet the challenges； meet the demands,eg. Pistons that are moving up are moving at different speeds than pistons that are moving down.,2）注意固定搭配。如：convert into,consist of等。,eg. It has been noted above that external force applied to a body in equilibrium is reacted by internal forces set up wi-thin the material.,1）注意分清分词短语及从句的作用,3）注意常见句型。如：It is possible that It is true that 等。,4）学会联系上、下文及所学语法知识分析句子结构,对于长句子，先找出其主要结构,然后把修饰成分加上。,eg. In any engineering structure the individual components or members will be subjected to external forces arising from the service conditions or enviroment in which the component works.,the individual components or members will be subjected to external forces.,eg. There are several engine types which are identified by the number of cylinders and the way the cylinders are laid out.,3、句子的翻译,1）专业术语的翻译一定要准确。如：part,machine tool等。,2）长句子一定要断开翻译。,3）被动语态根据需要，有时要翻译成主动语态，便于 他人理解。,4）很多时候需要意译, 根据表达需要，可增可减，也可调 整先后顺序。,4.段落及文章的翻译,注意句与句之间、段与段之间的过渡与连接，注意上下文的连贯、一致。,四、课程主要内容,MechanicsMechanical partsMechanismMachiningMachine ToolsCAD and CAM,五、学习要求：,1、按时上课，不迟到、不早退、不旷课。,2、按时完成作业。,Lesson One Basic Concepts in Mechanics,Terms:1.mechanics/statics/dynamics2.force/matter/mass/inertia/weight/particle3.rigid body/deformable body/elastic body4.member/gear/shaft/pulley/belt/cam/follower/ journal bearing5.mating surface /oil film/metal-to-metal contact/ overheating/failure,6.elastic/plastic7.stress/strain/eracting force/magnitude/sense/scalar/vector/displacement/velocity/acceleration/ moment/momentum,1.be made up of2.transmit into3.(be） proportional to,Language Points:,1. In any engineering structure the individual components or members will be subjected to external forces arising from the service conditions or enviroment in which the component works.,the individual components or members will be subjected to external forces.,工程结构中，单个零部件将受到由其使用状况或工作环境造成的外力作用。,Lesson 2 Simple Stress and Strain,2.They together place a load on the member which tends to deform that member and which must be reacted by internal forces set up within the material.,1）place: 放，放置.此处搭配宾语a load，译为“施加”2）react :使发生相互作用,外力施加的载荷使构件产生变形，而构件内部必然会产生内力。,3.a static load、an impact load等短语中的a 一般不翻译。,4.notuntil :直到 才,5.It has been noted above that external force applied to a body in equilibrium is reacted by internal forces set up within the material.,上面已经提到，如果有外力施加到处于平衡的物体上，材料内部将产生内力。,6.A particular form of elasticity which applies to a large range of engineering materials ， at least over part of their load range ， produces deformation which are proportional to the loads producing them. 1) elasticity:弹性，弹力 2）elasticity produces deformation 施加到很多工程材料上的弹性力产生的变形与载荷成正比（弹性力至少超过部分载荷范围）,1.static load 2. sustained load3. impact load4. repeated load5.fatigue load/alternating load6.vibration/damping force7.axial load8. stress/tensile stress/compressive stress,Terms:,9. tension/compression10.strain/microstrain11.cross-section12.engineering materials13.ferrous alloy/non-ferrous alloy14. elastic limit15. modulus of elasticity,1.forces of action and reaction/constraint force/applied force/external force/resultant force2.electric/magnetic/gravational force3.couple / moment of a couple/ arm of a couple4.rigid body5.right-hand rule6.in static equilibrium,Lesson 3 Forces and Moments,Terms:,7. axle/axis/axial8.free body 9.diagram/sketch/drawing10.part11.physical model12.kinematic pair13.normal,Language Points:,1.act on/upon2.It is desirable to do 3.be freed from,Lesson 4 Overview of Engineering Mechanics,1.The major function frequently is to (产品的）主要功能是2. there must be an appropriate melding of materials,dimensions,and fastenings to produce structures that will perform their functions reliably for a reasonable cost over a reasonable lifetime.,我们必须选用恰当的材料，适当的尺寸及合适的连接方法去生产制造，这样加工出的构件才能有一定的使用寿命，成本合理，且能够可靠地完成其功能。,3.It should be clear that 应该清楚4.be applicable to: 适用于5.We will appreciate the various types of approximations that are inherent in any real problem. appreciate:use 在处理现实问题时，我们将会采用各种各样的近似法。6.consider sth.to be 认为是7.It is usually preferable to 比较好的做法是,Terms:1.functional requirement2.durability/safety/lifetime/cost3.fastening/fastener4.fail/failure5.operating condition6.ideally/idealize/idealization7.strength of materials,8.static/dynamic force9.approximate/approximationLanguage Points:1.It is clear that2.It is preferable to do3.applicable/tractable,Lesson 5 Shafts and CouplingsTerms:1.solid/hollow2.torque/torsion/torsional strength3.bending/bending load/bending deflection4.angle of twist5.bearing/clutch6.overload/overstress7.allowable stress 8.factor of safety9.cold-rolled steel10.forge,11.key/keyway/stress concentration12.operating speed/critical speed13.rigid/flexible coupling14.bolt15.worn part Language Points:1.rule of thumb2.be attached to,翻译的基本方法之一-词义的选择Skills of Translation-Acceptation Selection,要提高译文的质量， 使译文达到“准确”、“简练”、“通顺”这三个标准，就必须学习翻译技巧。 翻译的技巧就是在翻译过程中用词造句的处理方法。如词义的选择、词义的引伸、增词、减词、转换词类、改变句子结构、变更词序和改换译法等。一、词义的选择 词义的选择实际就是英语单词在特定句子中的词义的判断和确定。词在特定句子中的确切含义，在很大程度上取决于上下文,还 应该根据词在句子中的作用词的搭配习惯以及词的应用场合予以判断和确定。一般可从下列几个方面去判断。,英语中，有些词用作不同的词类时，其词义有时是不相同的，因此我们可根据词类来确定词义。例如：Every metal part is of great importance to machines.每一个金属部件对机器都是很重要的。(n)Aluminum machines faster than other metals.铝加工起来比其它金属快。(v)Microprocessors monitor tire wear and brake power on cars. 微处理器检测汽车轮胎的耐用性和制动力。(v)The patient was connected to a television wave monitor.病人与波形监视器相连。 (n),1、根据词类判断词义,严格说来，孤立的一个词很难确定它是什么意思，因为同一个词在不同的场合可能具有不同的意义，因此有些词必须根据上下文来确定其词义。develop:The countrys industry has developed quickly in the last decade. 过去十年里，我国工业迅猛发展。To develop the instrument, many experts were invited.在研制这种仪器时请了许多专家。The function of the engine is to develop the necessary power. 发动机的功用就是产生所需要的动力。,2、根据上下文选择词义,This cooling system failed. 冷却系统失效了.Newtons laws fail to describe the motion of electrons in atoms. 牛顿的一些定律未能阐述电子在原子里的运动。If the beam fails, the top layers of the supports will be crushed and the bottom layers torn.如果桥梁垮塌，则支柱的上面几层会被压垮，而下面会破裂。,fail,英语中，同一个词在不同的专业中往往具有不同的词义。因此，在判断英语词的词义时，必须考虑到英语著作阐述的内容所涉及的概念属于哪个学科、哪个专业的。例：power动力;体力;力,力气;权力,势力;强国;乘方,幂,3、根据专业内容选择词义,Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量。To drive machines requires power. 开动机器需要动力。The power of such a battery is therefore about 30 watts.因而这种电池的功率约为三十瓦。China will not be the first to use nuclear weapons although considered one of the nuclear powers.尽管中国被看作是核大国之一，但中国决不会首先使用核武器。,power动力;体力;力,力气;权力,势力;强国,We have finished repairing that pump.我们已经结束了对水泵的修理。These workpieces must be finished on a grinder.这些工件必须在磨床上精加工。These methods convert raw plastic into finished products. 这些方法均可把塑料原料变为成品。The stock market crash finished many speculators.股票市场暴跌使许多投机者破产,finish,1)形容词与名词的搭配：一个形容词与不同的名词搭配，可能具有不同的词义。一般来说，可根据与其搭配的名词来确定形容词的词义。例：physical: 物质的，物理的，体力的，实际的physical change ；physical circuit ; physical science 物理变化实际电路 自然科学 physical constant; physical contact; physical design 物理常数 直接接触 机械的结构设计physical exercise; physical construction; 体育活动、体操 机械结构,4、根据搭配选择词义,Everything in our physical world is continually changing.物质世界的一切事物都在不断地变化着。A cutaway view showing the physical relationship of these elements is shown in Fig. 2.表示这些零件实际关系的剖视图如图2所示。Relations between physical quantities are usually given in the form of equations.物理量之间的关系通常用公式表示。The job of an engineer is to take knowledge and make physical use of it.,4、根据搭配选择词义,工程师的工作是掌握知识并加以实际的应用。,2）动词与名词的搭配：一个动词与不同的名词搭配，可能具有不同的词义。一般来说，要根据名词来确定动词的词义。例：make: 做，制造make a recording make readings make a circuit录音 取读数 构成电路,接通电路make a calculation make n turns make a change进行计算转圈改变make measurements 进行测量,4、根据搭配选择词义,This makes a close circuit.这就构成了一个闭合电路。They often make innovations in old machines and equipment.他们经常对旧机器和旧设备进行革新。When your flashlight stops making enough light, what do you do with it?当你的手电筒不能发出足够亮的光时，你该怎么办呢？,4、根据搭配选择词义,3) 动词与介词（或副词）的搭配：一个动词与不同的介词（或副词）搭配，就具有不同的词义。因此，可根据动词后面的介词（或副词）来确定该动词短语的词义。例：turn 转动，旋转turn on turn off turn up turn over打开关闭出现,找到，朝上翻 周转;移交,翻阅;turn into turn out turn to把转化为生产 求助于，转向,4、根据搭配选择词义,Dont turn off the lamp.请不要关灯。When you turn on the switch, the circuit closes.当你打开开关时，电路就闭合。When heated, water turns into steam.水受热时变为蒸汽。This factory turned out a large horizontal boring mill in 1979.这家工厂在1979年生产了一种大型卧式镗铣床。Please turn to page 5. 请翻到第五页。,4、根据搭配选择词义,Lesson 6 Shaft Design,1.carry:2.because the total power delivered to the shaft is taken off piecemeal at various points. delivered: taken off： points：因为输入到轴上的动力是由几个传动件输出的。,安装,分发，输入,取走，卸掉；输出,sections,3.From this preliminary examination,which is a problem in mechanics, examination:analysis 从初步的力学分析中4.check the stress5.They have the advantages of being stronger and stiffer, stronger and stiffer：,更强壮，更刚硬,强度、刚度更高,6.Because the outer fibers are more effective in resisting the applied moments,and they respond better to heat treatment because quenching can proceed outward as well as inward. the outer fibers： the applied moments： respond to： 因为抵抗外加力矩主要靠外表面材料，并且空心轴热处理效果好，淬火能够淬透。,外表面材料,外加力矩,响应，有反应,7.deflection:偏转，偏差；挠度；转向；变形；偏转角 torsional deflection:扭转变形？扭转角？8.Criteria for the limiting torsional deflection vary from 0.25per meter of length for machinery shafts to 1per meter or 1in a length of 20 diameters for transmission shafting.对于机床主轴来说，许用扭转角为每米0.25，对于传动轴来说，许用扭转角为每米1或每20倍直径长度1。,9.It is impossible to do 不可能 10.The shaft on which the body rotates deflects under load The shaft deflects under load 物体在轴上旋转，轴在载荷作用下会产生变形，11.term :call12.text : test13.strength of materials,14.If one line shaft supported by three or more bearings is needed,it probably would be cheaper to make conservative assumptions as to moments and design it as though it were deteminate.line shaft:,主传动轴，动力轴,如果需要用到由三个及三个以上轴承支撑的主传动轴，那么我们对于力矩做出保守的假设，并且把它当成是确定的问题（而不是静不定的)进行设计要便宜一些。,as though:as if,15.oversize:尺寸过大的,Terms:1.shear force/bending moment diagram2.safe stress3.heat treatment/quench4.deflection/torsional deflection5.machinery shaft/transmission shaft/line shaft/crankshaft6.vibration/torsional vibration7.journal bearing/self-aligning bearing8.thick-film lubrication,9.center of mass10.centrifugal force11.deflecting force12.amplitudeLanguage Points:1.an old rule of thumb2.vary from to,Terms:1.assembly/disassembly/subassembly2.rivet/weld3.elastic deflection4.clutch5.brake6.cam/follower7.impact/shocck load8.suspension system spring/bumper spring,Lesson 7 Fasteners and Springs,9.steel/silicon bronze/brass/beryllium copper10.helical coil spring/torsion bar/leaf spring11.wire12.cold-wound/hard-drawn/oil-tempered/hot-rolled13.corrosion resistanceLanguage Points:1.acceptability/adjustability2.be proportional to,翻译的基本方法之二-词义的引伸Skills of Translation-Acceptation Development,当英语句子中的某个词按词典的释义直接译出不能符合汉语的修辞习惯或语言规范时，则可以在不脱离该英语词本义的前提下灵活选择恰当的汉语词或词组译出,这种翻译处理方法叫做引伸译法。 引伸的目的在于避免由于直译而造成的生硬或离意,引伸的词义应该在意义上与原基本词义相关联，避免歪曲原意 。,二 、词义的引伸,在专业性文章中，某些常用基本词汇已含有专业概念，可根据专业而引伸出词义。 The independent chuck has four jaws, while the universal chuck has only three.分动卡盘有四个爪，而万能卡盘只有三个。independent 独立的引伸为专业词义分动的,1. 使基本词义专业化：,- The power dissipated by the filament literally boils electrons from the surface of the filament.灯丝所消耗的功率完全用于从灯丝表面发射电子。（boil-沸腾, 引伸为-发射）,当基本词义在该句中意义含糊或比较费解时，应采用解释性语言使其明确化。- Bronze was a better material for many purposes than either of the two metals that composed it.在许多用途方面，青铜要比构成青铜的锡和铜更好。（将 “two metals” 明确译为“锡和铜”）,2. 使基本词义明确化 ：,- Note, therefore, that when we calibrate the scale to read in ohms, these calibrations go backward. 因此要注意，当我们把刻度刻成欧姆读数时，这些刻度是从大到小的。 (these calibrations go backward 若译为“这些刻度是向后的”, 就令人费解了。因此backward 在句中应引伸为“从大到小”),英语中有的词意思很笼统，很概括。例如：“good”表示“好”，用得极其广泛，但具体“好”在哪里呢？我们应根据具体情况翻译，使语意更加清晰。- A good example of a case where electricity is changed to power is the electric streetcar.电变为动力的典型例子是电车。- Rivers provide good sources of hydro-power.河流提供丰富的水力资源。- The workers gave the machine a good checking.工人们对机器进行了彻底的检查。,3. 使基本词义具体化：,- It has long been thought of making good use of the suns energy to serve the human being.人们早就设想过充分利用太阳能来为人类造福。- Good switches move quickly.优质开关通断灵活。- Laser possesses a series of remarkable properties, which make it a better light source in a number of cases.激光有许多显著的特性，这些特性使它在许多情况下成为一种更理想的光源。- That engine sounds good.那台发动机听起来很正常。,3. 使基本词义具体化：,- A good translator can do perhaps 2000 to 3000 words a day.一个熟练的翻译人员一天也许能译两千到三千个词。- The tungsten shines and gives a good light.钨丝发亮而发射出耀眼的光芒。- Engineers try to reduce friction as much as possible by good design.工程师们试图通过完美的设计来尽可能地减少摩擦。- The car in front of me suddenly stopped and I missed the green.我前面的那辆车突然停了，我错过了绿灯。,3. 使基本词义具体化：,英语中，有的词意思很具体，但在某些场合，它已经失去原来的具体词义而表示较抽象较笼统的意思，或者被借用来表示另一方面的意思。- At present coal is the most common food of a steam plant.目前，煤是蒸汽动力厂的最常用的能源。- An electric power station is a factory in which energy is converted from one form or another into electrical energy.电站是把一种能或另一种能转变成电能的地方。-The character of these people is a mixture of the tiger and ape.这些人的性格既残暴，又狡猾。- Everyone has rain and sunshine in their life.每个人的生活中都有苦有甜。,4. 使基本词意抽象化：,- Very often a machine is made in different pieces. 机器通常由许多不同的零件组成。（块、片、个）- Obviously there is much room for improvement in the design. 显然，设计还大有改进的余地。（空间，余地）,5. 名词的引伸,6. 动词的引伸,- From the district substations the cables run under the pavements to each house and shop. 电缆从区域变电站沿人行道下方铺设至每栋房屋和商店。（跑）- The workpiece is chucked quickly, because the three jaws move in together. （向内运动）因为三爪同时收拢，工件迅速卡紧。,- Atoms are much too small to be seen even through the most powerful microscope. （最强的、最大功率的）甚至通过最高放大倍数的显微镜，原子也小得看不见。- One of the remarkable things about it is that the electromagnetic waves can move through great distance.这里，引人注目的一点是，电磁波可以传播到很远的地方去。（ 大的）,7. 形容词的引伸,- People who work a great deal with electricity are continually dealing with the measurement of electricity in watts.成天同电打交道的人们经常用瓦特(单位)来测量电。- The thicker the wire, the more freely it will carry current.导线越粗，导电就越容易。,8. 副词的引伸,- This current which flows first in one direction and then in the other is called an alternating current.方向交替变化的电流叫做交流电。,9. 词组的引伸,-We see that the surface is covered with tiny hills and valleys.我们看到该表面布满了微小的凸凹不平之处。 (丘陵和溪谷) - The primary and secondary windings are placed one over the other on the center arm of the core.初级线圈和次级线圈互相重叠地绕在铁芯的中央臂上。（一个在另一个之上）- Semiconductors are materials that lie midway between insulators and conductors in their ability to pass an electric current.半导体是一种其通过电流的能力介于绝缘体和导体之间的材料。（lie midway 躺在半路上）,Lesson 8 Belt Drives and Chain Drives,1.develop: 发展，引申为产生2.operate :run3.a smaller driving pulley:(直径)小的主动带轮4.A widely used type of belt,particularly in industrial drives and vehicular applications,is the V-belt drive. 在工业传动及车辆上广泛应用V带.5.be coupled to=be attached to,6.Since gear reducers are available only at discrete reduction ratios,the output must often be reduced more before meeting the requirements of the machine. discrete reduction ratios:不连续的减速比 由于齿轮减速器只能提供不连续的减速比，所以其输出的转速必须再降低才能满足机器的需求。7.be engaged in : 与 啮合,Terms:,1.electric motor2.torque3.flat/round/V/synchronous belt/pulley4.tensile force5.slip6.cast iron/steel/stainless steel/bronze7.evenly spaced teeth8.constant angular velocity ratio9.chain/sprocket/roller chain/pin10.belt drive/chain drive/positive drive,翻译的基本方法之3-增词与减词Skills of TranslationAdding and Reducing Words,一、增词译法: 在对英文进行翻译时，若按字面翻译，句子的结构不完整，或句子的含义不明确，或词汇的概念不清晰时，需要增加某些词语，以便更完善、清楚地表达英语句子的内容。e.g.Efficiency costs money, safety adds complexity, performance increases weight.直译：效率花费金钱，安全增加复杂性，性能增加重量。增词译法：对设备(或器件)来说，要提高效率就要增加成本，要想保证安全势必要增加其复杂程度，而要改善性能就要增加其重量。,英语中表达时态的词往往是没有词义的，翻译时必须用一些中文词将其表达出来。Balloons were (and are) usually filled with hydrogen. 气球过去（和现在）一般都用氢气来充气。We can learn what we did not know. 我们能够学会我们原来不懂的东西。（过去时）The generator set will start working tomorrow. 这台发电机组将于明天开始运行。（将来时）,1. 增加表示时态概念的词,An object is said to possess kinetic energy if it is moving.如果一个物体在运动，就可以说它有了动能。（进行时）We have learned how to fit the computer.我们已经学会了怎样安装电脑。（完成时）Reamers are used to finish drilled holes.绞刀用来将已经钻好了的孔进行精加工。(过去分词表示“完成”的状态),英语中常根据语法或语言习惯省略某些词语，例如重复出现时，省去形容词修饰的名词，用do代替实义动词等，在省略句中，省去连词、主语、谓语动词或其它成分等，但翻译时应根据需要补充。In figure 5, P is the resistance, S the distance and C the effort. 在图5中， P是阻力，S是距离，C是作用力。All bodies consist of molecules and these of atoms. 所有物体均由分子组成，而分子由原子组成。(补译出 these 后面省略的molecules consist),2. 补充原文省略的词,The changes in matter around us are of two types, physical and chemical. 我们周围的物质变化有两种，物理变化与化学变化。When pure, water is a colorless liquid. 纯水是无色的液体。,一般来说，表示单数的不定冠词a和名词的复数形式是不必译出的，但在某些情况下，必须补足具体的表示数量的词才能使表达更清晰。Hydrogen atom consists of an electron and a proton. 氢原子由一个电子和一个质子构成。 (此处的数词a 表示具体的实际数量)The bottom part of the hanging wire is placed between the poles of a small horseshoe magnet. 悬挂着的导线下端放在一个小型马蹄形磁铁的两个磁极之间。,3. 补充表示数的概念的词语,We can stop this trouble if we use a special rod. 如果我们用某种特制的杆，就能解决这个问题。Some typical fabrication methods are shown in Fig.11-36. 若干种典型的组装方法如图11-36 所示。 在表示名词的复数概念时，要根据上下文判断其复数是“二”还是“几个”,然后选择适当的量词。Metals can be classified as pure metals and alloys. 金属可分为纯金属与合金两类。Since its formation the earth has been undergoing changes. 地球自形成以来，一直经历着各种变化。,Chromium improves the properties of steel. 铬可改进钢的各种性能。The air is made up of mixture of gases. 空气是由多种气体混合而成的气体。We saw bubbles rising from under the water. 我们看到一个个水泡从水下升起。The frequency, wave