paraphrase-1.ppt

Citation SummaryParaphraseDirectquotationAcombinationofthesemethods 1 Summary Whenyousummarizeyoucondenseanextendedideaorargumentintoasentenceormoreinyourownwords 1 Summary Summaryismostusefulwhenyouwanttorecordthegist thecentralidea ofanauthor sideawithoutthebackgroundorsupportingevidence Example Original 28words ShebroughthomeseveralChineseandEnglishnovels afewcopiesTimeandNewsweek andsometextbooks Sheintendedtoreadallofthemduringthewintervacation Summary 14words Shebroughthomealotofbooksandmagazinestoreadduringthevacation 2 Paraphrasing Paraphrasing similartosummarizing isrestatingothers ideasinyourownwordswithoutalteringthemeaningorprovidinginterpretation hasapproximatelythesamenumberofwords mustbeattributedtotheoriginalsourcewithanin textcitation Stepsforparaphrasing 1 Selectashortpassage aboutonetofoursentences thatsupportsanideainyourpaper 2 Readthepassagecarefullytofullyunderstandit 3 Takenotesaboutthemainideaandsupportingpointsyouthinkyoushouldincludeintheparaphrase includingkeywordsandtermsusedbytheauthor 4 Usingonlyyournotestowriteaparaphrase 5 Rereadtheoriginalsource Isthereimportantinformationthatyouhaveforgottenorwritteninaccurately Isyourparaphrasetoosimilartotheoriginalsource Ifso reviseyourparagraph 6 Addin textcitation checktherequiredformattingstyle MethodsofParaphrasing 1 usedifferentvocabularywiththesamemeaning1 usesynonyms2 givedefinitions2 usedifferentgrammar3 usedifferentstructure1 changesentenceorder2 combinesentences3 splitsentences Tasksforparaphrasing Task1useasynonymofawordorphrase1a Studiesshowedthattheywerebornwithsomethingspecial 1b Studiesrevealedthattheyareendowedwithsomethingsuper normal 2a Childrenareentitledtotherighttodeveloptheircapabilitiestothefull 2b Childrendeservetherighttolearntothelimitsoftheircapacity 3a Thepresentsituationsmakeushavethereasontobeoptimistic 3b Thepresentsituationsjustifytheoptimism 4a Despitethis manycentralcityareashavelosttheirpopulation 4b Despitethis manyinnercitieshaveexperiencedadecreaseinpopulation Task2changetheorderofinformation1a Obviously differentpeoplehavedifferentattitudestowardsmentalillness 1b Obviously attitudestowardsmentalillnessvaryfrompersontoperson 2a Cognitivedevelopmentdependsonthechildren sculture 2b Thechildren scultureaffectstheircognitivedevelopment 3a Asuccessfulcareertendstocostsomewomenahappymarriage 3b Somewomenachievesuccessintheircareerattheexpenseofmaritalhappiness 4a Technologyhassignificantlytransformededucationatseveralmajorturningpointsinourhistory 4b Historyhasdemonstratedthattechnologyaffectseducationprofoundly Task3changefromtheactivetothepassiveorviceversa1a However onecanhardlycontrolthemediausedtogenerateinformation 1b However verylittlecontrolcanbeexercisedoverthemediausedtogenerateinformation 2a Thestudyshowsthatfrequentparentalpraisehasagreatinfluenceonone slife 2b Thestudyindicatesthatone slifeislargelyshapedbywhetherheorshereceivedfrequentparentalpraise 3a Untilrecentlymostpeoplestillconsidereddaydreamingasawasteoftimeandasevidenceofmaladjustment 3b Untilrecentlydaydreamingwasstillperceivedeitherasawasteoftimeorasevidenceofmaladjustment Task4changethepositiveintothenegativeandviceversa1a Eventhemodestlyeducatedadultcanbeupsetbysuchanexperience 1b Nomodestlyeducatedadultcanfailtobeupsetbysuchanexperience 2a Manyinfluencescanbetakenintoconsiderationandmanyotherfactorsaffectglobaltemperature 2b Nosingleinfluencecanbetakeninisolationandmanyotherfactorsaffectglobaltemperature 3a Agricultureismostlikelytobeprofoundlyaffectedbyglobalwarminginanycriticalactivity 3b Nomorecriticalactivitystandstobeprofoundlyaffectedbyglobalwarmingthanagriculture 4a Technologymakesitmoredifficulttoseparateourselvesfromworkandthinkingofwork 4b Itisnoteasynowtoremoveoneself bothphysicallyandmentally fromworkwithtechnology Task5changepersonalnounsintoimpersonalnounsandviceversa 1a Menarereluctanttoretireastheyanticipatethedeprivationofmoney 1b Reluctanceamongmentoretireisassociatedwithanticipateddeprivationofafinancialsource 2a Ifyoucomparetwosystemscarefully youwillfindtheformerissuperiortothelatter 2b Carefulcomparisonoftwosystemswillshowthesuperiorityoftheformeroverthelatter 3a Mostpeopleagreethatitisnecessaryforthegovernmenttoregulatethemoneysupply 3b Thereisgeneralagreementthatitisnecessaryforthegovernmenttoregulatethemoneysupply 4a Moreandmorepeopleareawareoftheinadequaciesofourjudicialsystem 4b Therehasbeenanincreasingawarenessoftheinadequaciesofourjudicialsystem Task6changecomplexsentencesintosimplesentencesandviceversa 1a Thoughachildscorespoorlyinhisfirstschoolyear itshouldbenoreflectionofhisintelligence 1b Low scoringchildinhisfirstschoolyearsdoesnotnecessarilymeanhehaspoorintelligence 2a Butsomesuggestedthatwemaycutdowngovernmentspendingandraisewagesforteachers 2b Butsomesuggestedlowergovernmentspendingandhigherwagesforteachers 3a Toachievethegoal weneedtoexplorenewwaysboldlyandtrytocarryoutreformscontinuously 3b Theattainmentofthegoaldemandsboldexplorationofnewwaysandcontinuouseffortstocarryoutreforms 4a Ifwedevelopnanotechnology wewilldependlessonnon renewableresources 4b Ourdependenceonnon renewableresourceswoulddiminishwiththedevelopmentofnanotechnology Task7Readthetextbelowandthendecidewhichisthebetterparaphrase a or b AncientEgyptcollapsedinabout2180BC StudiesconductedofthemudfromtheRiverNileshowedthatatthistimethemountainousregionswhichfeedtheNilesufferedfromaprolongeddrought ThiswouldhavehadadevastatingeffectontheabilityofEgyptiansocietytofeeditself a ThesuddenendingofEgyptiancivilizationover4 000yearsagowasprobablycausedbychangesintheweatherintheregiontothesouth Withouttheregularriverfloodingtherewouldnothavebeenenoughfood b ResearchintodepositsoftheEgyptianNileindicatethatalongdryperiodinthemountainsattheriver ssourcemayhaveledtoalackofwaterforirrigationaround2180BC whichwaswhenthecollapseofEgyptiansocietybegan bisbetter 3 Directquotation Usedirectquotationfromsecondarysources onehastocopythematerialcarefully Takedowntheauthor sexactwording spelling capitalization andpunctuation Proofreadeverydirectquotationatleasttwice Notes 1 Usequotationssparinglynomorethan10percentofyourpaper2 Makethemanaturalpartofyourpaper3 Providethesourceofeveryquotation Whentousedirectquotations Thoughitispossibletowriteapaperwithoutanydirectquotations therearesomecaseswhereyouneedtoquotetheoriginal 1 writingliterature showthestyleoftheauthororanalyzecertainlines passagesinthework Thenyouneedtoquotetheoriginalsothatyoumaydiscussitindetail 2 Originalsoperfectlywritten Whenyoufindtheoriginalsoperfectlywrittenthatmuchofitsvalueisinthewayitisworded youmaywanttousedirectquotations 3 Readermightquestion Whenreadermightquestionwhetheryou verepresentedtheideaofanoutrageousorcontroversialstatementcorrectly youshouldalsoquotetheoriginalstatement Howtousedirectquotations Workthedirectquotationintoyourownstatementsothatitmaybecomepartofanorganicwhole Useacolon ifyourdirectquotationisintroducedbyacompletesentence 3 ifitisnotintroducedbyacompletesentence punctuate comma accordingly 4 Ifyouwanttoomitirrelevantwordsorsentences useellipsismarks usuallythreespacedperiods Sample SinclairLewis thefirstAmericanNobelPrizewinnerforliteraturein1930 believedthatDreiserbetterdeservedtheprize Dreiser morethananyotherman marchingalone usuallyunappreciated oftenhated hasclearedthetrailfromVictorianandHowellsiantimidityandgentilityintheAmericanfictiontohonesty boldnessandpassionoflife Sample ToSinclairLewis Dreiser morethananyotherman marchingalone usuallyunappreciated oftenhated hasclearedthetrailfromVictorianandHowellsiantimidityandgentilityintheAmericanfictiontohonesty boldnessandpassionoflife 4 Acombinationofthemethods Whenwewrite wemayusethesethreemethods summary paraphraseandquotationtogether Example1 original Thecharacterandmentalityofthekeepersmaybeofmoreimportanceinunderstandingprisonsthanthecharacterandmentalityofthekept Mitford9 Plagiarism Butthecharacterofprisonofficials thekeepers ismoreimportantinunderstandingprisonsthanthecharacteroftheprison thekept Quotation Accordingtoonecriticofthepenalsystem Thecharacterandmentalityofthekeepersmaybeofmoreimportanceinunderstandingprisonsthanthecharacterandmentalityofthekept Mitford9 Paraphrase Onecriticofthepenalsystemmaintainsthatwemaybeabletolearnmoreaboutprisonsfromthepsychologyoftheprisonofficialsthanfromthatoftheprisoners Mitford9 Originalarticle Generalizingaboutmaleandfemalestylesofmanagementisatrickybusiness becausestereotypeshavetraditionallybeenusedtokeepwomendown Nottoolongagoitwasawidelyacceptedtruththatwomenwereunstable indecisive temperamentalandmanipulativeandweren tgoodteammembersbecausetheywouldneverplayedfootball Infightingofftheseprejudicesmanywomensimplytriedtoadoptmasculinetraitsintheoffice 1 Summary Ratherthanbelabeledwiththeunflatteringstereotypesthatpreventedtheirpromotions manywomenadoptedmasculinequalities Langan 2013 2 Paraphrasing Becauseoftheriskofstereotyping whichhasservedasatooltokeepwomenoutofmanagement itisdifficulttocharacterizeafemininemanagementstyle Womenhavebeencitedfortheiremotionality instabilityandlackofteamspirit amongotherqualities Manywomenhavedefendedthemselvesatworkbyadoptingthequalitiesofmen Langan 2013 3 Combination Itisdifficulttocharacterizeafemininestyleofmanagement becausestereotypeshavetraditionallybeenusedtokeepwomendown womenhavebeencitedas unstable indecisivemembers Manywomendefendedthemsel