专业英语中英对照.docx

Specialized English-review.Words:1. Organic Chemistryalkane烷烃-ene烯(词尾)-yne炔(词尾)-ol醇(词尾)-al醛(词尾)-yl基(词尾)aldehyde醛，甲醛amide酰胺ether乙醚ketone酮alcohol醇carboxylic acid羧酸acetic acid乙酸，醋酸ester酯acid chloride酰氯carbon碳hydrocarbon烃carbohydrate碳水化合物Lewis acid路易斯酸Lewis base路易斯碱amine胺ammonium铵Grignard reagent格式试剂carbonium ion碳正离子carbonyl羰基benzene苯hydroxyl羟基functional group 官能团homologue同系物homologous同系(物)的heteroatom杂(环)原子organometallic有机金属的isomer同分异构体stereochemistry立体化学stereoisomer立体异构体optically active旋光的，有旋光性的optical rotation旋光度conformational isomer构象异构体eclipsed conformation重叠构象staggered conformation参差构象，对位交叉构象isolation分离reflux回流evaporation蒸发filtration过滤crystallization结晶化extraction萃取distillation蒸馏residue残余物，残渣by-product副产品dehydrate脱水(物)nucleophilic亲核的electrophilic亲电的addition加成(反应)substitution取代electronegativity电负性aliphatic脂肪族的aromatic芳香的derivative衍生物be derived from由衍生/得到parent member母体bond angle键角single bond单键double bond双键triple bond三键cis顺式trans反式localized局限性delocalized离域resonance共振intermediate中间体polarize极化orbital轨道2. Inorganic Chemistryoxide氧化物hydroxide氢氧化物carbon dioxide二氧化碳halide卤化物carbonate碳酸盐nitrate硝酸盐sulphate硫酸盐lithium锂sodium钠potassium钾calcium钙magnesium镁aluminium铝zinc锌copper铜iron铁oxidation氧化reduction还原hydrolysis水解neutralization中和decomposition分解 acid酸oxyacid含氧酸hydrobromic acid氢溴酸hydrofluoric acid氢氟酸sulfuric acid硫酸phosphoric acid磷酸nitric acid硝酸base碱alkali碱alkali-earth碱土金属hydrogen氢nitrogen氮oxygen氧halogen卤素sp3-hybridizedsp3杂化formula化学式3. Physical Chemistryintermolecular分子间的intramolecular分子内的thermodynamics热力学exothermic放热的endothermic吸热的law定律constant常数kinetics动力学rate coefficient速率系数plot against 绘制slope斜率reciprocal倒数mechanism机理order级pseudo-first-order准一级pseudo-second-order准二级crystal晶体amorphous非晶相phase相interfacial tension界面张力solute溶质solvent溶剂dissolve溶解soluble可溶的solubility溶解度capillary毛细管saturation饱和aqueous(含)水的equilibrium平衡forward正向backward逆向reversible可逆的irreversible不可逆的hydrophilic亲水的hydrophobic疏水的amphiphilic两亲的lipophilic亲脂性的surfactant表面活性剂cationic阳离子anionic阴离子non-ionic非离子的positive ion阳离子，正离子negative ion阴离子，氟离子saponification皂化water-in-oil油包水oil-in-water水包油contact angle接触角wet湿的emulsifier乳化剂emulsion乳状液suspension悬浮starch淀粉preservative防腐剂zeolite沸石degradable可降解的adsorption吸附homogeneous均相heterogeneous非均相4. Analytical chemistrytitration滴定analyte分析物titrant滴定标准液standard solution标准溶液indicator指示剂complex-ometric配位滴定法precipitation沉淀，洗出ethylenedia-minetetraacetic acid(EDTA)乙二胺四乙酸qualitative analysis定性分析quantitative analysis定量分析equimolar等摩尔的molarity摩尔浓度concentr-ation稀释stoichiometric化学计量的dilute稀释chelating agent螯合剂spectroscopy光谱学spectrum光谱mass spectrometry质谱gas chromatography气象色谱法nuclear magnetic resonance核磁共振5. Polymer chemistrymacromolecule高分子，大分子polymer聚合物dimer二聚物trimer三聚物tetramer四聚物polysaccharide多糖addition polymer加聚condensation polymer缩聚liner polymer班轮聚合net-work polymer网状聚合物cross-linked polymer交联聚合物6. Chemical industryconduction传导convention规定countercurrent逆流co-current平行电流batch process间歇过程，分批工艺/法.Sentenses（一）单词的增译及省译1.Practically all substance expand when heated and contract when cooled.实际上一切物质都是热胀冷缩的。 (省译“when, and, when”)2.Organic compounds are usually volatile and possess low melting points.有机化合物通常容易挥发且熔点较低。 (省译动词“possess”)3.Being stable in air at ordinary temperature ,mercury combines with oxygen if heated.水银常温下在空气中是稳定的，但如果加热时，它会与氧化合。 (增译“但”)（二）单词的引申译1.Tertiary alcohols are very resistant to oxidation.叔醇难于氧化2.For the series of normal alkanes, those having one to four carbon atoms are gases.对直链烃系而言，含有一至四个碳原子的是气体。（三）名词的单复数1.If the unsaturation is due to the presence of a triple bond then the compounds are called alkynes.如果不饱和现象是由于叁键的存在，则该类化合物称为炔烃。 (加译“类”，“炔烃”不必译出复数。)2. . A body with a negative charge possesses more elections than protons.带负电的物体所含的电子比质子多。 (不译作“一个负电，一个物体”)(四)词类转换的译法1. The zinc plate becomes more and more negatively charged with electrons ,as more atoms of zinc dissolve.随着越来越多的锌原子溶解，锌极板上充满了电子，使它变得越来越负。 (adj.v.)2. Gases differ from solids in that the former have greater compressibility than the latter. 气体和固体的区别在于前者比后者有更大的压缩性。 (v.n.)3. One of the outstanding properties of carbon atom is its ability to share its electrons with other carbon atoms. 碳原子的突出性质之一是它能与其它碳原子共用其电子。 (n.v.)4. The chlorine from salt is used for bleaching paper and textiles. 用食盐制取的氯被用来漂白纸张和纺织品。 (prep.v.)5. In their work they pay much attention to the combination of theory with practice. 他们在工作中非常注重理论联系实际。 (n.v.)(五) 句子成分转换的译法1.In an absorption system, the refrigerant is usually ammonia. 吸收系统中，通常用氨做冷却剂。 (表语宾语)2.Organic compounds will not usually conduct an electric current when in solution. 有机化合物的溶液通常不导电。 (状语主语)3.The two electrons involved in a covalent bond have their spins oppositely directed. 此共价键中的两个电子的自旋方向相反。 (宾语主语)4.None of these metals have conductivity higher than copper. 这些金属的导电率都不会超过铜。 (宾语主语)5.The different hydrocarbons in crude oil boil at different temperatures. 原油中各种烃的沸点不同。 (谓语主语)(六) 词序转变的译法1. Wetting agents are required to prepare proper dispersion of fine particle powders in liquids/pastes such as color makeup.要制备将细小粉粒适当分散在液体或膏体中的产品，如着色化妆品，需要润湿剂。 (状语的变序)2. Alkanes undergo reactions such as cracking, alkylation, oxidation, halogenation, nitration and so on.烷烃能进行诸如裂化、烷基化、氧化、卤化、硝化等反应。 (同位语的变序)(七) 被动语态的译法1 Large-scale evaporation process is being developed and used for recovering potable water from seawater. Here the condensed water is the desired product. Only a fraction of the total water in the feed is recovered , and the remainder is discarded. 目前，大规模的蒸发工艺过程正在发展并用于从海水中回收有饮用水。这里,冷凝水就是希望得到的产品。但被回收的的水仅是加入的总水量的一部分,而剩余部分则被扔掉。（第一、二个被动态：被动意义译成主动意义；第三、四个被动态：加译“被”。)2 If the product is suspected of being a compound already known, it is then physically compared with the known material to establish its identity. 如果推测产物是一个已知的化合物,那就可以用物理方法将它与已知物进行比较以确定它们的一致性。(第一个被动态，先译谓语，再译主语；第二个被动态，在主语前加译“将”。)3 Careful attention must be paid to the construction of the diagram in using this equation.用这一公式时必须认真注意其图形结构。 (译成无主语句，先译谓语，再译主语。)(八) 后置定语的译法1.The objective of evaporation is to concentrate a solution consisting of a nonvolatile solute and a volatile solvent.蒸发的目的是浓缩由非挥发性溶质和挥发性溶剂所组成的溶液。(现在分词短语作后置定语，修饰“solution”，译作“的”。)2.This led to the proposals that an acid is a chemical species that can give hydrogen ions or protons in a chemical reaction.这就导致这样一个提法：酸是一类化学物质，它在化学反应中能给出氢离子或质子。(定语从句译成并列分句)3.Potential energy that is not so obvious as kinetic energy exists in many things.势能虽然不象动能那样明显，但它存在于许多物体之中。 (定语从句译成让步状语从句)4.A gas occupies all of any container in which it is placed.无论把气体装在什么容器里，都会把它充满。 (定语从句译成条件状语从句)5.The problem whether natural rubber is a polymer with linear chain molecules has been solved.天然橡胶是否是线型链状分子的聚合物，这个问题已经解决了。(同位语作后置定语，其先行词为“problem”，翻译时要变序)6.Metal , which possess strength, ductility, malleability, and other remarkable properties, have suppleanted other classes of engineering materials to a considerable extent.由于金属所具有的强度、延展性、柔韧性以及其它显著特性，因而在很大程度上已替代了其它种类的工程材料。 (定语从句译成原因状语从句)7.Matter has certain features or properties that enable us to recognize it easily物质具有一定的特征或特性，所以我们能够容易地识别它。 (定语从句译成结果状语从句)(九) 长句的译法1 Total determination of structure is also possible by means of X-ray diffraction, so that the classical goal of structure studies-ascertaining the relative spatial positions of all the atoms in any molecule-can be readily and routinely attained.全面的结构测定也可以借助X射线衍射来完成，因此结构研究的经典目标确定任何分子中所有原子的相对空间位置就能很快地用常规的方法来完成。 (顺译法)2 Valuable solvent vapors carried by a gas stream may be recovered for reuse by washing the gas with an appropriate solvent for the vapors.被气流携带的有价值的溶剂蒸汽可用下法回收再用，即用适合于该蒸汽的溶剂洗涤该气流。 (分译法。添加总括性词语“下法”先行译出，后面再叙述。被动语态加译“得到”。)3 The idea that the four valence bonds of the carbon atom are directed toward the corners of a regular tetrahedron was advanced in 1874 by Vant Hoff and independently by Le Bel to explain the existence of right-handed and left-handed forms of some organic compounds, which shows in the face development of crystals(enantiomorphism) and in the power of solutions to rotate the plane of polarization of a transmitted beam of polarized light either to the right to the left(optical activity).碳原子的四个价键都指向正四面体的四角这一概念，是1874年由范托夫和赖贝尔各自分别提出的，以解释某些有机化合物的右旋体或左旋体的存在，它们的存在表现在晶面的发展(对映形态)和溶液把透入的偏振光束的偏振面向右或向左旋转的能力(旋光性)上。(同位语从句采用倒译法，详见6.3 ；定语从句译成并列分句详见8.4二。)4.This procedure eliminates errors caused by the presence of several drops of the substance which may adhere to the sides and tip of the pipette. After this manipulation ,more alcohol is added until a clear solution is obtained.这样能消除由附着在管壁或管尖的样品所带来的误差。然后再加入乙醇，直至澄清。5.A second method which is the least accurate is very often used in the industry because of its great ease and convenience.第二种配制方法准确性最初差，但是，由于操作简单在工业上经常采用。6.Since the alcohol ordinarily available is the commercial 95 per cent by volume alcohol, this product is used in preparing alcohol of various strengths.既然通常所用的商业乙醇的浓度为95%（体积比），因此我们可用该浓度的乙醇来制备各种浓度的乙醇液。7.In reporting the optical rotation of a substance ,one usually writes:optical Rotation at 20 C+1920 or in abbreviated form D20+19 20 ,meaning that the rotation taken at 20 , using sodium light (D line) is found to be plus 19 degree and 20 minutes.在报道某物质的旋光度时，我们习惯按下列的写法。如某物质在20 C，旋光度为+1920；或简写为D20，+19 20；即表示，在20C时，用钠光测定的旋光度为正19度20分。8.When the cause for the fragrance breakdown is found to lie not in a principal component of the product, but in an impurity or gradually developing breakdown product(e.g., rancidity of unsaturated fatty acids and hydrogen chloride from propellant(),it is best to change the product formulation rather than the fragrancethe impurities or breakdown products usually have other undesirable effects in addition to that on the fragrance.如果发现香料的分解不是出于产品的一个主要成分，而是一种杂质或是一种逐渐产生的分解产物（如不饱和脂肪酸的变质和推进剂2产生的氯化氢），则最好改变产品的配方而不是改变香料的配制，因为这种杂质或分解产物除了对香料产生作用外，通常还会有其他不良的影响。9.In contrast, cross-linked polymers usually lack the ability to be completely dissolved by solvents, and usually do not undergoing melting or fusion.相反，交联聚合物通常缺乏被溶剂完全溶解的能力，而且经常不能熔化或熔融。10.Similarly, the order with respect to B can be determined by plotting logA,0 against logB0 with A0 held constant.类似地，B的级数可由在A0恒定时用logA,0对logB0作曲线而得到。11.Whereas this is approximately so, over limited ranges of temperature difference for which U is nearly constant ,in practice U may well be influenced both by the temperature difference and by the absolute value of the temperatures.其实在一个有限的温差范围内当U几乎恒定时，是近似如此；但实际上U却可能受温差和绝对温度二者的影响很大。12.If it is required to know the area needed for the transfer of heat at a specified rate, the temperature difference T, and the value of the overall heat transfer coefficient in any design problem in which heating or cooling is involved.若需知道在一指定速率下进行传热所需的面积时，就须知道包括加热或冷却在内的设计问题中的温差T及总传热系数值。13.Additionally, the respective isomer distribution in the individual surfactant classes has great significance, because from it, varying application properties do result.此外，有关的异构体在各类表面活性剂中的分布也可具有重要作用，因为不同的分布确实可以产生不相同的应用性能。14.A mixture of 1750 g. of crystalline sodium sulfite(Na2SO37H2O),625 g.of sodium bicarbonate and 5 liters of water was agitated at room temperature for about two hours, or until the solid carbonate had disappeared .The solution was then cooled by means of an ice-bath to 5 - 10 and 500 g.of commercial citral added with vigorous agitation, which was continued for three to four hours ,intimate contact being effected between oil and solution, and air excluded as much as possible. Under these conditions ,only the citral went into solution, namely, as the labile dihydrodisulfonic acid derivative. The solution was agitated thoroughly with about 500 cc. of ether, the ether removed and the process repeated in order to remove all undissolved impurities.在室温下将1750克晶状亚硫酸钠，625克碳酸氢钠及5L水混合并搅拌两小时，或搅拌至固体碳酸盐消失。然后用冰水浴将温度降至5 - 10，加入500克市售柠檬醛剧烈搅拌，并持续三、四小时以使油与溶液充分接触，同时尽可能的排除空气。在这些条件下，只有柠檬醛进入溶液，即柠檬醛形成不稳定的二氢-二磺酸衍生物。将溶液与500c.c.乙醚充分搅拌，除去乙醚，如此重复数次以除去所有不能溶解的杂质。(十) 书上重点句子Lesson 11.The size of atoms decreases from left ot right across a period in the periodic table在元素周期表中沿着周期从左到右的半径递减2.On descending a group in the periodic table such as lithium,sodium,potassium,rubidium,caesium,the size of the atoms increases due to the effect of extra shells of electrons being added;this outweighs the effect of increased nuclear charge.在周期表中同族从上到下例如锂、钠、钾、铷和铯，由于增加额外电子层的影响，原子的半径递减，这个影响超过增加核电荷所起的作用。3.Thus the effective nuclear charge is increased and the electrons are pulled in.这样就使有效核电荷增加，从而将电子拉向原子核。Lesson 21.The most electropositive elements are found in the lower left of the periodic table and the most nonmetallic in the top right.电正性最强的元素出现在周期表的左下角，而非金属性最强的元素则出现在周期表的右上角2.Electropositivity is really the converse of electronegativity,but it is convenient to retain the concept of electropositivity when describing metals.电正性实际上是电负性的相反概念，但在描述金属的时，保留电正性概念较为方便。3.However,this generalization does not hold for the d block,and particularly for the central groups of transition elements (Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni) where basicity and the ability to form simple ions decreases on descending the group.不过这个规律不适用与d区(元素)，特别不适用于中间组的过度元素(Cr,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni),(因为它们的)碱性和生成简单离子的能力在族中(自上而下)递降。Lesson 31.Since the zinc reaction in the forward reaction produces a larger negative potential,由于锌的正向反应产生较大的负电势，2.Similar applications in which one metal is sacrificed to protect another are the attaching of sacrificial blocks of magnesium to underground steel pipelines and the hulls of ships to prevent the rusting of iron.牺牲一种金属以保护另一种金属的类似应用是把一块作牺牲用的镁锭同下部的钢管和船体连接起来以防止铁的生锈。3.Standard electrode potentials are measured on a scale with:H+e=H E0=0.0volts标准电极电势是以(如下)标度(为准)来测量的：H+e=H E0=0.0volts4.Whenever this is found,the species in the middle (Cu+ in this case) disproportionates,that is it behaves as both a self-oxidizing and a self-reducing agent because it is energetically favourable for the following two changes to occur together.当存在这种情况时，处于中间的物质(本例中的Cu+)便会发生歧化反应，即它起自身氧化剂和自身还原剂的作用，因为下列两种变化同时发生在能量上是有利的。Lesson 61.It is an historically important molecule,and as a probable constituent of the primeval broth it may have been a building block from which such molecules as morphine and peptides were constructed.它是具有历史意义的重要分子，因为它是原始肉汤的一种可能成分，或许还是构成吗啡和肽这样的分子的结构单元。2.Of course,it isnt,for methane is a three-dimensional molecule with tetrahedral symmetry,and the distance between all the hydrogens is exactly the same.(而事实上)当然不是(这种情况)，因为甲烷是一个四面体对称的三维分子，因此所有氢原子之间的距离都是完全相等的。3.If a frameworkmodel of ethane is inspected,it is apparent that there are an infinite number of orientationgs which the two CH3 groups can take with respect to each other.如果我们观察一下乙烷的骨架模型，就不难看出两个甲基的相对定向的数量是无线的。4.This structure can be represented by a “three-quarters view” or by a “head-on view”,in which the viewer looks directly down the axis of the carbon-carbon bond(often referred to Newman projection).这一结构可用“3/4透视图”或“正视图”来表示，后者是观察者直接通过碳-碳键的轴向后看(常称为Newman投影图)5.A more subtle kind of isomerism is illustrated by the eclipsed and staggered ofrms of ethane.根据乙烷的重叠式和交叉式，还可描述一种更细微的异构现象。6.There is , in other words , rapid rotation around the CC bond,and for most purposes ethane can be considered as a rapidly equilibrating mixture of molecules in the eclipsed and staggered conformations along with the infinite number of additional conformations falling between the extremes.换句话说，围绕C-C键旋转的速度很快，并且在大多数情况下，乙烷都可看做是，在重叠构象和交叉构象，以及在这两个极端构象之间的无数其它构象中迅速平衡的分子混合物。Lesson 91.Thus, certain carbon nucleophiles add so efficiently that for all practical purposes , the reactions are irreversible , whereas halogen nucleophiles add so inefficiently that , for all practical purpose , the reactions dont proceed at all.因此，某些碳亲核试剂的加成效率非常高，以致反应实际上是不可逆的，而卤素亲核试剂的加成效率却很低，实际上反应完全不能进行。2.Reactions of this type provide useful intermediates in synthesis sequences and the reader who takes itme out at this point to consider the ramifications that are possible with various combinations o faldehydes, ketones, and carbon nucleophiles is ready to play the game of “paper synthesis”.这种类型的反应提供了合成程序中的有用的中间体，读者在这方面只要花些时间考虑醛、酮和亲核试剂的各种可能的化合所出现的结果，就易于玩一场“纸上合成”的游戏。3.These characterisitcs make “derivatives” of this sort valuable,for they are pure compounds that have retained the carbon framework of the original aldehyde or ketone, possess melting points which can be compared with those of known compounds and can be converted back to the original aldehyde or ketone by hydrolysis.这些纯净物具有下列特点：保留原来的醛和酮的碳架，所具有的熔点可以与那些已知化合物的熔点进行比较，并且通过水解能转变为原来的醛和酮，因此这些特点使得这类“衍生物”具有重要价值。Lesson 101.As the relative molecular mass increases, volatility decreases and the esters gradually become viscous, oily liquids or waxy solids.随着相对分子质量的增加，其挥发性降低，酯逐渐变粘而成油状液体或蜡状固体。2.The comp