网络嗅探器的设计与实现中英文翻译外文翻译.doc

网络嗅探器的设计与实现中英文翻译外文翻译外文参考文献译文及原文 专 业 网络工程 （网络与信息化方向) 在线诊断的移动空间坐标测量系统（ MScMS ）Fiorenzo Franceschini, Maurizio Galetto, Domenico Maisano, Luca Mastrogiacom(都灵理工大学，部的生产系统和经济学（DISPEA），高碌街公爵教堂阿布拉兹24 ，10129-都灵，意大利)摘要：移动空间坐标测量系统(MScMS)是一个由意大利都灵大学生产系统与商务经济系的工业测量与质量工程实验室的实验基础之上发展起来的无线传感器主导网络。它的功能是用来实现简单和快速地进行大规模室内三维测量。该系统由三个基本部分组成：一个无线传感器设备群(称为“蟋蟀”)，一个移动的嗅探器和一台用于储存和计算数据的PC机。蟋蟀和移动嗅探器利用了超声波收发器(US)以计算相互之间的距离。这个系统以空间坐标的方式使位置计算成为了可能，这种方式是通过物体的尖端与嗅探器的“接触”实现的。为了避免这个系统发生错误，如超声波的衍射和发射、外界因素（例如钥匙碰撞产生的响声、氖光闪烁等）对超声波的干扰、软件不兼容的解决方案等，MScMS系统运用了统计学试验来进行在线诊断。这篇文章对 “基于模型的能源诊断学”、“基于模型的距离诊断学”、和“传感器物理诊断学” 这三个问题进行了详细的论述。对于每个测量，如果所有这些试验都通过了，则测量的结果会被认为是一个确实可信的特定系数，否则，测量结果会被拒绝。本文对MSCcMC系统进行总体的介绍之后将会着重介绍这三个三线诊断工具和一些由该系统原型获得的初步结果。关键词：移动测量系统，坐标测量，三维测量，大规模测量，无线传感器网络，定位算法，在线诊断.引言：在许多工业领域（如汽车工业和航空工业）里面，对大型物体的三维测量需要很方便和快捷地实现。现在，这些问题可以利用许多基于不同技术（如光学技术、机械技术、电磁技术等）的测量系统来解决。根据测量条件、用户经验和技术、费用、精确度和可移植性等的不同，这些系统用于测量或多或少都是足够的。通常情况下，对测量中到大型物体而言，可移植系统比固定系统好。由测量系统向被测量物体传输数据通常会比反向传输更实际。这篇文章分析的是由意大利都灵大学生产系统与商务经济系的工业测量与质量工程实验室的实验基础之上发展起来的移动空间坐标测量系统（MScMS）。MScMS是一个用于对中到大型物体（如铁路交通工具的纵梁和飞机翼）进行三维测量的无线传感器网络基础系统。用传统的坐标测量系统如坐标测量机器（CMMs）等是几乎不可能用来测量这些物体的，因为这些系统的工作容量有限。MScMS系统的工作原来与著名的NAVSTAR GPS(卫星计时导航和全球定位测距系统)十分相似。他们的主要区别在于MScMS运用超声波技术而不是射频技术来估算空间距离。它非常容易适应不同的测量环境，而且不需要很复杂的安装、启动和校验过程。为了达到连续监测测量的可靠性的目的，本文详细介绍了应用于该系统的在线诊断工具。.“测量的可靠性”的概念如果涉及到CMMs的领域的话，“在线测量性能验证”的概念与“在线自我诊断”的概念严格相关的。在同样的意义层面上，这种方法是对它的估算不确定性的一种“补充”。通常情况下，在线测量验证是保留一个系统特征（包括精确度、可靠性和可再现性）的一种保证。一个测量系统的性能下降的影响是导致“不可靠测量”的产生。一般来说，我们可以定义“测量的可靠性”的概念如下：对于每个可测量的值X，我们可以定义一个可接受的区间LAL,UAL（其中LAL代表较低的接受限度，而UAL则表示较高的接受限度）LAL xUAL，从测量系统的角度来看，一阶和二阶的系统误差率分别对应于：通常LAL和UAL事先知道的。接受区间在定义的时候会考虑到测量结果所要求的质量等级和测量系统的测量特征（精确度、可复制性、可再现性等）。系统“在线自我诊断”的问题并不是个新问题，在许多领域中，人们已经提出了很多的解决策略。在许多关键的部门，就如航空和原子能部门，它们对即时探测系统的故障有绝对的要求，这些地方典型的解决方案是基于“物理冗余”实现的。它主要由使用仪表和系统控制设备复制组成。虽然这种方法实现起来效率高，但是会对系统的造价和复杂度造成一定的影响。. MScMS技术和操作特性MScMS原型是由三个主要组成部分（见图.1）* 星座（网络）的无线设备（蟋蟀） ，适时安排在工作区* 测量探头，通过超声波收发沟通（美国）与星座设备，以便获得的坐标触及点; * 一种计算和控制系统（电脑） ，接收和处理数据发送的移动探针，以评估对象几何特征。测量探头是一个移动系统托管两个无线设备，小费触摸表面点的测量物体和触发激活数据采集（见图.2）。 鉴于几何特征的移动探头，冰山坐标可以单一的方式确定的空间坐标，这两个探针蟋蟀。4. MScMS诊断系统图.5 .一个例子二维质量弹簧系统. 三个参考节点（ _x1 ， _x2 ， _x3 ）与众所周知的立场联系在一起的泉水点进行本地化（ _xP ）以超声波技术为基础，MScMS是明智的许多影响因素。超声波的信号可衍射和反映了两国之间的障碍插嘴设备，不加控制的外部事件可以成为不受欢迎的美国波来源，甚至定位算法可导致不接受的解决办法。这些和其他潜在原因意外测量错误必须采取的控制，以确保适当水平的精度。目的是保护系统， MScMS实施了一系列的统计测试，在线诊断。其中三人分析了以下几个部分： - “能源基于模型的诊断方法” ; - “距离基于模型的诊断方法” ; - “传感器物理诊断学” 。5.结论MScMSis一个对CMMs的创新性的无线测量系统的补充。一个这样的系统原型已经被开发出来用在工业计量和都灵理工大学质量工程实验室里。它是便携式的设备，价钱不算昂贵，适合大规模计量（常规CMMs在大规模测量中会出现不稳定的情况）。系统的一些创新方面就是它在其在线诊断工具上作出了深入的研究。当处理测量系统时，保证测量结果良好的重要性对于那些只要很小的错误都会造成严重后果的应用来说是至关重要的。 本文介绍的所有概念都是基于“可靠性的测量” 的基础上进行的 ，它使MScMS用户可以拒绝对于给定的置信系数，不满足一系列数据验收测试结果的测量。 对于每次测量 ，如果所有这些试验是满意的，则实测结果是可以接受的。否则，测量将被拒绝。测量被拒绝后，操作人员要重新进行测量，改变探头的方向或者定位，如果有必要的话需要重新安排系统网络中的信号源的位置。有些时候，系统可能会被迫重复测量多次，造成了测量时间延长太长，这个问题可以通过改变星座的配置来解决。今后的工作，也包括增强现有的工具的功能，将致力于在测量过程中通过应用可以引导操作人员的额外工具以丰富MScMS控制系统的功能。例如，可以向操作人员建议在测量空间中的探针位置，或提出网络信标的扩展，或自动过滤或纠正发生冲突的测量操作。参考文献： 1 博世茉莉.三坐标测量机和系统.马塞尔特德克尔公司; 1995年. ISBN 0-8247-9581-4. 2 Cauchick -米格尔磷，国王吨，戴维斯学者CMM的核查：一项调查.测量1996年，17（1）:1 - 16 . 3 汉森的HN ，者Chiffre影响的工业比较坐标测量机器在斯堪的纳维亚半岛上的不确定性，重点发言. 精密工程1999 ; 23 (3) :185 - 95 . 4 弗朗西男，Galetto男，乐. 管理的测量.设计关键指标和业绩计量系统. 柏林：施出版社; 2007年.国际书号：978-3-540-73211-2. 附英文原文：On-line diagnostics in the Mobile Spatial coordinate Measuring System (MScMS)Fiorenzo Franceschini, Maurizio Galetto, Domenico Maisano, Luca MastrogiacomoPolitecnico di Torino, Dipartimento di Sistemi di Produzione ed Economia dellAzienda (DISPEA), Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 - Torino, Italy Keywords:Mobile measuring systemCoordinate metrologyDimensional measurementsLarge-scale metrologyWireless-sensor-networksLocalization algorithmsOn-line diagnosticsa b s t r a c t:Mobile Spatial coordinate Measuring System (MScMS) is a wireless-sensor-network based systemdeveloped at the industrial metrology and quality engineering laboratory of DISPEA Politecnico di Torino. It has been designed to perform simple and rapid indoor dimensional measurements of large-size volumes (large-scale metrology).It is made up of three basic parts: a “constellation” of wireless devices (Crickets), a mobile probe, and a PC to store and elaborate data. Crickets and mobile probe utilize ultrasound (US) transceivers in order to evaluate mutual distances. The system makes it possible to calculate the position in terms of spatial coordinates of the object points “touched” by the probe. Acquired data are then available for different types of elaboration (determination of distances, curves or surfaces of measured objects). In order to protect the system against causes of error such as, for example, US signal diffraction and reflection, external uncontrolled US sources (key jingling, neon blinking, etc.), or software non-acceptable solutions, MScMS implements some statistical tests for on-line diagnostics. Three of them are deeply analyzed in this paper: “energy model-based diagnostics”, “distance model-based diagnostics”, and “sensor physical diagnostics”. For each measurement, if all these tests are satisfied at once, the measured result may be considered acceptable with a specific confidence coefficient. Otherwise, the measurement is rejected. After a general description of the MScMS, the paper focuses on the description of these three onlinediagnostic tools. Some preliminary results achieved by the system prototype are also presented and discussed.1. IntroductionIn many industrial fields (for example, automotive and aerospace) dimensional measurements of large-size objects should be easily and rapidly taken 15. Nowadays, the problem can be handled using many metrological systems, based on different technologies (optical, mechanical, electromagnetic, etc.). These systems are more or less adequate, depending on measuring conditions, users experience and skill, cost, accuracy, portability, etc. In general formeasuring mediumlarge-size objects, portable systems can be preferred to fixed ones. Transferring the measuring system to the measured object place is often more practical than the vice-versa 1. This paper analyzes the Mobile Spatial coordinate Measuring System (MScMS), which has been developed at the industrial metrology and quality engineering laboratory of DISPEA Politecnicodi Torino 6.MScMS is a wireless-sensor-network based system, designed to perform dimensional measurements ofmediumlarge-size objects(for example, longerons of railway vehicles, airplane wings, fuselages,etc.). These objects can hardly be measured by traditional coordinatemeasurement systems, such as, for example, Coordinate Measurement Machines (CMMs) because of their limited working volume 7,1. MScMS working principle is very similar to that of well-known NAVSTAR GPS (NAVigation Satellite Timing And Ranging Global Positioning System) 8. The main difference is that MScMS is based on ultrasound (US) technology to evaluate spatial distances, instead of radiofrequency (RF).MScMSis easily adaptable to different measuring environments and does not require complex procedures for installation, start-up or calibration 6.The aim of this paper is to describe the on-line diagnostics tools implemented in the system in order to continuously monitor measurement reliability.2. The concept of “reliability of a measurement”If we refer to the field of CMMs, the concept of “on-line metrologicalperformance verification” is strictly related to the notion of “on-line self-diagnostics” 5,9. In a same sense, this approach is “complementary” to that of uncertainty evaluation 1015. In general, the on-line measurement verification is a guarantee for the preservation of a measurement system characteristics (including accuracy, repeatability, and reproducibility) 16,17. The effect of a measuring system degradation is the production of “non-reliable measurements”.In general, we can define the concept of “reliability of a measurement” as follows.3. MScMS technological and operating featuresMScMS prototype is made up of three main components (see Fig. 1) 6:- a constellation (network) of wireless devices (Crickets), opportunely arranged around the working area;- a measuring probe, communicating via ultrasound transceivers (US) with constellation devices in order to obtain the coordinates of the touched points;- a computing and controlling system (PC), receiving and processing data sent by the mobile probe, in order to evaluate objectsgeometrical features.The measuring probe is a mobile system hosting two wireless devices, a tip to touch the surface points of the measured objects and a trigger to activate data acquisition (see Fig. 2) 6.Given the geometrical characteristics of the mobile probe, the tip coordinates can be univocally determined by means of the spatial coordinates of the two probe Crickets 6.4. MScMS diagnostic systemFig. 5. An example of 2D massspring system. Three reference nodes (_x1, _x2, _x3) with known position are linked by springs to the point to be localized (_xP ).Being based upon US technology, MScMS is sensible to many influencing factors. US signals may be diffracted and reflected by obstacles interposed between two devices, external uncontrolled events can become undesirable US wave sources and even positioning algorithms can lead to non-acceptable solutions. These and other potential causes of accidental measurementerrors must be taken under control to assure proper levels of accuracy.With the aim of protecting the system, MScMS implements a series of statistical tests for on-line diagnostics. Three of them are analyzed in the following sections:- “energy model-based diagnostics”;- “distance model-based diagnostics”;- “sensor physical diagnostics”.5. ConclusionMScMSis an innovative wireless measuring systemcomplementar to CMMs. A prototype of this system has been developed at the industrial metrology and quality engineering laboratory of DISPEA Politecnico di Torino. It is portable, not too much expensive, and suitable for large-scale metrology (uneasy on conventional CMMs).Some innovative aspects of the system concern its on-line diagnostics tools. When dealing with measurement systems, the importance of a good diagnostics of produced measures is crucial for applications in which errors can lead to serious consequences.The diagnostics tools described in this paper, all based on the concept of “reliability of a measurement”, enable MScMS user to reject measurements which do not satisfy a series of statistical acceptance tests with a given confidence coefficient.For eachmeasurement, if all these tests are satisfied at once, the measured result is considered acceptable. Otherwise, the measurement is rejected.After rejection, the operator is asked to redo the measurement, changing the orientation/positioning of the probe or, if it is necessary, beacons arrangement