M3 U1语法讲义.doc

高中英语语法点讲义（牛津译林 模块三）MOUDULE 3Unit 1 The world of our sensesLanguage & grammar focuses:一、短语affect one another hold ones nose sense of tastesign language even if/thoughreach outstep out into the fogin a dark overcoat 1.互相影响2.皱起鼻子3.味觉4.手势语5.即使；虽然6.伸出7.走出来走进雾里8.穿一件深色的外套glance atin sight set off towards by the time a few seconds later stare at watch out for come to ones aidpay backwish for9.浏览, 扫一眼10.在视野之内, 看得见11.出发去, 朝走去12.到时候为止13.几秒钟后14.凝视着15.提防 / 密切注意 16.帮助某人17.偿还； 回报18.盼望；企盼19.松了一口气 in relief20.有影响；起作用 make a difference二、语言点1. sense 作名词，意思是“感官；感觉；意识；鉴赏力；意义；理智；道理；见识” a sense of sight/humor/directions/pride in a sense 在某种意义上 common sense 常识 make sense 有意义、讲得通 make sense of 理解；明白还可动词，意思是“感觉；意识到；理解”eg. The horse sensed danger and stopped. Lisa sensed that he did not believe her. Can you sense the meaning of this poem?2. affect, effect, influence affect v. effect n. influence n. & v. Overwork may affect your health.(影响) Everyone was affected by his sad story.（感动） affect have an effect /influence on。 如： The news did not affect her at all.The news had no effect on her at all. What you read influences your thinking. Television has a strong influence on people. be affected with 被所苦, 被所烦扰, 患有 . 疾病 The child was affected with high fever.三、句子1. Once out in the street, she walked quickly towards her usual bus stop. once out in the street为省略句, 在句中作时间状语, 相当于 Once she was out in the street在时间、 地点、条件、 方式或让步状语从句中, 如果主从句的主语相同, 且从句谓语中又含有be动词, 则从句中的主语和be动词常可省略。eg . When heated, a piece of ice will turn into water. = When a piece of ice is heated, it will turn into water. I wont go even if invited. = I wont go even if I am invited.2. Sorry, Miss, replied the man, the truth is that it is too foggy for the bus to run that far that far 那么远；如此远that 可以做副词，修饰形容词或副词，表示程度。 eg . Im sorry. I hadnt realized the situation was that bad.this也有类似用法： 这么，如此3. As Polly observed the passengers on the train, observe可意为“看到，注意到，观察到；观察；监视；遵守(规则、法律等)” 猜猜下面各句中的observe的含义。1) The speed limit must be strictly observed. (遵守) 2) The far side of the moon is difficult for us to observe. (观察) 3) They are observing her movements.(监视) observe的常见用法： observe sth. observe sb. do (注意：此用法在变成被动语态时要加上to。sb be observed to do ) observe sb. doing observe sb. that clause / wh-clause4. There was no one in sight. 看不见一个人。 within / in sight 看得见 out of sight 看不见 at the sight of . 一看到 at first sight 乍一看；第一眼 lose ones sight 失明 lose sight of 看不见；忽略；忘记 catch sight of 看见；瞥见 come into sight 出现 know sb. by sight 与某人面熟5. Polly set off towards Park Street. set off 出发 set off towards 出发去, 朝走去eg . If you want to catch that train, wed better set off immediately. Theyve set off on a journey round the world. 用set组成的常用短语： set up 建立 set out 开始；出发 set down 太阳落山；飞机着陆 set about doing sth. set out to do sth 着手做某事6. As she walked along the narrow street, she heard the sound of footsteps approaching, approach v. eg . Winter is approaching.（接近，靠近） We have been approached by a number of companies that are interested in our product. （接洽，建议，要求） What is the best way of approaching this problem?（着手处理，对付） n. 方式，方法，态度 She took the wrong approach in dealing with this problem.【词义辨析】 manner, method, way, means, approach 这些名词均含“方法、方式”之意。 manner: 多指行动的特殊方式或独特的方法，方式，态度，礼仪等。 method: 指有系统、有条理地办事或解决问题的方法。 way: 普通用词，可指一般的方法，有时也指个人的方法或方式，也可指特殊的方式或方法。 means: 指为达到某种目的或目标而采用的方法、手段或途径，或使用某种交通工具的方式。 approach: 指从事某事的特别方法、途径。搭配上： way to do/of doing,前面接in(He did this in this way. ) method of，前面接with(He earns money with the method of stealing money) by means of (He went to school by means of taking a bus) approach ton. /doing(the approach to the question)7. Now she wanted to run, but fear held her still. 句中的hold 的意思是“使保持某种状态”， 后常接形容词或副词，做宾语补足语。 Could you hold the door open for me, please? It took three strong men to hold him down. still adj. 形容词，意思是“静止的, 静寂的”， keep still “保持静止” still adv. 更；仍然；静止地 stand still “站立不动”8. watch out for the step here. watch out 小心；提防 watch out for sb. / sth. 当心/提防/注意 watch out be careful look out take care 当心 watch over 看守，监视 watch还可以作名词，常用短语有: keep watch值班，看守，照料 keep a close / good watch on sb. / sth.密切注意，密切监视 keep an eye out for 留心(注意)某人(某事物)名词性从句一、名词性从句在功能上相当于名词，包括主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。1. 主语从句 What he does is important.2. 宾语从句 I dont like what he does every day.3. 表语从句 This is what he does every day.4. 同位语从句 I dont know about the fact that he is a teacher.2、 名词性从句的语序(1) 名词性从句构成有两种 a. That + 陈述句 That he is still alive is a wonder. （同位语从句） 他还活着，真是奇迹。 b. 疑问词+句子的剩余成分 This is what we are looking for. （表语从句） 这就是我们所寻找的。(2) 疑问词引导的名词性从句要求使用陈述句语序，不能用一般疑问句语序。 他是怎么成功的仍然是个谜。 How was he successful is still a puzzle. （F） How he was successful is still a puzzle. （T） 你能告诉我他住在什么地方吗？ Could you tell me where he lives? （T） Could you tell me where does he live? （F）3、 同位语从句与定语从句 相似点1同位语从句与定语从句都可以译成定语 The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. (同位语从句) 我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞。 The news that you told us is really encouraging. (定语从句) 你告诉我们的消息真的令人鼓舞。2 同位语从句与定语从句都可以用that引导 The suggestion that students should learn something practical is worth considering. 学生应该学些实用的东西的建议值得考虑。 (同位语从句) The suggestion that is worth considering is that the students should learn something practical. 值得考虑的建议是学生应该学些实用的东西。 (定语从句)3. 同位语从句与定语从句和其它名词性从句一样也要用陈述语序 同位语从句： Have you any idea where have they gone？ (语序错误) Have you any idea where they have gone？ 你知道他们去哪里了吗？ 定语从句： Do you remember the day when did you join our club?（语序错误） Do you remember the day when you joined our club? 你记得自己什么时候参加我们俱乐部的吗？不同点1. 引导词是否在从句中充当成分 同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成分,；而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，在从句中常充当主语或宾语。例如： 同位语从句： The news that our team has won the final match is encouraging. 我们队取得决赛胜利的消息令人鼓舞。（that只起连接作用） 定语从句： The news that you told us is really encouraging. 你告诉我们的消息真的令人鼓舞。（that在从句中作told的宾语） 同位语从句： The fact that he succeeded in the experiment pleased everybody 他实验成功这个事实使我们大家很高兴。（that只起连接作用） 定语从句： The fact that (which) we talked about is very important 我们所谈论的那个事实很重要。（that在从句中作about的宾语）注意： 同位语从句的that一般不可以省略，但是定语从句中的关系代词如果在从句中充当宾语，可以将关系代词that省略。例如：同位语从句：We heard the news that our volleyball team had won the match.我们听说了我们排球队获胜的消息。（that不可省略）定语从句：This is the very book (that) Im looking for.这正是我要找的那本书。（that作for的宾语，可以省略）四、if 和whether 的选用1. whether和 if 都可以使用的情况： 1) 引导动词的宾语从句时； I asked her if / whether she had a bike. 2) 在be + adj.之后时； Im not certain whether/if the train will arrive on time. 3) 在主语从句中，it 用作形式主语时 It was not known whether/if he would come. 2. 只能用whether的情况： 1) 一般只能用whether or not(或whether. or not)，而不能用if or not； Let me know whether you can come or not. 2) 引导表语从句和同位语从句时； His first question was whether Tom had arrived yet. 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