虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望或假想.doc

虚拟语气表示说话人的主观愿望或假想，所说的是一个条件，不一定是事实，或与事实相反。条件句可分为两类，一类为真实条件句，一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设的或实际可能性不大的情况，故采用虚拟语气。如果假设的情况可能发生，是真实条件句，这种情况下谓语用陈述语气。如： If time permits, well go fishing together.如果时间允许，我们就一起去钓鱼。 如果假设的情况是不存在的或不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如： If you had come yesterday, you would have met that famous professor.如果你昨天来，你就会见到那位著名的教授了。（隐含的事实是：你昨天没来，也没见到那位著名教授）。虚拟语气的使用范围及判断一、虚拟语气表示一种不能实现的假设。该语法主要用于if条件状语从句。也可用于主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句等。二、if条件状语从句中虚拟语气的判断判断是真实条件句还是非真实条件句。只有在非真实条件句中才使用虚拟语气。通过句子意思，看假设的条件是否能够实现，能够实现是真实条件句，不能使用虚拟语气；假设的条件不能实现则是非真实条件句，要用虚拟语气。判断这个假设是与哪个事实相反。通常有三种情况：与过去事实相反。与现在事实相反。与将来事实可能相反。三、“后退一步法”后退一步法是指在准确地判断了该句与哪一事实相反后，按虚拟语气的后退一步法处理从句谓语动词的时态。即：在非真实条件状语从句中，谓语动词按正常情况“后退一步”。也就是：与过去事实相反，在从句中用过去完成时形式表示。与现在事实相反，在从句中用过去一般时形式表示。与将来事实可能相反，在从句中用过去将来时形式表示。 主句中则用情态动词would, should, could 等加一个与从句一致的动词形式。例：If I had come her yesterday, I would have seen him.If I were a teacher, I would be strict with my students.If it should snow tomorrow, they couldnt go out.II.虚拟语气用在宾语从句中sb.did(希望现在用过去式)1.wish+thatsb.haddone（希望过去用过去完成式）sb.would/shoulddo（希望将来用过去将来）2.wouldrather后的从句要用虚拟语气。时间从句虚拟现在were,did(动词一般过去式)虚拟过去haddone虚拟将来did(动词一般过去式)例：IwouldratherIhadntsaidsuchunkindthingstoyou.（虚拟过去）Idratheryoucameherefortheanswertomorrowmorning.（虚拟将来）Idratheryoupostedtheletterrightaway.(虚拟现在)3.suggest+（that）S+should+do表示愿望、建议、请求等主观意向的动词之后的宾语从句，谓语用should动词原形，should常常省略。这类词有：decide，demand，desire，insist，order，propose，suggest，recommend，requested，require等。注意：1.suggest当“建议”讲时，其宾语从句用虚拟语气；当“暗示、表明”时，用陈述语气2.insist当坚持“看法或建议”时，宾语从句用虚拟语气；当坚持“某个事实”时，用陈述语气。判断改错：（错）Yourpalefacesuggeststhatyou（should）beill.（对）Yourpalefacesuggeststhatyouareill.（错）Iinsistedthatyou（should）bewrong.（对）Iinsistedthatyouwerewrong.III.虚拟语气用在主语从句中Itisdemanded/necessary/apity+that等结构的主语从句，谓语动词用should加动词原形，should可省略。Itis可用的词有三类that（should）dosuggested,ordered,required,proposed,demanded,requested,insisted等important,necessary,natural,imperative,strange等apity,ashame,nowonder等IV虚拟语气用在同位语从句中。某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词后同位语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为(should)动词原形。这类名词常见的有：advice，suggestion，proposal（提议），order，demand，desire，request，requirement，recommendation（推荐），plan，resolution（决议），idea等。eg.Weareallforyourproposalthatthediscussion(should)beputoffV虚拟语气用在表语从句中。某些表示建议、请求、命令等主观意向的名词作主语时，表语从句需用虚拟语气，其表达形式为(should)动词原形。这类名词常见的有：advice，suggestion，proposal，order，demand，desire，request，requirement，recommendation以及plan，idea，resolution等。eg.Mysuggestionisthatthemayor(should)presenttheprizes.VI虚拟语气用在定语从句中Itis（abouthigh）timethatsb.didsth/shoulddosth.eg.Dontyouthinkitsabouttimewewenthome？注：在thisisthefirsttimesecondtimethat句型中，从句中谓语动词用陈述语气完成时态。eg.IsthisthefirsttimethatyouhavevisitedHongkong？VII.虚拟语气用在让步、方式、目的状语从句中1在带有evenif/eventhough引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如:Evenifhehadbeenill,hewouldhavegonetohisoffice.即使生了病，他俩去办公室。2由asif或asthough引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或“had十过去分词”。如:HetreatedmeasifIwereastranger.他那样对待我，好像我是陌生人似的。Shetalkedaboutthefilmasifshehadreallyseenit.她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。3虚拟语气用在lest（唯恐、免得），forfearthat及incase引导的目的状语从句中。在由lest等引导的目的状语从句中需用虚拟语气，表示“以防，以免”等意思，其谓语动词多由should动词原形构成，should也可省略。eg.HewaspunishedlestheshouldmakethesamemistakeagainVIII虚拟语气用情感语言中1虚拟语气在表示客气、遗憾以及祝愿等场合中，使用虚拟语气。eg.Youshouldnthavebeenfollowinghimsoclosely；youshouldhavekeptyourdistance2Ifonlysb./sth.+时态后退型的谓语eg.IfonlyIhadknowntheresultoftheexamination.IX.虚拟语气的特殊用法： 1. 省掉if的条件从句结构： Had you asked me, I would have told you. (=If you had asked me,) 2.有时虚拟条件不用条件从句而用不定式、分词、介词、名词、连接词或定语从句来表示，如： A true friend would not do such a thing. (=If he were a true friend, he would.) 3.有时条件从句中的动作和结果从句中的动作发生的时间不一致，如： If he had followed the doctors advice, he would be quite all right now. If I were you, I would have gone home. 虚拟语气练习题：1.Ifyouwereoldenough,I_youtogothereyesterday. A.willallowB.shouldallowC.wouldhaveallowedD.hadallowed2.Thesecretarysuggestedthatthey_themeninatonce. A.hadbroughtB.shouldhavebroughtC.broughtD.bring3._Iyou,Iwouldgowithhimtotheparty. A.WasB.HadbeenC.WillbeD.Were4.Itisstrangethatsuchathing_inyourclass. A.willhappenB.happensC.shouldhappenD.happened5.HowIwishI_torepairthewatch!Ionlymadeitworse. A.hadtriedB.hadnttriedC.havetriedD.didnttry6.Ifhe_totheteacherattentively,he_theanswertotheproblemnow. A.hadlistened,wouldhaveknownB.listened,wouldknow C.listened,wouldhaveknownD.hadlistened,wouldknow7.Iwasbusyyesterday,otherwiseI_yourbirthdayparty. A.attendedB.hadattendedC.wouldattendD.wouldhaveattended8.IfonlyI_howtooperateanelectroniccomputerasyoudo. A.hadknownB.wouldknowC.shouldknowD.knew9.Thetwostrangerstalksasifthey_friendsforyears. A.wereB.wouldbeC.havebeenD.hadbeen10.Itishightimewe_upourresults. A.sumB.summedC.willsumD.wouldsum11ThelibrarianinsiststhatJohn_nomorebooksfromthelibrarybeforehereturnsallthebookshehadborrowed. A.willtakeB.tookC.takeD.takes12.Butfortheguidanceofourinstructor(导师),we_intheexperiment. A.shouldntsucceedB.couldnothavesucceeded C.willnotsucceedD.shouldnothavesucceeded13.Itsabouttimepeople_noticeofwhatwomendidduringthewar. A.takeB.tookC.havetakenD.willtake14.Shecouldnthaveansweredthequestionifshe_afewbooksonworldhistory. A.hadntreadB.hasntreadC.wouldntreadD.didntread15.Isntitabouttimethatyou_topickupthevisitorsfromNewYork? A.hadgoneB.shouldgoC.goD.willgo16.Theyoungmaninsistedthathe_nothingwrongand_freeimmediately.A.did;setB.haddone;shouldbesetC.do;besetD.haddone;mustbeset17.Youradvicethat_tillnextweekisreasonable. A.shewaitsB.shewaitC.waitsheD.shewaited18.Itwasessentialthatwe_lease（条约、合同）beforetheendofthemonth. A.signB.signedC.hadsignedD.weresigning19.IwishthatI_withyoulastnight. A.wentB.havegoneC.couldgoD.couldhavegone20.HespeaksChinesesofluentlyasifhe_aChinese. A.wereB.hadbeenC.isD.hasbeen21.Lookingroundthetown,hefeltasthoughheawayforages. A.hasbeenB.wasC.isD.hadbeen22.ItisimportantthattheTOEFL_officeyourregistration. A.willconfirmB.confirmC.confirmsD.mustconfirm23.IfIhadseenthemovie,I_youallaboutitnow. A.wouldtellB.willtellC.havetoldD.wouldhavetold24.IhadhopedthatJohn_ayearinAfrica,buthestayedthereonlyforthreemonths. A.spendsB.spentC.wouldspendD.willspend25.Idratheryouanythingaboutitforthetimebeing. A.doB.didntdoC.dontD.didnt26.Everybodyhasarrived.Itstimewetheclass. A.shallstartB.wouldstartC.hadstartedD.shouldstart27.theEnglishexaminationIwouldhavegonetotheconcertlastSunday A.InspiteofB.ButforC.BecauseofD.Asfor28.Whenapencilispartlyinaglassofwater，itlooksasifit_.A.breaksB.hasbrokenC.werebrokenD.hadbeenbroken29.Shecouldnthaveansweredthequestionifshe_afewbooksonworldhistory. A.hadntreadB.hasntreadC.wouldntreadD.didntread30.Thesunrisesintheeastandsetsinthewest,soitseemsasifthesun_roundtheearth.A.werecirclingB.circlesC.iscirclingD.becircling31._thefog,weshouldhavereachedourdestination.A.BecauseofB.InspiteofC.IncaseofD.Butfor32.Butfortheguidanceofourinstructor(导师),we_intheexperiment.A.shouldntsucceedB.couldnothavesucceedC.willnotsucceedD.shouldnothavesucceeded33.TheLawrequiresthateveryone_hiscarcheckedatleastonceayear.A.hasB.hadCwillhaveD.have34.Irecommendedthatthestudent_hiscompositionassoonaspossible.A.finishingwritingB.shouldfinishthewritingC.finishwritingD.finishedwriting35.Iwouldhavecalledyouupforhelphaditbeenpossible,butI_yourphonenumberthen.A.hadnthadB.didnthaveC.shouldnthaveD.couldnthave36.Withoutelectricityhumanlife_quitedifferenttoday.A.isB.willbeC.wo