美式英语发音教程7.doc

美式英语发音教程7发音基本功一、口语中的同化现象l 同化是指两个相邻的音连读时，其中一个音受另一个音的影响，变得跟邻音相同或相似；或者化一；或者两音相互影响，变为第三个音的现象。第一节 顺向型同化：前面的音影响后面的音，叫顺向型同化。l 这种现象多见于单词读音中，如当名词后加-e(-es)变成复数，动词单数第三人称加-s(-es),或规则动词后加“-ed”变成过去式或过去分词，由于受前面的音的影响，这些后加成分的读音各不相同。如cats和beds其复数形式同样是加“-s”但前者念s,而后者念z,原因是他们前面的音一个是清辅音t，另一个是浊辅音d。加“-ed”情况相同，其读音规律是清清浊浊，即清辅音后读清音，浊辅音后读浊音。如：looked念 lJkt，而pulled念p Jld。l l 关于名词后加-s(-es)变成复数，动词单数第三人称加-s(-es),或者规则动词后加“ed”变成过去式或过去分词，由于受前面的音的影响，这些后加成分的读音规则为：清辅音后读清音，浊辅音后读浊音。l It raining cats and dogs.l 下倾盆大雨。l He stopped reading and looked up.l 这时他停止看书，抬头看看。第二节 逆向型同化：前面的音受后面的音影响，叫逆向型同化。l 如news的单独读音是nju:z，但在复合词newspaper中却读 nju:sp eippr, nju:z中的z在复合词 nju:sp eIpr中由于受后面清辅音p的影响而清化变成了s。又如：used to 短语本该读成 ju:zd tu，但受后面t的影响，浊辅音d变成了t，而t又影响z的读音，使其清化为s，所以现在应念成 ju:s tu。l Before I eat dinner, I read the newspaper for a while.l We read the newspaper every morning.l A: He is not the man he used to be. l B: Dont worry. Youll get used to it in no time.l We used to go there every year.l Our company used to do business with theirs.l 第三节 相互同化l 相互同化（1）l 相互同化就是前后两个连在一起得音念起来不太方便，于是连在一起的两个音就互为影响而混合成一个新的、折衷的、比较好念的音，使之念起来顺口、听起来顺儿、看起来顺眼。此类同化并非是随意的，而是有规可循的。主要的变化如下：l s + j = l 在此情况下基本上都连读l God bless you.l gd blesju: s + j = 口语中读音 gBd ble u: l Now look what a mess youve made. l Do you miss your family? I shall miss you very much. 相互同化（2）l t + j = t l 在此情况下基本上都连读l How about you?l hau baut tju: t + j = t 口语中读音hau baut t ju: l Take care that you dont spoil your new clothes.l A: Im very glad to meet you.l B: Its a pleasure to meet you.l Im sorry to tell that youve been dismissed.相互同化（3） l d + j = dl 在此情况下基本上都连读l Could you tell me where the bus stop is? kudju: d + j = d 口语中读音 ku d u:l A: Did you panic?l B: Of course! It was awful!l Would you show me the bathroom, please?l Would you care to go for a walk with me? （Care of 想）l Could you do me a favor?l Could you possibly give me a lift home? 因发音部位的影响而发生的同化l 当很快地说 This shield 或 horseshoe 时，this 或 horse 的词尾的齿龈音s，受后面的 shield 或 shoe 词头的硬颚音的影响，也变为了。因而就念成了 i ild、 hr u。l s 之后跟s 之后跟或j时，s常被同化为 s-。如： this ship is ip-i ipl z之后跟j或时，常被同化为； s-。如：Has she come? hz i: km-h i: km当齿龈鼻音 n出现在软颚音k或g前面时，它就变成软颚鼻音 l n+k或g= l Thank you. kju: n+k=l I take a walk along the river bank every morning.l I think I can learn to speak good English in one month.l Hunger is best sauce.l He hungered for her love.l I was angered by his refusal to come to the party.“清” 与“浊”之间的同化l 当 north, south, worth 三个词变为形容词时，这些词原来词尾的因为受了后面元音的影响，就变成了浊音 ：l She has traveled in northern countries. l The southern half of the country is a desert. l She says help only the worthy poor. l This book is worthy of being read (to be read). 二、口语中的异化现象l 两个相同或相近的音位，在发音过程中因受某种影响，而变得不同或不相近，这种现象叫做异化。l 异化也称辅音的浊化现象，s后面的清辅音当连接一个元音时（一般出现在重读音阶上），s后面的清辅音受后面的元音影响，在实际发音中要读成与其相对应的浊辅音，在语音分析中称为浊化。秘诀：（1）sp+元音l （1）sp+元音口语中读音为 sb+元音l sp end口语读音sb endl How do you spend you leisure? l He spends a lot of time with his girlfriend. l Speak spi:k口语读音sbi:k l Actions speak louder than words. l I must speak with my son about his cigarette smoking. （2）sk+元音l （2）sk+元音口语中读音为 sg+元音、l scare sk 口语读 sgl Im so scared. l You scared me. l School sku:l口语读音sgu:l l He has studied English in school for tow years. l If I were a millionaire, I would start a school. （3）st+ 元音l （3）st+ 元音口语中读音为sd+元音l start st:t 口语读音sd:t l If you are ready, you may start you work. l He was so excited that he started to cry. l Still stil口语读音sdill He came yesterday and he is still here. l He is dull; still, he tries hard. l Did you stay up late last night? l A: What steps are you taking in the matter?l B:Were dealing with it step by step. （4）str+元音l （4）str+元音口语中读音为 sdr+元音l strike straik 口语读音sdraik l He struck me with a stick. l A: How does the idea strike you? l B: The plan strikes me as ridiculous. l Strange streind 口语读音sdreind l The work is still strange to him. l Who is that strange man over there? l Are you embarrassed about talking to strangers? （5）have to 和has to （不得不）的发音技巧l 相似的逆行同化作用也发生在have to 和 has to 中，have hv 词尾的浊辅音v受了他后面清辅音t的影响，而变成了清辅音f。同样地，hashz词尾的浊辅音z受了他后面的清辅音 t的影响，也变成了清辅音s。l Have to 在口语中发成 hvft ；has to 在口语中发成 hst。l Youll have to get off here. l I have to go now. l You have to do you r homework. l I have to go, or Ill wet my pants. l That is all he has to do. l 特别说明假如have 和 has 分别念为不同化的hv和hz ，而后面稍有停顿再加上一个tu(:)的话，那么意思就是“有”，而不是“不得不”了。（6）had to （必须）的发