用于在手工采摘甜樱桃期间监测采摘器效率的便携式称重系统.pdf

PORTABLEWEIGHINGSYSTEMFORMONITORINGPICKEREFFICIENCYDURINGMANUALHARVESTOFSWEETCHERRYYIANNISGAMPATZIDISMATTHEWDWHITINGBOLIUPATRICKASCHARFFRANCISJPIERCEPUBLISHEDONLINE12SEPTEMBER2012C211SPRINGERSCIENCEBUSINESSMEDIA,LLC2012ABSTRACTHARVESTCOSTSARESIGNIFICANTFORTREEFRUITPRODUCERSAND,YET,NOTWELLSTUDIEDINTHISPAPERAPROTOTYPESYSTEMFORMEASURINGHARVESTWORKEREFFICIENCYINSWEETCHERRYPRUNUSAVIUMLISPRESENTEDTHISWEIGHINGSYSTEMCONSISTSOFADIGITALWEIGHINGPLATFORMCOMPATIBLEWITHSTANDARDCOMMERCIALFRUITBINSANDADATALOGGERINTERFACEDTOAWIRELESSRADIOWEIGHTDATAWERETRANSMITTEDEVERY5S,FILTEREDANDSTOREDTOALAPTOPCOMPUTERDATABASESYSTEMFUNCTIONALITYANDRELIABILITYWEREEVALUATEDINFIVEORCHARDSINCOOPERATIONWITHTHREECOMMERCIALGROWERSPRELIMINARYTESTSSHOWEDTHATTHESYSTEMDIDNOTINTERFEREWITHNORMALHARVESTACTIVITIESANDTHATTHEEFFICIENCYOFPICKERSANDPICKINGTEAMSVARIEDWITHINANDACROSSORCHARDBLOCKS,EG075TO287KG/MIN,DEPENDINGONTHEIREXPERIENCEANDSKILLSEG137KG/MINFORSKILLEDWORKERSVS064KG/MINFORUNSKILLEDFURTHER,THEMEANPICKINGRATEOFSKEENAWITHOUTPEDICELSSTEMFREEWAS115KG/MIN,ALMOST50GREATERTHANFRUITWITHSTEMSMEAN075KG/MINWHENPICKEDBYTHESAMECREWANDORCHARDKEYWORDSLABORMONITORINGC1HARVESTEFFICIENCYC1YIELDMAPC1ZIGBEEINTRODUCTIONTHEEFFICIENCYOFLABORDURINGSWEETCHERRYPRUNUSAVIUMLHARVESTISAFFECTEDBYMANYFACTORSINCLUDINGORCHARDARCHITECTURE,FRUITYIELDANDCAPABILITYOFTHEWORKER,AMONGOTHERSFORSWEETCHERRY,HARVESTCOSTSACCOUNTFOR5060OFANNUALPRODUCTIONCOSTSSEAVERTETAL2008ANDTHEREISGREATINTERESTTOREDUCETHESEVIAHORTICULTURALAND/ORMECHANICALMEANSAPROTOTYPECHERRYHARVESTERTHATREMOVESFRUITATTHEFRUITPEDICELYGAMPATZIDISSARIGETAL1999HENCE,ALMOSTALLSPECIALTYCROPSFORFRESHMARKETCONSUMPTIONAREHARVESTEDMANUALLYSEAVERTETAL2008TSATSARELIS2003TREESTATUREANDORCHARDARCHITECTUREAREIMPORTANTFACTORSAFFECTINGHARVESTEFFICIENCYSTRIKETAL2003STRIKANDBULLER2002NEWTRAININGSYSTEMS,WITHSIMPLIFIEDARCHITECTUREPEDESTRIANANDPLANARSYSTEMS,FORSWEETCHERRYHAVEBEENDEVELOPEDWITHTHEGOALSOFIMPROVINGPRODUCTIONEFFICIENCYANDPRODUCINGHIGHQUALITYFRUITWHITINGETAL2005SANSAVINIANDLUGLI1998SYSTEMSTHATUTILIZEDSIZECONTROLLINGROOTSTOCKSPLANTEDATHIGHTREEDENSITYHAVEACHIEVEDEARLIERORCHARDPRODUCTIVITYWHILESTILLYIELDINGGOODQUALITYFRUITLANG2005WHITINGANDSMITH2007THOUGHTHEREARENOEMPIRICALREPORTSONTHEIRIMPACTONHARVESTLABOREFFICIENCYANDSAFETYWHITING2009INTRODUCEDANEWTRAININGSYSTEMFORSWEETCHERRY,THEUPRIGHTFRUITINGOFFSHOOTSUFOARCHITECTURE,INTENDEDTOIMPROVEWORKERSAFETYANDHARVESTEFFICIENCYBYSIMPLIFYINGPRUNING/TRAININGANDCREATINGAPLANARTREEFORMCOMPATIBLEWITHAUTOMATIONTECHNOLOGIESSUCHASPLATFORMSEGMECHANICAL/MECHANICALASSISTHARVESTPLATFORMS,PRUNINGPLATFORMS,ETCAGAIN,THEREARENOPUBLISHEDDATAONHARVESTEFFICIENCYFORTHISSYSTEMSTUDIESOFLABOREFFICIENCYDURINGHARVESTOFTREEFRUITCROPSARELIMITEDACQUIRINGRELIABLEDATAINTHEFIELDISNECESSARYFORSPATIALVARIABILITYSTUDIESEGPRECISIONAGRICULTUREDATAMONITORINGSYSTEMSWOULDHELPFARMERSUNDERSTANDANDEVALUATECROPPRODUCTION,ANDINFORMTHEIRDECISIONMAKINGPROCESSAMPATZIDIS2010AMPATZIDISETAL2008ONEOFTHEMAINDIFFICULTIESWHENIMPLEMENTINGANAUTOMATICMONITORINGSYSTEMFORSPECIALTYCROPPRODUCTSISTHEACQUISITIONOFRELEVANTDATAFROMTHEFIRSTLINKOFTHEPRODUCTIONCHAINTOTHEFARMGATEAMPATZIDISANDVOUGIOUKAS2009ASIGNIFICANTROADBLOCKTOACQUIRINGPOSITIONDATAINORCHARDSISTHATGPSDATAARETYPICALLYUNAVAILABLEUNDERDENSECANOPIESAMPATZIDISETAL2009HEIDMANANDROSA2005OTHERTECHNIQUESFORDATACOLLECTIONINTHEORCHARDS,WHICHUTILIZECOMBINATIONSOFRADIOFREQUENCYIDENTIFICATIONRFID,GPSANDBARCODEREGISTRATIONTECHNOLOGIESAMPATZIDISANDVOUGIOUKAS2009AMPATZIDISETAL2009TRIOLOETAL2007LEEETAL2010,MOBILEBASEDSOLUTIONSCUNHAETAL2010KUFLIKETAL2009LUVISIETAL2009MORAISETAL2008ANDYIELDMONITORINGSYSTEMSWHITNEYETAL1999SCHUELLERETAL1999SALEHIETAL2000HAVEBEENEVALUATEDINTHEPASTAMPATZIDISETAL2011DESCRIBEDAWEARABLEPOSITIONRECORDINGSYSTEMFORORCHARDWORKERS,BASEDONASMARTINERTIALMEASUREMENTUNITANDASMALLBARCODEREADERTHATESTABLISHEDWORKERSPOSITIONINRELATIONTOTREESALLOFTHESEAPPLICATIONSHAVEBEENUSEDFORTRACEABILITYANDPRECISIONMANAGEMENTPURPOSESINSPECIALTYCROPS,YETLITTLERESEARCHHASINVESTIGATEDWORKEREFFICIENCYDURINGHARVESTASAPRELUDETOCOMPREHENSIVESTUDYOFFACTORSAFFECTINGHARVESTEFFICIENCYINSWEETCHERRY,OURRESEARCHPROGRAMDEVELOPEDANDTESTEDAPROTOTYPESYSTEMFORRECORDINGTHEWEIGHTOFSTANDARDORCHARDBINSDURINGHARVESTINCOMMERCIALSWEETCHERRYORCHARDSMATERIALSANDMETHODSSWEETCHERRYHARVESTPROCESSTHEANNUALSWEETCHERRYHARVESTISONEOFTHEMOSTLABORINTENSIVEOFALLAGRICULTURALENDEAVORSDUETOLARGETREESIZEANDHIGHNUMBEROFFRUITPERTREEDURINGTHEHARVESTINGPRECISIONAGRIC201314162171163123PROCEDURE,LABORERSMOVEALONGROWSPICKINGFRUITMANUALLYWITHASLIGHTTWISTINGSNAPPINGMOTIONTYPICALLYUSLABORERS,PICKFRUITBYTHEPEDICELINCLUSTERSOF24,ANDPLACEFRUITINTOAMETALORPLASTICBUCKETWITHACAPACITYOFABOUT712KG,SECUREDOVERTHEIRSHOULDERSWITHSTRAPSTHEPICKERSCARRYANDUSEALUMINUMLADDERSRANGINGINHEIGHTFROM24TO4MTOACCESSFRUITONCETHEBUCKETISFILLED,PICKERSDUMPFRUITINTOALARGERRECEPTACLEEITHERAPLASTICLUGORBINDESIGNEDTOHOLDCA1360OR180KG,RESPECTIVELYIFUSED,FULLLUGSAREDUMPEDSUBSEQUENTLYINTOBINSANDBINSARECOLLECTEDBYTRACTOR,LOADEDONATRAILER,ANDDELIVEREDTOALOCALPACKINGSHEDFORSORTING,CLEANINGANDPACKAGIN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