英美文学重点总结-老师的讲义

Name/CN NameWriters FeaturesWritings / CN WritingsWritings FeaturesEnglish LiteratureThe Renaissance Period 1. age: 1500-16602. background: stimulated by the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek classic; Englands Golden Age, especially in literature; the Church of England broke away from the Catholic Church3. features: (1)New poetical forms introduced, e.g. blank verse and sonnet;(2) the English drama based itself on the models of Roman and Greek classics and the precedents from Italy and Spain(3)the universal tend of humanism in emphasizing mans dignity and his worldly happinessEdmund Spenser埃德蒙.斯賓賽1. The poets poet;2. Perfect melody; a rare sense of beauty; a splendid imagination; a lofty moral purity and seriousness; a dedicated idealismThe Faerie Queen仙后(The Shepheades Calender牧人日记;Epithalamion新婚喜歌)An allegory; a historical poem to present the example of a perfect gentleman; a hero represent one of the 12 virtues; fierce warres and faithful lovesChristopher Marlowe克里斯扥夫.馬洛（Blank verse University wit）1. perfected blank verse and turned it into the principal medium of English drama2. created a series of images of the Renaissance hero for English dramaDr Fauctus浮士德博士The Passionate Shepherd to His Love多情的牧羊人致情人1. symbolic of a humanist in the Renaissance; based on the German legend of a magician aspiring for knowledge and finally meeting his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the DevilWilliam Shakespeare威廉.莎士比亞The greatest playwright and the most popular sonnet writer; a creation of characters; skillful plot construction; irony; a good use of a language; skilled in various poetic forms; of three quatrains and a couplet(三节四行诗加一节偶句); national unity under a mighty and just sovereign is a necessity“The Kings government must be carried on” (在一个强大英明的君主统治下的国家，统一是非常必要的)(Each hero has his weekness of nature: Hamlet, the melancholic scholar-prince, faces the dilemma between action and mind; Othellos inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old king Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power makes himself suffer from treachery and infidelity; and Macbeths lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.)literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and realitySonnets十四行詩The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人Hamlet哈姆雷特(Venus and Adonis维纳斯和安东尼斯; The Rape of Lucrece鲁克丽斯受辱记;romantic tragicomedies浪漫悲喜剧;Romeo and Juliet;Shakespeares greatest tragedies are : Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth)1. 154 poems; English form2. The traditional theme of the play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew. Many people today tend to regard the play as a satire of the Christians hypocrisy and their false standards of friendship and love, their cunning ways of pursuing worldliness and their unreasoning prejudice against Jews (Shylock). 3. A man of contemplation rather than action; has the qualities of a “blood-and-thunder” thriller and a philosophical exploration of life and deathFrancis Bacon弗蘭西斯.培根a well known philosopher scientist and essayist; lays the foundation of modern science; his Essays is an important landmark in the development of English prosebrevitycompactnesspowerfulnessOf Studies论学习It analyzes what studies chiefly serve for, the different ways adopted by different people to pursue studies, and how studies exert influence over human charaterJohn Donne約翰.鄧恩the leading figure(代表人物) of the metaphysical school(玄学派); his poems can be divided into two groups: the secular and the religious; sermons; The songs and Sonnetsa seemingly unfocused diversity of experiences and attitudes and a free range of feelings and moods; dynamic rather than staticThe Sun Rising太阳升起Death, Be Not Proud死神，莫骄横（Holy Sonnets）1. dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love2. a bold challenge to the proud DeathJohn Milton約翰.彌爾頓A versatile writer; fight for freedom in all aspects as a Christian humanistParadise Lost失樂園Satan, after being defeated in his rebel against God, tempts Adam and Eve to eat the apples from the Forbidden Tree, and causes the Fall of ManThe Neoclassical Period 1. age: 1660-17982. background: The English society of the neoclassical period was a turbulent one. Fast development of England as a nation; the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason3. features: (1)a furtherance of the Renaissance the Enlightenment Movement, advocated universal education(2)reason, eternal truth, eternal justice, eternal equality was what human society should seek for; advocated universal education(3)reviving the interest in old classical works (neoclassicism)(4)keep to order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy(5)had specific rules for almost every genre of literatureJohn Bunyan約翰.班楊As a stout Puritan, he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believed in salvation through spiritual struggleConcrete and living languagecarefully observed and vividly presented detailThe Pilgrims Progress天路历程(Symbolizes human world, for All the cometh is vanity; everything and anything in this world is vanity, have no value and no meaning; but this town lay in the way to the Celestial City, meaning pilgrims had to resist the temptations there when they made their way through)Is the most successful religious allegory in the English language; its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds of social evilsAlexander Pope亞歷山大.蒲伯Strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorumSatiricconcisesmoothgracefulwell-balanced styleOn Criticism論批評a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism; a typical didactic one; written in the form of heroic couplets, its plain in style and it is easy to read.Daniel Defoe 丹尼爾.笛弗A very good story-teller; his sentences are sometimes short, crisp and plain, and sometimes long and rambling, which leave on the reader an impression of casual narrationSmootheasycolloquialmostly vernacularRobinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记Adventure on a deserted island; depicts a hero grows from an inexperienced youth onto a shrewd and hardened man; a song of courage, wisdom, struggle against the hostile natural environmentJonathan Swift喬納森.斯威特Is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple, direct, precise prose; “proper words in proper places”Clearsimpleconcrete dictionuncomplicated sentence structureeconomy and conciseness of languageGullivers Travels格列佛遊記Four places: Lilliput, Brobdingnag, the flying island; HouyhnhnmHenry Fielding亨利.菲爾丁First of all the 18th century English novelist to write the comic epic in prose; the first to give the modern novel its structure and style; use the third-person narration; “Father of the English Novel ”; “the just copies of human manners”Easyunlabouredfamiliarextremely vivid and vigorous logic and rhythmTom Jones湯姆.琼斯Samuel Johnson賽繆爾.約翰遜Very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes; no matter how complex his sentences are, the thought is always clearly expressed To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chesterfield致可敬的吉士菲尔伯爵书A strong indignation at the Earls fame-fishing; implying writers independence in economy and writing; open a new era in the development of literatureRichard Brinsley Sheridan理查德.比.謝立丹The only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century; in his plays, morality is the constant themeThe School of Scandal造谣学校A story about two brothersThomas Gray扥馬斯.格雷The leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially “the Graveyard School”Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌Reflects on death, the sorrow of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholyThe Romantic Period 1. age: 1798-18702. background: coming along with the French Revolution and the Industrial Revolution3. features:(1)contrary with the neoclassicism: emphasize that man have in common, focuses on the special qualities of individual mind(2)tend to probe into the inner world of the human spirit rather narrate daily happenings of the human world(3)employ rural scenery, legendary and mythological, stories of ancient times, figures from country and Orientals(4)produce a number of great poets, the Romantic period is an age of poetry(5)the focus of the everyday life of human beings in the Age brought about the flourishing of familiar essaysWilliam Blake威廉.布萊克The first important Romantic poet; the spokesman of vevolt; took “This World” as “a World of Imagination and Vision”, declaring that “The Nature of my work is visionary and imaginative”Plaindirectlyric beautysymbolismThe Chimney Sweeper/Songs of Innocence扫烟囱的孩子/天真之歌The Chimney Sweeper/Songs of Experience扫烟囱的孩子/經驗之歌The Tyger老虎1. indicates the conditions of the exploitation of child labor, which make religion a consolation;2. reveals the true nature of religion which helps bring misery to the poor childrenWilliam Wordsworth威廉.華茲華斯A “worshipper of nature”; a poet in memory of the past, to him, life is a cyclical journey, its beginning finally turns out to be its end; Advocate the writing of the common people in ordinary language; the joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes; natural scenery with its beauty and mystery acts also as one of his favorite themes, the poor in rural places; reveal the inner workings of individuals mind; the seeming simplicity of the poet both in diction and description is immersed in a profound and sympathetic longing for a better world; poetry originates from “emotion recollected in tranquillity”Lyrical Ballads抒情歌謠集Tintern Abbey丁登寺（I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud我孤独地漂泊犹如一片浮云Composed upon Westminster Bridge作于西敏寺桥上She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways她居住在人迹罕至的地方The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女）A vivid picture of a beautiful morning I n London; Italian formSamuel Taylor Coleridge塞繆爾.特勒.科勒律治Can be divided into two groups: the demonic and conversational; Kubla Khan忽必烈漢Describes the pleasure dome of the Khan;George Gordon Byron喬治.戈登.拜倫G.G.Byrons chief contribution: “Byronic hero”: Such a hero is a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is right all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and he would fight single handedly against all the misdoings, political, religious and moral. Thus his figure is a rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions. Song for the Luddites为卢得派歌唱Don Juan （The Isles of Greece）唐璜（哀希腊）Percy Bysshe Shelley鉑.比.雪萊Greatest achievement is his four-act poetic drama, Prometheus UnboundA Song : Men of England英国人民之歌Ode to the West Wind西風頌1. a war cry calling upon all working people of England to rise up against their political oppressors and an address to point out to them the intolerable injustice of economic exploitation2. The autumn wind, burying the dead year, preparing for a new Spring; “If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?”expressed eagerness to enjoy the boundless freedom from the realityJohn Keats約翰.濟慈Sensuous, colorful and rich in imagery; exact and closely knit construction, sensual descriptionOde to an Grecian Urn希腊古瓮頌Show the contrast between the permanence of art and the transience of human passionJane Austen簡.奧斯汀Main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships; her characteristic theme is that maturity is achieved through the loss of illusionsDelightful and profoundPride and Prejudice傲慢與偏見Wave vivid pictures of everyday life of simple country societyThe Victorian Period 1. age:1836-19012. background:(1)early years: rapid economic development as well as serious social problems(2)the next twenty years: prosperity and relative stability. a national spirit of earnestness, respectability, modesty domesticity(3)the last three decades: the decline of the British empire and the decay of the Victorian values3. idea:(1)Darwins The Origin of Species; The Descent of Man shook the theoretical basis of the traditional faith(2)Utilitarianism: whether it could promote the material happiness(3)socially conscious writers criticized(2)s depreciation of cultural values, cold indifference towards human feeling(4)literature: magnitude and diversity, romantically and realistically4.critical realist writers: criticized the society, concerned about the fate of common peopleCharles Dickens查尔斯.狄更斯1. theme: critical realist writers, criticize: poverty, injustice, hypocrisy, corruptness2. characteristics:(1)he is skillful in the dialect and have a large vocabulary(2)character portrayal(3)characters are mostly innocent ,helpless, persecuted child characters(4)a mixture of humor and sympathism (pathos)(5)bizarre figure, horrible Oliver Twist雾都孤兒(The Pickwick Paper; David Copperfield; Domeby and Son; A Tale of Two Cities; Bleak House; Little Dorrit; Hard Times; Great Expectations)the cruelty and hypocrisy of the workhouse system and the dark criminal underworld lifeThe Bronte Sisters夏治特.布郎帝1.scene: vast, rough, untouched moorland wilderness2. Charlottes works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happylife. In her mind, mans life is composed of perpetual battle between sin and virtue, good and evilJane Eyre /Charlotte Bronte簡愛Wuthering Heights/Emily Bronte呼嘯山莊1.Mr.Rochester and Jane Eyre. Rochester: a grim-looking, energetic, quick-tempered, but an understanding middle-aged man; has a burning spirit and a longing to love and be loved; struggles for recognition of her basic rights and equality as a woman. Its an individual conscious struggle towards self-realization. She gets joy through the sacrifice of herself or her weakness overcome3. (uses flashbacks)Nelly: Catherines old nurse, narrator, told Mr. Lockwood, a temporary tenant the storyAlfred Tennyson阿爾弗雷德.丁尼生Poet Laureate(Wordsworth, Southey)a powerful expression of the poets philosophical and religious thoughts, his doubts about life, soul; has the natural power of linking visual pictures with musical expression, and these two with the feelings Break,Break, Break冲激，冲激，冲激Crossing The Bar過沙洲Ulysses尤利西斯1. the feeling of sadness are contrasted with the carefree, innocent joys of the children and the unfeeling movement of the ship and sea waves; abcb2. means leaving this world and entering the next world3. express Tennysons own determination and courage to brave the struggle of life but also reflects the restlessness and aspiration of the ageRobert Browning羅伯特.布郞寧perfects dramatic monologue, keeps readers alert, thoughtful and enlightenedMy Last Duchess我逝去的公爵夫人Meeting at Night夜會Parting at Morning晨別1. in heroic couplets, dramatic monologuesounds like blank verseGeorge Eliot喬治.艾略特Pseudonym: Mary Ann Evansfounder of stream of consciousness, focus on inner struggle. hereditary influences govern human action. concern for the destiny of woman. the tragedy of women lies in their very birth(hereditary influences)naturalistic and psychological novelMiddlemarch A Study of Provincial Life米德爾馬契，外省生活研究a full view of life in a small EnglishtownThomas Hardy扥馬斯.哈代1. evaluation: naturalist (D.H.Lawrance; Theodore Dreiser; George Eliot),also critical realist writer(Dickens)2. features: nostalgic(Washington Irving; F.Scott Fitzergerald; William Faulkner),also pessimisticintellectually advanced and emotionally traditionaltells very good stories about very interesting people but seldom stops to ask why3. naturalism: Darwins idea of survival of the fittest(1)man is born with tragic, inevitably bound by his own hereditary traits(2)man proves powerless before fate however he tries, he seldom escapes his doomed destinyTess of The DUrbervilles德伯家的苔丝(Wessex: The Return of the Nature; The Mayor of Casterbridge; Jude the Obscure)criticize the society, hypocricy of the societynaturalism, the misery, poverty Tess suffers“Not guessing the cause, there was nothing to remind him that experience is as to intensity, and not as to duration. Tesss passing corporeal blight had been her mental harvest”The Modern Period 1.background: 1914-1945(1)natural and social sciences enormously advanced(2)capitalism came into its monopoly stage(3)the gap between the rich and the poor was further deepened(4)World War 1 2 broke2.what ideas influence this period: all kinds of philosophical ideas(1)Karl Marx: scientific socialism(2)Darwins theory of evolution, survival of the fittest(3)Freuds analytical psychology(4)The irrationalist philosophers give immense influence3.ideas:(1)Modernism originated from skepticism and disillusion of capitalism(2)The French symbolism announced modernism(3)takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. The major themes are the distorted, alienated and ill relationships4.difference between Modernism and RealismModernism is a reaction against realism in many aspects(1)Modernism rejects rationalism, which is the theoretical base of Realism(2)Modernism reflects the source of Realism, i.e. the external, objective, material world(3)Modernism rejects almost all the traditional elements in literature5.D.H.Lawences works feat