2014英语专题指导 之阅读理解9-10.doc

2014英语专题指导 之阅读理解9推理判断题训练难度值：较难 推荐度：五星Last nights meteor(流星) shower left many people in the community dissatisfied and demanding answers. According to Gabe Rothsclild, Emerald Valleys mayor, people gathered in the suburbs of the city, carrying heavy telescopes, expecting to watch the brightly burning meteors passing through the sky. What they found instead was a sky so brightened by the citys lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead. “My family was so frustrated,” admitted town resident Duane Cosby, “We wanted to make this an unforgettable family outing, but it turned out to be a huge disappointments.” Astronomers-scientists who study stars and planets-have been complaining about this problem for decades. They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past. They call on people and the government to take measures to fight against it. There is yet a population besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers even more from light pollution. This population consists of birds, bats frogs, snakes, etc. For example, outdoor lighting severely affects migrating(迁徙的)birds. According to the International Dark-Sky Association. “100 million birds a year throughout North America die in crashes with lighted buildings and towers.” Countless more animals casualties(伤亡）result from the use of artificial lighting.Clearly, people enjoy the benefits of lighting their evenings, but some scientists think it can be harmful for humans; too They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase persons chances of getting cancer. Emerald Valley is only one community that is becoming aware of the negative effects of light pollution. For years, Flagstaff, Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory. Similar efforts have been made worldwide, and a movement is underway to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night.41. It happened last night that A. the citys lights affected the meteor watching B.the meteors flew past before being noticed C.the city light show attracted many people D.the meteor watching ended up a social outing42. What do the astronomers complain about?A. Meteor showers occur less often than before B.Their observation equipment is in poor repair C.Light pollution has remained unsolved for years D.Their eyesight is failing due to artificial lighting43. What the author concerned about according to Paragraph 4? A.Birds may take other migration paths B.Animalliving habits may change suddenly C.Varieties of animals will become sharply reduced D.Animalssurvival is threatened by outdoor lighting44. Lighting regulations in Flagstaff, Arizona are put into effect to .A. Lessen the chance of getting cancer B.create an ideal observation condition C.ensure citizens a good sleep at night D.enable all creatures to live in harmony45. What message does the author most want to give us?A. Saving wildlife is saving ourselves B.Great efforts should be made to save energy C.Human activities should be environmentally friendly D.New equipment should be introduced for space study【语篇解读】本文是一篇议论文，题材是灯光污染与环境保护。本文主要介绍了灯光污染给天文学家、人类、其它生物所带来的不良影响。以及人们为解决此问题所采取的措施等。2013天津卷B【解析】ACDBC41.推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干关键词last night快速定位第一段。根据第一段最后一句可知“城市的夜空被灯点缀的是如此明亮以至于暗淡了头上飞过的流星的光亮，因此影响了人们观星”。42.推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干关键词astronomers快速定位第三段。根据they say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects they could see quite easily in the past.可以推断灯光污染问题一直没有得到解决，这才是他们所抱怨的。其他选项原文根本没有提到，属于无中生有的。43.推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干快速定位第四段。第四段驻澳讲述了灯光污染对于鸟类、蝙蝠、青蛙、蛇等的影响，尤其严重影响你鸟类的迁徙，最后一句话“每年北美大约有一亿的鸟在与被灯光点缀的建筑物或是高塔的撞击中死亡”因此可以推断选项是正确的。44.推理判断题。难度：中等。根据题干中的大写Flagstaff, Arizona快速定位文章最后一段Flagstaff, Arizona, has enforced lighting regulations in its city in order to assist astronomers at the Lowell Observatory可知推行此规定的目的是为天文学家更好的观察服务的。45.推理判断作者意图题。难度：较难。文章主要讲的是灯光污染给人类和其它生物带来的影响，而灯光的直接造成原因就是人类本身，因此作者写本文主要是要告知人们人类的活动应该要注意环保。其它三项的内容均与本文无关。【难句学习】1. What they found instead was a sky so brightened by the citys lights that it darkened the light of the meteors passing overhead.翻译：城市的灯光时如此的明亮以至于头顶飞过的流星的亮度被削弱，因此人们看到的只是被点亮的夜空而不是流星 分析：本句的是一个由what引导的主语从句，what作found的宾语。so that引导结果状语从句。passing overhead是非谓语动词作后置定语。darken是动词。2. They say that light pollution prevents them from seeing objects in the sky that they could see quite easily in the past.翻译：天文学家说光污染阻止了他们去看过去很容易就可以看到的天空中的目标。分析：本句中say后面的that引导的是一个宾语从句。而sky后面的that引导的是一个定语从句，先行词是objects ，that在从句中作see的宾语。3. There is yet a population besides professional and amateur star observers that suffers even more from light pollution.翻译：可是除了专业和业余的观星者外，还有一个群体遭受着甚至更为严重的光污染的影响。分析：本句是一个there be 特殊结构。that引导的是一个定语从句，在从句中作主语，先行词是population。4. They worry that exposure to light while sleeping can increase a persons chances of getting cancer.翻译：他们担心在睡觉的时候如果有太多的光亮的话可能会增加一个人得癌症的机会。分析：本句中worry 后面的that引导的是一个宾语从句，while sleeping引导的是时间状语从句的省略结构。of getting cancer是chances的后置定语。5. a movement is underway to remind us to turn off lights when we are not using them, so that other creatures can share the night.译：此外，一个运动正在进行中，目的是为了提醒我们不用灯的时候要关掉它，这样其它生物也能共享夜晚。分析：句中to remind是不定式作目的状语。when we are是when引导时间状语从句，so that引导目的状语从句。推理判断 属于主观性较强的高层次阅读理解题，做这类题目时，考生要严格依据作者所陈述的细节、事实以及作者的措词、态度和语气，找出能够表露作者思想倾向和感情色彩的词句，然后利用自己已获得的相关知识进行推理判断，从而得出符合逻辑的结论。 近年的高考题中常出现以下五种推理判断题: 一. 推断隐含意义或深层意义 二. 推断作者观点或态度 三. 推断文段作用或作者写作意图 四推断文章出处和来源 五. 推测文段前后的内容 一. 推断隐含意义或深层意义1. 提问方式 这类题干中通常含有infer, suggest, imply, conclude等标志性词语,常见的提问方式有： .It can be inferred / concluded from the passage / text that . . From the text we know that is most likely . . When the writer talks about , what the writer really means is . .The writer suggests that . .The story implies that . .We can infer / conclude from the passage that . 技巧点拨 推断隐含意义或深层意义要求在理解原文表面文字信息的基础上，做出一定判断和推论。推理的方法大致可分为：简单推理和复杂推理。解题时一定要掌握文章的内涵，做到：吃透文章的字面意思，从字里行间捕捉有用的提示和线索，这是推理的前提和基础。全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，断章取义，以偏概全。.要忠实于原文,以文章提供的事实和线索为依据，要善于揣摩作者思路，尽可能与作者的思路吻合。判断有据, 推论有理, 忠实原文。切忌用自己的观点代替作者的本意。要体会文章的基调,揣摸作者的态度,悟出作者的弦外之音，不可直接选取文中的原句作为答案1. With some fine-tuning, a device like the e-nose could one day be used in greenhouses to quickly spot harmful bugs, the researchers say. A device like this could also be used to identify fruits that are perfectly ripe and ready to pick and eat, says Natalia Dudareva, a biochemist at Purdue University in West Lafayette, Ind. who studies smells of flowers and plants. Hopefully, scientists believe, the device could bring large benefits to greenhouse managers in the near future.【09全国卷C篇】 1.We can infer from the last paragraph that the e-nose_. A. is unable to tell the smell of flowers B. is not yet used in greenhouses C. is designed by scientists at Purdue D. is helpful in killing harmful insects 2. After he retired, Hoy stayed busy. He ran a dairy farm near Cincinnati for 20 years. He also became a public speaker and traveled giving speeches. Until a few years before his death, he took 4 and 10 mile walks several mornings a week. 0n December 15, 1961,William E. Hoy died at the age of 99.2. We can infer from the last paragraph that Hoy _ in his late years.A. became famous B. led a relaxed life C. traveled around the world D. was in good physical condition 二、推断作者观点或态度 1. 提问方式 What is the authors attitude toward? What is the authors opinion about?The authors attitude towards the speakers remarks is What does the author think about?Which of the following is the authors view on? Which of the following is the authors advice to the reader?Why does the author say that? 技巧点拨 一般而言，作者的态度与观点可以通过文章主旨句和段落主题句等显性标志予以判断，但是有时主旨句本身隐含在字里行间，需要综合上下文信息及作者的措词（如词义褒贬等主观词汇）才能辩别出来。表达作者态度和观点的形容词常有：Objective（客观的），subjective（主观的)，neutral（中立的）；positive (积极的) negative（消极的）approval （赞成的），disapproval（不赞成的），indifferent（冷漠的），sarcastic （讽刺的），critical (批评的)，optimistic（乐观的），pessimistic（悲观的）等。总之，判断作者的观点、态度，应当用联系的观点、综合的方法来进行，而不能依靠只言片语，主观臆断3. As Franklins competitors, Wilkins, Watson and Crick had much to gain by cutting her out of the little group of researchers, says historian Pnina Abir-Am. In 1962 at the Nobel prize awarding ceremony, Wilkins thanked 13 colleagues by name before he mentioned Franklin. Watson wrote his book laughing at her. Crick wrote in 1974 that “Franklins was only two steps away from the solution.” “No, Franklin was the solution.” She contributed more than any other player to solving the structure of DNA. She must be considered a co-discoverer,” Abir-Am says. This was backed up by Aaron Klug, who worked with Franklin and later won a Nobel Prize himself. Once described as the “Dark Lady of DNA”, Franklin is finally coming into the light.【09浙江卷E篇】 3. What is the writers attitude toward Wilkins, Watson and Crick? A. Disapproving. B. Respectful. C. Admiring. D. Doubtful. 2014高考英语专题指导 之阅读理解10推理判断题训练三. 推断文段作用或作者写作意图 1. 提问方式 The first / last paragraph serves as a（n）_ What is the purpose of writing this article? _The writers purpose of writing this passage is to _. In writing the passage, the author intends to _2. 技巧点拨 不同的文段在全文中可能会起到：引言/介绍（introduction），举例(example)，对比(comparison)，反衬（contrast）, 结论（conclusion）,评论（comment）,背景（background）,论证（demonstration）等作用。不同体裁的文章可能有不同的写作意图, 但写作意图概括起来通常有to entertain readers（娱乐读者，让人发笑），常见于故事类的文章；to persuade readers（说服读者接受某种观点）, 常见于广告类的文章。to inform readers（告知读者某些信息），多见于科普类新闻报道类文化类或社会类的文章。判断这类文章的写作目的一定要基于对文章主题的正确把握，阅读时务必要找准文章的主题句，或较好地对主题加以归纳。 4. Foreign drivers will have a pay on-the-spot fines of up to 900 for breaking the traffic law to be carried out next month. If they do not have enough cash or a working credit card, their vehicles will clamped（扣留）until they pay law takes effect ,because the money would be returned if the driver went to court and was found not guilty. In practice, very few foreign drivers are likely to return to Britain to deal with their eases. The law will also apply to British citizens. The fines will be described Foreign vehicles are 30 percent more likely to be in a crash than British-registered vehicles The new Law is partly intended to settle the problem of foreign lorry divers 【09福建B篇】 4. This paragraph serves as a（n）_ A. explanation B. introduction C. comment D. background. 5.（广东卷）“Have you ever been out on a boat and felt it lifted up by a wave? Or have you jumped in the water and felt the rush of energy as waves came over you?” asked Jamie Taylor of the Wave Energy Group at the University of Edinburgh.“There is certainly a lot of energy in waves,” he said.5The writer uses the two questions at the beginning of the passage to _.A. test the readers knowledge about waves B. draw the readers attention to the topicC. show Jamie Taylors importance D. invite the readers to answer them四推断文章出处和来源 1. 提问方式 The passage is most likely to be found in_. The passage is most likely to be taken from/out of_. Where would this passage most probably appear? The passage is most likely a part of _. 2. 解题技巧 这类问题应从文章的内容或结构来判断其出处：报纸：前面会出现日期、地点或通讯社名称。广告：因其格式特殊，容易辨认。产品说明：器皿、设备的使用说明会有产品名称或操作方式，而药品的服用说明会告知服用时间、次数、药量等。网络wwwcom, micro-blog , micro-message ,wechat ,e-books, click here，Internet，web, website, update，upload,download,online 6. When people hear a president speak, they seldom think about others helping to shape the presentation（报告）Today, however, presidents depend on writers such as J. Terry Edmonds to help them communicate （交流）effectively. Edmonds is the first African American ever to work as a full-time speechwriter for a U. S. president; he is so the first African American to serve as director of speechwriting for White House. His is an all-American story of success. Edmonds grew up in Baltimore, Maryland; his father drove a truck, and his mother worked as a waitress. A. great reader, Edmonds showed a gift for writing at his high School, Baltimore City College After graduating in 1967 Edmonds went on to Morgan State University 09陕西卷B篇 6.The text is most likely to be found in a book about_ A. popular science B. historical events C. successful people D. political systems 7. Do you always understand the directions on a bottle of medicine? Do you know what is meant by “Take only as directed?” Read the following directions and see if you understand them.To reduce pain, take two tablets(药片) with water, followed by one tablet every eight hours, as required. For night-time and early morning relief (缓解疼痛) take two tablets at bedtime. Do not take more than six tablets in twenty-four hours.For children six to twelve years old, give half the amount (量). For children under six years old, ask your doctors advice.Reduce the amount if you suffer from restlessness or sleeplessness after taking the medicine.7This text is most probably taken from a _A. textbook B. newsreel C. doctors notebook D. bottle of medicine3. 北京朝阳综合) 8.People are making more and more demands on the worlds natural resources. If babies bom in 1991 live for eighty years, the human population of the world may be anything from twice to three times the present total by 2070. In other words, they will have to share what is left of the earths resources with 15 billion other people. But hopefully there will be an important decrease in the growth of population. What if this does not happen? The answer is that by the time before the babies born in 1991 reach the age of 40 they could be sharing resources with as many as 10 billion other people. Limiting the pollution of water and the atmosphere, controlling the output of the chemicals that may be causing the global warming and climate change, and eating less meat may go some to help, but can anyone seriously imagine that these are going to solve the problems of the baby class of 1991 ?There is no getting away from the fact that people are responsible(对.负责) for the present state of the world, and only people can solve the problems. The decisions have to be taken by people as members of national and local governments;as leaders and decision-makers in industry; as scientists and technologists; as professional engineers and designers; as reli- gious (宗教的) leaders and individual citizens. 8. This short passage is probably taken from _.A. a news report B. a guide to the world C. an article by a medical worker D. a government report 五.推测文段前后的内容 1. 提问方式 If you were to continue the passage, what would you write about? The next paragraph would most probably deal with _ The paragraph preceding this one would most likely discuss_. 2. 解题技巧 推测文段后的内容：根据作者的思路进行推理，关注最后一段，特别是文段最后的一句话。 推测文段前的内容：关注第一段，特别是文段开始的一句话。 9. 高考实例 （2010湖北2412 23113） In this article. Ill describe three no-win situations that commonly arise between teens and parents and then suggest some ways out of the trap. The first no-win situation is quarrels over unimportant things. Examples include the color of the teens hair, the cleanliness of the bedroom, the preferred style of clothing, the childs failure to eat a good breakfast before school, or his tendency to sleep until noon on the weekends. Second, blaming. The goal of a blaming battle is to make the other admit that his bad attitude is the reason why everything goes wrong. Third, needing to be right, It doesnt matter what the topic is -politics. The laws of physics, or the proper way to break an egg -the point of these arguments is to prove that you are right and the other person is wrong. for both wish to be considered an authority-someone who actually knows something - and therefore to command respect. Unfortunately, as long as parents and teens continue to assume that they know more than the other, theyll continue to fight these battles forever and never make any real progress 9. What will the author most probably discuss in the paragraph that follows?A. Causes for the parent -teen conflicts B. Examples of the parent -teen war. C. Solutions for the parent -teen problems D. Future of the parent-teen relationship 真题实战：浙江卷You are from a middle class family, and live in a normal size home without any showy possessions, but you are surrounded by surprising consumption. This contrast is beginning to bother your 6-year-old son. You are worried that he will want to live as they do, and wonder if you should move. Sometimes big pocket money, joyful birthday parties, special playrooms and super-big houses tell you that your neighbors probably have more money than you do, and that theyre not as careful as you are with money, but you may find that they cook and dig in the garden with their children just as often as you do, talk with them as freely and read to them every night. Or you may find that some of these parents stay in on wing of their big house while children play by himself, way off in a wing of his own. In that unfortunate case, he is basically growing up alone without being looked after properly, but this can happen to a child who lives in a normal-size house, too, if he has a TV,a computer and a few video ga