大学英语翻译全教程(完美版)练习与作业答案.doc

翻译理论与实践讲义作业一。 字词的翻译一、词的理解1.一词多义：例子：wet She had a wet nurse for the infant Elliot. 她雇了一名奶妈为艾略特喂奶。 If you think I am for him, you are all wet. 如果你认为我支持他，那你就大错特错了。 She wet her pants at the news. 听到这个消息，她吓得尿了裤子。2.词的大小：state and revolution, 国家与革命（列宁著作）state of the union (国情咨文)the united states. 美国（联合的各州）3.词义引申：抽象化、具体化例子：every life has its roses and thorns. 每个人的生活都有甜有苦。 She stood there chewing over the strange thing. 她站在那儿仔细地琢磨这件怪事。 The engine sounds good. 那台机器听起来很正常。 At 23, he had first learned what it is to be a Negro. 他23岁时，平生第一次尝到了做黑人的滋味。4.词的褒贬：例子：comment Alice was excited as a child, delighted to be once more the center of the comment.爱丽丝兴奋得像个小孩子似地，很高兴自己有成了谈论的中心。But what a comment, she could not help reflecting, on her own charms.但她禁不住想到，这对她个人的魅力是多么大的讽刺啊。He walked around the room. He then stopped and looked around, “comment” ? 他在房间里走来走去，之后停下来环视着说：“谁有高见”？5.词的轻重：看词类、看场合、看句型、看习惯等等。 例子：through He slept the night through. 他一觉睡到天亮。 There is a through train to Beijing. 有一列到北京去的直达列车。 Through this way, they finished the task. 通过这一方法，他们完成了该项任务。 She is free with her money. 她花钱大方？出手大方？出手阔绰？不在意钱？ I made her free of my library. 我让她随意用我的藏书室（书房）。我的书房对她开放。我的书房由她使。二、词义的表达1.直译法例子：dark horse 黑马 暴发户 instant rich Hot dog 热狗 半边天 half the sky Forbidden fruit 禁果 红卫兵 red guard2意译法例子：blue jacket 水手 炒鱿鱼 fire, dismiss the yellow leaf 老年 下海 risk ones fortune in doing business Wet blanket 不受欢迎的人 白拿 to obtain without paying3.直译意译结合法例子：the apple of ones eye 掌上明珠 呆若木鸡 as dull as a goose Once in a blue moon 千载难逢 冷若冰霜 as cool as a cucumber Black sheep 败家子；害群之马 胆小如鼠 as timid as a rabbit4.音译法例子：karaoke 卡拉ok 气功 qigong Guitar 吉他 太极 taiji Model 模特 功夫 kungfu Coffee 咖啡 狗不理 goubuli go believe Sofa 沙发 好利来 holiland5.音译意译结合法例子：KFC 肯德基（鸡）；开封菜 三、词法翻译 1.对等译法 直接找到同原文对等的表达。fish in troubled waters浑水摸鱼, turn up ones nose at嗤之以鼻, turn a deaf ear to, 充耳不闻大惊小怪make a fuss about, 大惊小怪look before you leap三思而后行There is no smoke without fire无风不起浪, more haste, less speed, 欲速则不达east and west, home is best. 出门千里不如家里，金窝银窝不如家里的鸡窝 2.具体译法抽象的词翻译为具体的词。如class班级-全班同学、全班学生,family家庭-家庭成员、全家人, transportation运输-运输工具, keep quiet保持安静-噤若寒蝉, raise the roof 大吵大闹, oil and vinegar 截然不同等。 3.抽象译法具体的词翻译成抽象的词。eat like a bird吃的极少，吃猫食,break the ice打破僵局, 4.增词译法如 after the football match, hes got an important meeting. 在观看足球赛之后，他有一个重要会议参加。5.省词译法如 He is a good friend that speaks well of us behind our backs. 在（我们）背后说我们好话的人，才是一个好朋友。（在背后说你好话的人，才是真朋友） 6.合词译法如his father is a man who forgives and forgets. 他父亲非常宽容。 7.转性译法. 原译文之间词性转换。如it was a very informative meeting. 会上透露了许多信息。 8.换形译法. 转换表达方式。如 you think she will come if it is fine tomorrow, but I dont think so. 你认为明天天好，她就会来，我觉得她不会来。（我不认为是这样） 9.褒贬译法看具体语境将词翻译褒贬。如 ambitious many people think that he is one of the most ambitious politicians of our times. 很多人认为他是现今最有野心的政客之一。Although he is very young, he is very ambitious in his research work.他虽然年轻，但在研究工作中很有雄心壮志。课后练习：To make a long story short. 长话短说It is another story now. 另外一个问题 （ 一回事）He storied about his academic career and his professional career. 编造学历和工作经历I dont buy your story. 不信你的话Once the story got abroad, I would never hear the last of it.事情一旦败露，我无法收场Of Studies 选段：Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability. Their chief use for delight is in privateness and retiring; for ornament, is in discourse; and for ability, is in the judgment and disposition of business.读书足以怡情，足以傅彩，足以长才。其怡情也，最见于独处幽居之时；其傅彩也，最见于高谈阔论之中；其长才也，最见于处世判事之际作业二。句子的翻译一普通句子的翻译1.换序译法 更换原文的词序，使得译文通顺。如 even the wild animals of his homeland, it seemed to Kunta, had more dignity than these creatures. 昆塔觉得，即使他家乡的野兽也比这群人自尊自重。（即使他家乡的野兽，昆塔觉得，也比这些家伙有更多的尊严）。2.断句译法长而复杂的句子，向适当断开翻译。如 The shark swung over and the old man saw his eye was not alive and then he swung over once again, wrapping himself in two loops of the rope.鲨鱼在海里翻滚过来。老头儿看见它的眼珠已经没有生气了，但是它又翻滚了一下，滚得自己给绳子缠了两道。3.转句译法原文词语具有丰富含义，需要译文转译成一个句子。如 A crashing thunderstorm, with thick rain hissing down from skies black as night, stopped Victor Henry from leaving the White House. 轰隆几声雷响，从漆黑的天空哗啦啦下起大雨来。维克多亨利无法离开白宫。4.合句译法英语句子一般较长，汉语句子较短，所以汉译英时常把几个句子合起来译成一个英语句子。如 贾琏见他去了，只得回来瞧凤姐。谁知凤姐已醒了，听他和鸳鸯借当。As soon as she had gone Jia Lian went in to see Xifeng, who had woken up and heard him ask for a loan.5.缩句译法将原文的一个句子转换为译文句子的一个部分。如 her father became the mayor of the city. He was a murderer in the Second World War. 她的父亲，二战中的一个杀人凶手，竟当上了这个城市的市长。6.转态译法原译文的主被动语态进行转换。如 she hadnt been told Bettes other name, or shed forgotten it. 人家没告诉过她贝蒂姓什么，要不然也许是她忘了。7.正反译法原文中的否定词译文翻译为肯定词，肯定词翻译为否定词，相反也可以这样。如 we must never stop taking an optimistic view of life. 我们要永远对生活抱乐观态度。He seemed to be at a loss for the precise words to elaborate his opinion. 他似乎想不出恰当的字眼来阐明自己的观点二定语从句的翻译A 限制性定语从句 前置法。先行词起限制作用，可以翻译成带“的”的定语词组，译成汉语单句。如 The pupil that had been watching started to applaud. 一直在一旁观看的小学生开始鼓起掌来。I know a place where we can swim. 我知道一个可以游泳的地方。后置法。句子较长，汉译时前置定语显得太长不符合汉语表达习惯，可以后置，译成并列句。如 a new teacher will come tomorrow who will teach us French. 明天会来一位新老师，她教我们法语。融合法。将原文的主语和定语从句融合在一起译成一个独立句子。如 We have a social and political system which differs in many respects from your own. 我们的社会制度和政治体制在许多方面与贵国的不一样。B 非限制性定语从句译成并列分句。如 Carrie reached home in high good spirits, which she could scarcely conceal. 嘉丽兴高采烈地回到家，想掩饰也掩饰不住（美好心情）。（省主语）译成独立句。如 It has long been my wish to encounter one of the oldest civilizations in earth. I have come amidst you from Egypt, on the banks of the Nile, which also has a most ancient civilization. 我一直向往着要同世界最古老的文明会晤。尼罗河畔的埃及也有着最古老的文明，我正是从那里来到你们中间。译成状语从句如 these actions, which have aroused universal and unreserved disapproval, must nevertheless give us a pause. 这些行动，虽已激起普遍而毫不掩饰的反对，却也使我们举棋不定。三 状语从句的翻译一、句序照译。大多数状语从句可以直接直接置于句首，与原文一致。如 while she spoke, the tears were running down. 她说话时，泪水直流。I left immediately Id finished my work. 完成工作后我马上离开了。The evidence is invalid in that it was obtained through illegal means. 这个证据无效，因为它是通过不合法的手段取得的。二、发挥汉语的优势。如 While one finds company in himself and his pursuits, he cannot feel old, on matter what his years may be. 只要一个人能从自身和兴趣爱好中找到慰藉，不感到寂寞，那么不管他年龄多大，他也不会觉得自己老了。Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成。练习：1.Cheerful, efficient and warm-hearted, they will do everything to make your journey smooth and comfortable.他们乐观，能干，热情，总是想方设法使你一路上顺利舒服2. Throughout his life, Benjamin Franklin continued his education, learning from human contacts as well as from books.本杰明.富兰克林终生接受教育，包括人际接和书本内容3. Americans have a great range of customs and habits that at first may seem puzzling to a visitor.美国人的风俗习惯丰富多样，初来砸到的人会莫不到门路4. The young man was very miserable. He had no money about him. All his savings had been stolen.这位年轻人真是不幸，钱财被盗，不名一文作业三。 长句的翻译（英译汉）一、 顺序法。句子逻辑顺序与原文一致，可以采用顺序法。 如 He needs to feel challenged, admired ,put upon, despised, loved; he needs to feel cornered so he can outperform everyone, almost as though he enjoys overcoming adversity and showing off his brilliance and subtlety. 他需要感到有人挑剔他，有人敬仰他，有人咒骂他，有人轻视他，有人爱慕他。他需要感到被逼入困境，这样才好背水一战，胜人一筹， 好像他是以打败对手、显示自己的聪明才智为乐事似的。二、 逆序法。表达次序与习惯优先，逆着原文顺序翻译。如 Time goes fast for one who has a sense of beauty, when there are pretty children in a pool and a young Diana on the edge, to receive with wonder anything you can catch. 当你跟可爱的孩子们泡在池子里，又有个年轻的狄安娜在池边好奇地接受你捉上来的任何东西的时候，如果你懂得什么叫美的话，时间是过的很快的。三、 分译法。主从句关系不密切，按汉语多用短句的习惯翻译。如 on one of the sober and rather melancholy days, in the latter part of autumn, when the shadows of morning and evening almost mingle together, and throw a gloom over the decline of the year, I passed several hours in rambling about Westminster Abby. 时方晚秋，气象肃穆，略带忧郁，早晨的阴影和黄昏的阴影几乎连在一起，不可分别，岁暮将近，终日昏暗，我就在这一天，到西敏寺散步了好几个钟头。四、 综合法。部分保留、部分改变原文语序。如 having just left school or technical institute, where they had their place and a task to fulfill and where they ere known and esteemed by their colleagues, those young people who do not land that first job they were so eagerly looking forward to have to face up for the first times to unemployment, a situation for which neither family nor school has prepared them. 青年人在学校或技术学院都各得其所各有自己需要完成的任务，受到同学的了解和尊重。而现在，他们刚刚离开校园，却找不到自己孜孜以求的第一个职业，不得不面对有生以来的第一次失业。对于这种情况，无论是家庭还是学校都没有为帮助他们做好准备。（汉译英）一、断句。汉语句子太长，内容复杂。如 接着，他继续设想，鸡又生鸡，用鸡卖钱，钱买母牛，母牛繁殖，卖牛得钱，用钱放债，这么一连串的发财计划，当然也不能算是生产计划。 He went on indulging in wishful thinking: chickens would breed more chickens. Selling them would bring him money. With this he could buy cows. The cows would breed too and selling oxen would make more money for him. With the money, he could become a money lender. Such a succession of steps for getting rich, of course, had nothing to do with production.二、合译。将小句合并。如 事虽经纬万端，但纵观全局，合则对国家有利，分则必伤民族元气。Complicated as the matter was, an overall view of the situation will show that united, the country and the nation benefit; divided they suffer.三、调整语序。灵活使用语序。如 如果说白天广州像座翡翠城1，那么当太阳沉没2，广州就成了一颗夜明珠3，灯光如海4，千街闪烁5。If Guangzhou is like a city of jadeite in the daytime 1, it becomes a luminous pearl 3, with a sea of lights twinkling in the streets after the sun sets in the west. 2作业四。 成语翻译1.英译汉：一、平铺直叙，照字面翻译。如 knit ones brow皱眉头, laugh in sbs face当面嘲笑, Trojan horse特洛伊木马, Sphinxs riddle斯芬克斯之谜二、直译其比喻义。这类成语较难，主要是文化背景无法按字面翻译。如 draw blood伤人感情，惹人生气, hang on ones lips言听计从, to be full of beans精力旺盛，精力充沛, bend an ear to聚精会神.三、找对等成语。这类成语可以猜出其意义，然后找出汉语对等成语。如 burn the boat破釜沉舟, after ones own heart正中下怀, hang by a hair千钧一发.2.汉译英：一、平铺直叙，照字面翻译。如 竭泽而渔to drain a pond to catch all the fish，打草惊蛇to stir up the grass and alert the snake，掌上明珠a pearl in the palm，对牛弹琴to play the lute to a cow。二、找出内涵，译出其意。粗枝大叶to be crude and careless，无孔不入to take advantage of every weakness，开门见山to come straight to the point，单枪匹马to be single-handed in doing sth.。三、找对等成语.绕开文化背景，译出内涵。如 毛遂自荐to volunteer ones service，东施效颦crude imitation with ludicrous effect，初出茅庐at the beginning of ones career。3.汉语四字格的使用：言简意赅，顺口悦耳。如 the mayor of Toledo said in 1932: “I have seen thousands of these defeated, discouraged, hopeless men and women, cringing and dawning as they come to ask for public aid. It is a spectacle of national degradation.(托莱多市长在1932年说过，我见到数千万遭受了挫折的、失去了信心和希望的男人和女人又奉承又乞怜地前来请求救济。这么一个情景给国家丢了脸)托莱多市长在1932年说过：我见到成千上万的山穷水尽、灰心绝望的男男女女前来请求救济。他们低声下气，苦苦哀求。此情此景，真是丢尽了美国的脸。4.英语成语的使用：准确生动。如 有的小伙子还总结出一条“恋爱经验”：先不能让她知道你是矿工，等把她俘虏了，再亮番号！Some of them even came to some conclusions about the art of love: first of all, you should never let her know you are a miner until you have her completely at your feet.如 我一见了妹妹，一心都在他身上，又是喜欢，又是伤心，竟忘了老祖宗。I was so carried away by joy and sorrow at sight of my little cousin, I forgot our Old Ancestress.5.谚语的翻译：朗朗上口，便于记忆。如 out of sight, out of mind眼不见，心不烦, like father, like son有其父必有其子, 塞翁失马焉知非福a loss may turn out to be a gain, 此地无银三百两a guilty person gives himself way by conspicuously protesting his innocence.6.惯用语的翻译：形象生动。如 走后门 get in by the back door, 及时雨timely rain，风凉话irresponsible and sarcastic remarks(cold words)，赔了夫人又折兵suffer a double loss instead of making a gain(give ones enemy a wife and lose ones soldiers as well)，不到黄河心不死not stop until one reaches ones goal(not stop until one reaches the Yellow Rver)7.歇后语的翻译：诙谐幽默。如 姨奶奶犯不着来骂我，我又不是姨奶奶家买的。梅香拜把子-都是奴才罢咧！这是何苦来呢！Youve no call to swear at me, madam. You didnt buy me. Were all birds of a feather-all slaves here. Why go for me?老混蛋，你吃的河水，倒管的宽，这是你说话的地方？Old bastard, poking your nose into things that dont concern you! Who wants your opinion?8.俚语的翻译：迂回表达。大多都粗俗、禁忌，委婉为好。如 damn, hell, devil, confound, fuck, bitch.练习：1. His face was neither bright nor dark, neither alive nor dead, neither ready nor resigned.1.他的模样，既非精神焕发，亦非忧郁不堪；既非生气勃勃，亦非死气沉沉；既非敢想敢做，亦非逆来顺受2. he got into the shoving and pushing and halting and slow flowing of Broadway.2.他不知不觉地走入了那条推推挤挤、走走停停、人流壅滞的百老汇大街。3. then I happened to notice Ethel and saw that her color was high, that her eyes were bright, and that while she was praising Mrs. Newsomes new shoes, her mind was not what she was saying.3.接着我偶然注意到爱提尔脸色绯红，目光炯炯，嘴里说着赞赏纽森木太太那双新鞋的话，其实心不在焉。4.these American staples are beautiful to our eyes, exquisite to our palates ,reviving to our fading physiques.。4.这些美国食品看起来赏心悦目，吃起来美味可口，对于我们的苟延残喘的体质有起死回生的功效。作业五 否定的翻译一、全部否定在英语中，全部否定是通过一些否定词来表达的。这类否定词常用的有：no，none，not，never, nobody，nothing，nowhere, neithernor等。全部否定的译法一般可直接译成汉语的否定句。例如： （1）Nowadays it is not difficult to go abroad. 现如今出国并不难。（2）The boy was nowhere to be found到处都找不到那个男孩。（3）No trickery can fool us. 任何伎俩都骗不了我们。 (4) None of these concerns me. 这些事情均与我无关。二、部分否定 部分否定指对叙述的内容作部分的、而不是全部的否定。当英语的某些不定代词如 all，both，every，each，某些副词如often，always和否定词连用时，就表示部分否定。在这类否定句中，all, both等词往往是否定的重点，通常译成“不都是”、“并非都”, “并不都”、“不全是”、“不总是”、“几乎不”等。例如： （1）All the novelists detective cases, however, were not successful. 然而，那位小说家的侦探案例并不都是那么成功的。（2）Both the instruments are not precision ones. 这两台仪器并非都是精密的。（3）All that glitters is not gold. 发光的未必都是金子。（4）This train does not stop at every station. 这班火车不是每站都停。三、双重否定双重否定指两个否定词并用，否定同一个单词，或者一个否定词否定另一个词，其否定意义互相抵消而取得肯定意义。汉译时通常可译成肯定句。如： （1）Nothing is impossible to a willing heart有志者事竟成。 （2）There is not any advantage without disadvantage有一利必有一弊。（3）It is none other than zinc. 这就是锌。（4）At the close of the party, there were few guests who werent drunk.晚会结束的时候，客人们几乎都喝醉了。 有时形式否定的句子也可译成汉语的双重否定来强调其肯定的意义。如： （1）If there were no energy, there would be no force and work. 没有能量，就不会有力和功。 （2）He cannot but agree他不得不同意。（3）There is no story without coincidence无巧不成书。 四、形式上否定，意义上肯定 有些英语句子或短语形式上是否定的，意义上却是肯定的。这类句子一般可译成汉语的肯定句。现分述如下： 1“nothing”有时意为“零”、“正好”。如： （1）Multiply 6 by nothing，and the result is nothing六乘以零等于零。 （2）He is five foot nothing他整整五英尺高。 2“cannot be + too + 形容词”意为“怎么也不过分”、“越越好”。如： （1）You cannot be too careful. 你越仔细越好。 （2）This point cannot be overemphasized. 这一点应该特别强调。（或：这一点怎么强调也不过分。） 3“no，none，nothing + but，like”意为“只有”、“只”、“不过”等。“nothing short of”则有“简直可以说”的意思。如： （1）There is no man but errs人人难免有过失。（2）Nothing but a miracle can save him只有奇迹才能挽救他。（3）There is no mother but loves her children.没有一个母亲不爱自己的孩子。五、表示否定的特殊结构、短语和词汇 英语中有一些特殊结构、短语和词汇本身并无否定的意思，但和别的词搭配在一起，便表示否定，如：1有些动词如：avoid, baffle, decline, defy, disagree, escape, exclude, fail, hate, ignore, lack, miss, overlook, refuse, wonder,等,有时含有否定意义，可意译成汉语否定词. （1）The engine failed to start. 发动机不着。 （2）I wonder if I can go with you. 我不知道能不能和你们一起走。（3）The drain just refused to work排水管就是不排水。（4）I hate to leave here at such a moment. 我真不愿意在此时离开这儿。（5）He denied me any help while I was doing the work. 我当时做这项工作的时候，他没有给我任何帮助。（6）They lacked the strength to walk any further.他们没有力气再往前走了。一些动词短语，如：hold back from， keep away, keep from, keep off , lose sight of, preferto, put a stop/an end to， refrain from, prevent from, prohibit from, save from, shut ones eyes to, stop from, turn a deaf ear to, wash ones hands of等有时含有否定意义，汉译时可译成否定句。（1）Keep your hands off the exhibits, please. 请勿摸展品。（2）We should turn a deaf ear to rumors and slanders. 我们不应该听信流言蜚语。（3）Many people on the beach wore dark glasses to protect their eyes from the sun. 海滩上的很多人都戴着墨镜，不让阳光晒着眼睛。 2有些介词和介词短语如above，against， beneath, beyond，but, except, except for, in spite of, instead of, out of, past, , under, without等有时含有否定意义，要译成汉语的否定句。 （1）It is beyond his power to sign the contract. 他没有权力签合同。 （2）Mr. Green is out of town this week. 格林先生这星期不在城里。 （3）His conduct is above suspicion. 他的行为没有可疑的地方。 （4）But for air and water, nothing could live.若是没有空气和水，什么都不能生存。3.一些形容词（短语）、副词（短语），如：away from，absent, blind to, dark，dead, , far from, few, free from, ignorant of, ill, independent from/of, , inferior to, in vain,last, little，short of，tooto等，有时含有否定含义，也可译成汉语的否定词。（1）He was ill treated in hospital. 他在医院里受到不公正待遇。（2）He would be the last man to do this job. 他最不合适做这项工作。 （3）This question is far from difficult. 这个问题一点也不复杂。（4）We are short of hands at present. 我们目前人手不够。（5）We tried in vain to measure the voltage. 我们原想测量电压，但没有成功。4. 有些连词和连词短语如：before, better than, more than, other than, rather than, unless, would ratherthan等有时含有否定意义，汉译时可译为否定句。 （1）I would die before I surrender. 我宁死也决不投降。 （2）He is braver than wise他有勇无谋。（3）He has more books than he can read.他藏书很多，读不过来。（4）You should know better than go swimming immediately after a big meal.你应该知道吃饱了饭不宜马上去游泳。 “no more than”,“no less than”意为“只”“一样”等。如： （1）We developed no more than three kinds of machines. 我们只研制了三种机器。 （2）She is no less active than she used to be她跟从前一样活跃。 5英语中反诘问句以及not与why连用的问句常用来表示证实、请求或催促，其形式否定而意思肯定。翻译时前者可译成“难道”后者可译成“该”、“为什么不？”。例如： （1）Dont you think it foolish to act like this？难道你不认为这样做很傻吗？ （2）Hasnt the train arrived？火车难道还没到？六、否定转移英语中，有时形式上否定的是谓语动词，而实际意义上否定的是另一个名词短语；有时形式上否定的是一个名词短语，而实际意义上否定的是谓语动词；有时形式上否定的主语部分，而实际意义上否定的是从句部分。这类现象称为否定的转移。1“no”与谓语动词的肯定式 在“no与调语动词的肯定式”句型中，no所表达的否定常常转移到谓语动词上。一般译成“不十动词”。如： （1）At no time and under no circumstances will China be the first to use nuclear weapons.中国在任何时候任何情况下，都不首先使用核武器。 （2）A transformer provides no power of its own.变压器本身不产生电力。 2注意“no”和“not”都含有否定的意思，但在句子里意思有很大不同： （1）He is not a doctor. 他不是医生。 He is no doctor. 他根本不是医生。 （2）It is not a joke. 这不是笑话。 It is no joke. 这绝不是开玩笑的事。 3think，suppose，believe等的否定式与that从句 英语中表示看法和想法的动词的否定式后带有that引导的从句时，否定往往转移到从句中。如： （1）I dont suppose they will arrive on time.