6月10日逻辑感觉训练 管卫东小班内部培训资料

Driving the steep road to the mountaintop Inca ruins of Machu Picchu is potentially dangerous and hiking there is difficult. Now the Peruvian government is installing a cable car that will make access much easier, and hence result in a large increase in tourism. However, since the presence of large numbers of tourists tends to accelerate the deterioration of a site, installation of the cable car is certain to result in harm to the ruins. Which of the following, if true, most seriously calls into question the argument? A The daily number of tourists that are expected to take the cable car to Machu Piccu is smaller than the original resident population of Incas. B The construction of the cable car terminal at Machu Picchu will require the use of potentially damaging heavy machinery at the site. C Machu Picchu is already one of the most popular tourist sites in Peru. D Natural weathering will continue to be a more significant cause of the deterioration of Machu Picchu than tourist traffic. E The cable car will replace the tour buses whose large wheels and corrosive exhaust at present do significant damage to the site. As a large corporation in a small country, Hachnut wants its managers to have international experience, so each year it sponsors management education abroad for its management trainees. Hachnut has found, however, that the attrition rate of graduates from this program is very high, with many of them leaving Hachnut to join competing firms soon after completing the program. Hachnut does use performance during the program as a criterion in deciding among candidates for management positions, but both this function and the goal of providing international experience could be achieved in other ways. Therefore, if the attrition problem cannot be successfully addressed, Hachnut should discontinue the sponsorship program. In the argument given, the two boldfaced portions play which of the following roles? A The first describes a practice that the argument seeks to justify; the second states a judgment that is used in support of a justification for that practice. B The first describes a practice that the argument seeks to explain; the second presents part of the arguments explanation of that practice. C The first introduces a practice that the argument seeks to evaluate; the second provides grounds for holding that the practice cannot achieve its objective. D The first introduces a policy that the argument seeks to evaluate; the second provides grounds for holding that the policy is not needed. E The first introduces a consideration supporting a policy that the argument seeks to evaluate; the second provides evidence for concluding that the policy should be abandoned. Scientists have made genetic modifications to cotton to increase its resistance to insect pests. According to farmers report, the amount of insecticide needed per acre to control insect pests was only slightly lower for those who tried the modified seed than for those who did not. Therefore, since the modified seed costs more than ordinary seed without producing yields of higher market value, switching to the modified seed would be unlikely to benefit most cotton farmers economically. Which of the following would it be most useful to know in order to evaluate the argument? A Whether farmers who tried the modified cotton seed had ever tried growing other crops from genetically modified seed B Whether the insecticides typically used on ordinary cotton tend to be more expensive than insecticides typically used on other crops C Whether for most farmers who grow cotton it is their primary crop D Whether the farmers who have tried the modified seed planted as many acres of cotton, on average, as farmers using the ordinary seed did E Whether most of the farmers who tried the modified seed did so because they had previously had to use exceptionally large quantities of insecticide The violent crime rate (number of violent crimes per 1,000 residents) in Meadowbrook is 60 percent higher now than it was four years ago. The corresponding increase for Parkdale is only 10 percent. These figures support the conclusion that residents of Meadowbrook are more likely to become victims of violent crime than are residents of Parkdale. The argument above is flawed because it fails to take into account A changes in the population density of both Parkdale and Meadowbrook over the past four years B how the rate of population growth in Meadowbrook over the past four years compares to the corresponding rate for Parkdale C the ratio of violent to nonviolent crimes committed during the past four years in Meadowbrook and Parkdale D the violent crime rates in Meadowbrook and Parkdale four years ago E how Meadowbrooks expenditures for crime prevention over the past four years compare to Parkdales expenditures Tourists have long complained that hotel accommodations in Midville are too expensive. Starting last year, the city council, hoping to attract more tourists, lowered the hotel tax rate to 5 percent of room charges. By the end of last year, Midville had taken in no less money from hotel taxes than it did the year before, so an examination of the hotel records will show that more tourists stayed in city hotels last year than the year before.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends? A.The tourists who stayed in Midville hotels last year were aware that the hotel tax rate had been lowered. B.The average price of hotel accommodations in Midville was not significantly higher than in hotels in other cities either last year or the year before. C.The average length of a tourists stay in Midville hotels was not longer last year than it had been the year before. D.There were significantly more efforts to publicize Midville as a tourist destination last year than there had been the year before. E.On average, tourists in Midville did not spend significantly more on meals last year than they did on hotels accommodations. The town of Enderton is located in an area where forest fires are quite common. During dry periods and periods of persistent winds, when even a spark can result in a fire that spreads over many acres, the danger of fire there is particularly serious. To help prevent forest fires in the area, the town government plans to post a ban on outdoor fires when such conditions prevail. Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest indication that the towns plan will have at most a minor effect on the annual number of forest fires in the Enderton area? A Most of the tourists who visit the forests surrounding Enderton also visit Enderton itself. B Although there are county fire fighters available to combat forest fires in the area, Enderton itself has no professional fire fighters. C Very few forest fires in the Enderton area result from fires deliberately set by arsonists. D Nearly all forest fires in the Enderton area are the result of lightning strikes. E The number of forest fires in the Enderton area has not increased significantly in the last several years. Which of the following most logically completes the argument given? People in isolated rain-forest communities tend to live on a largely vegetarian diet, and they eat little salt. Few of them suffer from high blood pressure, and their blood pressure does not tend to increase with age, as is common in industrialized countries. Such people often do develop high blood pressure when they move to cities and adopt high-salt diets. Though suggestive, these facts do not establish salt as the culprit in high blood pressure, however, because _. A genetic factors could account for the lack of increase of blood pressure with age among such people B people eating high-salt diets and living from birth in cities in industrialized societies generally have a tendency to have high blood pressure C it is possible to have a low-salt diet while living in a city in an industrialized country D there are changes in other aspects of diet when such people move to the city E salt is a necessity for human life, and death can occur when the body loses too much salt Vorlands government is planning a nationwide ban on smoking in restaurants. The objection that the ban would reduce restaurants revenues is ill founded. Several towns in Vorland enacted restaurant smoking restrictions five years ago. Since then, the amount the government collects in restaurant meal taxes in those towns has increased 34 percent, on average, but only 26 percent elsewhere in Vorland. The amount collected in restaurant meal taxes closely reflects restaurants revenues. Which of the following, if true, most undermines the defense of the governments plan? A When the state first imposed a restaurant meal tax, opponents predicted that restaurants revenues would decline as a result, a prediction that proved to be correct in the short term. B The tax on meals in restaurants is higher than the tax on many other goods and services. C Over the last five years, smoking has steadily declined throughout Vorland. D In many of the towns that restrict smoking in restaurants, restaurants can maintain separate dining areas where smoking is permitted. E Over the last five years, government revenues from sales taxes have grown no faster in the towns with restaurant smoking restrictions than in the towns that have no such restrictions.以上 8题 18分钟Although fullerenes-spherical molecules made entirely of carbon-were first found in the laboratory, they have since been found in nature, formed in fissures of the rare mineral shungite. Since laboratory synthesis of fullerenes requires distinctive conditions of temperature and pressure, this discovery should give geologists a test case for evaluating hypotheses about the state of the Earths crust at the time these naturally occurring fullerenes were formed.Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the argument?A Confirming that the shungite genuinely contained fullerenes took careful experimentation. B Some fullerenes have also been found on the remains of a small meteorite that collided with a spacecraft. C The mineral shungite itself contains large amounts of carbon, from which the fullerenes apparently formed. D The naturally occurring fullerenes are arranged in a previously unknown crystalline structure. E Shungite itself is formed only under distinctive conditions. Economist: On average, the emergency treatment for an elderly person for injuries resulting from a fall costs $11,000. A new therapeutic program can significantly reduce an elderly persons chances of falling. Though obviously desirable for many reasons, this treatment program will cost $12,500 and thus cannot be justified. Which of the following, if true, most seriously undermines the conclusion of the argument?A Among elderly people who had followed the program for only a few months, the number of serious falls reported was higher than it was for people who had followed the program for its recommended minimum length of one year. B Falls resulting in serious injuries are less common among elderly people living in nursing homes than they are among elderly people who live alone at home. C A frequent result of injuries sustained in falls is long-term pain, medication for which is not counted among the average per-person costs of emergency treatment for elderly peoples injuries from such falls. D The new therapeutic program focuses on therapies other than medication, since overmedication can cause disorientation and hence increase the likelihood that an elderly person will have a serious fall. E A significant portion of the cost of the new therapeutic program is represented by regular visits by health care professionals, the costs of which tend to increase more rapidly than do those of other elements of the program. The prairie vole, a small North American grassland rodent, breeds year-round, and a group of voles living together consists primarily of an extended family, often including two or more litters. Voles commonly live in large groups from late autumn through winter; from spring through early autumn, however, most voles live in far smaller groups. The seasonal variation in group size can probably be explained by a seasonal variation in mortality among young voles.Which of the following, if true, provides the strongest support for the explanation offered?A It is in the spring and early summer that prairie vole communities generally contain the highest proportion of young voles. B Prairie vole populations vary dramatically in size from year to year. C The prairie vole subsists primarily on broad-leaved plants that are abundant only in spring. D Winters in the prairie voles habitat are often harsh, with temperatures that drop well below freezing. E Snakes, a major predator of young prairie voles, are active only from spring through early autumn. A popular beach has long had a dolphin feeding program in which fish are given to dolphins several times a day; many dolphins get as much as half of their food each day there. Although dolphins that first benefit from the program as adults are healthy and long-lived, their offspring have a lower life expectancy than offspring of dolphins that feed exclusively in the wild.Which of the following, if true, most helps to explain the lower life expectancy of offspring of dolphins feeding at the beach compared to other young dolphins?A Sharks that prey on dolphins are less common in the open seas off the beach than in many other areas of the open seas where dolphins congregate. B Many of the adult dolphins that feed at the beach are females that nurse their offspring there. C The fish given to the dolphins at the beach are the same types of fish that dolphins typically catch in the wild. D Many dolphins that feed at the beach with their offspring come to the beach only a few times a month. E Adult dolphins that feed at the beach spend much less time teaching their offspring how to catch fish in the wild than do other adult dolphins. Tiger sharks are common in the waters surrounding Tenare Island. Usually tiger sharks feed on smaller sharks, but sometimes they have attacked tourists swimming and surfing at Tenares beaches. This has hurt Tenares tourism industry, which is second only to its fishing industry in annual revenues. In order to help the economy, therefore, the mayor of the island has proposed an ongoing program to kill any tiger sharks within a mile of the beaches.Which of the following, if true, most strongly calls into question the likelihood that implementation of the mayors proposal will have the desired consequence?A Even if not all the tiger sharks that come close to the beaches are killed, the existence of the program would reassure tourists. B Business owners who depend on tourism are willing to pay most of the cost of implementing the program. C Tourists come to Tenare Island for its beaches, even though the island features a number of other tourist attractions. D The small sharks on which tiger sharks prey feed on fish that are commercially important to the islands fisheries. E Not all tourists who come to Tenare Island enjoy swimming or surfing. The country of Ertland has never imported apples in any significant quantity because consumers there generally prefer the unique texture of Ertland-grown apples. Nevertheless, apple growers from Kosolia, a neighboring country, plan to sell their apples in Ertland by selling Kosolia-grown apples at half the price of local apples and promoting them as a nourishing, low-cost alternative.Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt on the viability of the plan by Kosolias apple growers to sell their apples in Ertland?A Most of the varieties of apples grown in Ertland were originally derived from common Kosolian varieties. B Consumers in Ertland tend to spend about the same proportion of their income on fresh fruits and vegetables as do consumers in Kosolia. C At times in the past, Ertland has exported significant quantities of apples to Kosolia. D Some varieties of apples grown in Kosolia can be harvested throughout most of the year, whereas the varieties grown in Ertland can be harvested only during two months of the year. E Profiles of Ertland-grown apples are high enough in Ertland that growers, wholesalers, and retailers there could easily afford to reduce the price at which these apples are sold. As part of major renovations to Flowertowns Main Street train station, consultants to the train company proposed moving the stations entrance from its current valuable Main Street location to a low-rent adjoining side street and then leasing the high-rent entrance space to retail businesses. In that way, the train company could easily pay for those and all other proposed renovations without negative impact on its tight budget.Which of the following, if true, would most strongly support the consultants proposal?A More train commuters are employed in businesses located on Main Street than in businesses located on the adjoining side street. B A reliable survey of Flowertowns commuters showed that virtually none of them would use the train any less frequently if the stations entrance were moved. C The high-rent block of Flowertowns Main Street includes several buildings whose owners currently seek to replace long-standing tenants lost in recent months. D If the stations entrance were moved, the train company would need to begin costly r