非谓语动词.doc.deflate.doc

语法知识-非谓语动词非谓语动词非谓语动词，顾名思义，即不能做谓语的动词。英语中的非谓语动词有三种：不定式、V-ing, V-ed(过去分词)。非谓语动词在英语中用法很多，作用强大，十分重要，所以要下苦功夫掌握。第一节 V-ing一 V-ing的词性V-ing 有名词词性- 在句中，可做主语，宾语，表语。V-ing 有形容词词性- 在句中，可做定语，宾语补足语/主语补足语。V-ing 有副词词性-在句中，可做状语。V-ing有动词词性-v-ing本身有时态和语态的变化。V-ing 的两个特点： 一是表示主动关系 二是表示V-ing的动作正在进行二 V-ing在句子中的成分1. V-ing做主语V-ing做主语与动词不定式做主语没有太大的区别，往往可以通用Somking can cause cancer.= To smoke can cause cancer.Finding a job is difficult now. = To find a job is difficult now.Walking is good exercise.= To walk is good exercise.用形式主语it，把真正的主语ing形式移置句尾。但这种句子形式有一定的限制，作表语的只能是某些形容词或少数名词。It is useless trying to argue with ShylockIts worth making the effort.It is no good trying to explain?在there be no结构中作主语, 这种结构的意思相当于“It is impossible to do ”。There is no joking about such matter. 这种事开不得玩笑There is no hiding of evil but not to do it. 若要人不知，除非己莫为。归纳：常用-ing形式作主语的句型有：It +be +a waste of time doing 做是浪费时间的It is/was no good/use doing 做是没益/用处的It is/was hardly/scarcely worth doing 做不值得It is/was worth/worthwhile doing 做是值得的There is no doing 无法 ， 不允许There is no sense in doing 做没有道理There is/was no use doing 干无意义 There is/was nothing worse than doing 没有比.更糟的There is/was no point doing 干无意义2. 表语不定式和V-ing做表语一般来说没有多大区别，只是不定式做表语又是可以表示将来，而V-ing作表语不可以表示将来，表示一般的和抽象的情况His job is raising pigs.= His job is to raise pigs.One of his duties is typing. = One of his duties is to type.Keeping the money you pick up is stealing. = To keep the money you pick up is to steal.注意：只能说： Seeing is believing. = To see is to believe.不能说： To see is believing. 也不能说： Seeing is to believe.V-ing做表语有“令人。，使人。”的意思The news was surprising.The present situation is encouraging.The information sounded discouraging.He is a man of humor. We all think he is interesting.My son is always disappointing, for he never lives up to my hopes.The politician is good at lectures and he is very inspiring.3. 宾语Ving可以用在某些动词和介词后做宾语（1） 动词宾语：Ving和不定式都可以做动词的宾语，但，并不是所有的动词都可以用Ving或不定式作宾语 1）有些动词后只能用Ving作宾语 2）有些动词后只能用不定式作宾语 3）有些动词后既可以用Ving又可以用不定式作宾语，意思区别不大 4）有些动词后既可以用Ving又可以用不定式作宾语，意思区别很大常用的只能用Ving作宾语的动词有：suggest、finish 、avoid 、admit、 mind 、imagine、 put off、 delay、 cant stand、 enjoy、 practise、 risk、 escape、 miss、 consider(考虑) 、forgive、 appreciate、 give up 、mention 、keep等No one can escape being punished if he breaks the law.It is said that he is considering going abroad.常用的既可以用Ving又可以用不定式作宾语，意思区别不大的动词有：start 、begin continue、 love、 like、 hate、 intend 、attempt等Do you like to playplaying chess?The man attempted enteringto enter our school but guard stopped him.注意一：下列情况中begin和start后须接不定式：1） 主语是物不是人时 Spring came on and the snow began to melt.2） 后接表示心理活动或状态的动词时 I began to realize how stupid i was.3） begin和start用于进行时态时 It is beginning to snow.4） 后接被动式时 the new type of computer began to be developed in the 2000s.注意二：hate 、like、 love等次后接Ving表示经常性动作，后接不定式表示具体的特定的动作 She likes singing and dancing, but she doesnt like to sing or dance today.常用的既可以用Ving又可以用不定式作宾语，意思有很大的区别的有1). remember to do sth. 2). forget to do sth. remember doing sth. forget doing sth.3） regret to do sth. 4）try to do sth. regret doinghaving done sth. try doing sth.5） stop to do sth. 6）. cant help to do sth. stop doing sth. cant help doing sth.7） go on to do sth. 8） used to do sth. go on doing sth. be used to do sth. be used to doing sth.4. 定语l 所修饰的名词为物，表示所修饰名词的用途building materials = materials for building 建筑材料drinking water = water for drinking 饮用水a walking stick = a stick for walking 手杖a reading room = a room for reading 阅览室a writing desk = a desk for writing 写字台l 所修饰的名词是人时，表示所修饰名词的正在进行的动作或此时所处的状态。位置： 单个v-ing做定语，放在所修饰名词前面 V-ing短语作定语，放在所修饰名词后面，V-ing 短语作定语可转化为于定语从a burning stick a sleeping baby the rising sun a room facing the street= a room which faces the streetthe man standing there = the man who is standing theremany volunteers helping the flooded area = many volunteers who are helping the flooded areathe boy standing under the tree= the boy who is standing under the treethe children playing there= the children who are playing there5. 作状语V-ing做状语可以表示伴随、原因、时间、结果和条件等；做时间、原因或条件状语，通常位于句子的前部；做伴随，结果状语时，通常位于句子的后部。（1）伴随状语,一般要放在句末，也可以在句首The boy came running to tell us the news.The six blind men stood by the roadside, begging all day.The professor came in, following some students.（2）原因状语，相当于原因状语从句，一般放在句首或句末Being poor, the boy couldnt afford to go to school. = As the boy was poor, he couldnt afford to go to school.Not knowing his address, we could not get in touch with him. = Because we did not know his address, we could not get in touch with him.(3) 时间状语，相当于时间状语从句，一般放在句首Hearing the news, we all sang and danced with joy. = When we heard the news, we all sang and danced with joy.Finishing my work, I went home immediately. = As soon as I finished my work, I went home immediately.V-ing做时间状语的时候，若V-ing的动作和谓语动词的动作完全同时发生，可以在V-ing前用when 或 while.Be careful when/ while crossing the road.(4) 条件状语， 相当于条件状语从句，一般放在句首Working hard, you will succeed. = If you work hard, you will succeed.Turning left, you will see the post office. = If you turn left, you will catch sight of the post office.(5) 结果状语， V-ing做结果状语，往往表示“意料之中的或自然而然”的结果。There are 800 earthquakes in the Us each year, causing about 80 deaths and 1500 injuries.His wife died, leaving him two children.The kind of fish can eat a person within 2 minutes, leaving the bones.(6) 让步状语，相当于让步状语从句，一般放在句首Being poor, they were happy. = Though they were poor , they were happy. 6. 宾语补足语在两类特殊的动词（感官动词和使役动词）后可以用V-ing做宾语补足语一感：feel二听：hear, listen to三让：get, keep, have，四看：see, watch, notice, observe 五发现： findSuddenly I heard someone calling my name.The mother was glad to see the nurse taking good care of her baby.His neighbor found him beating his son.A gust of wind sent leaves flying in the air. 一阵狂风Can you get the clock going?I felt my heart beating fast.上述两类特殊的动词（感官动词和使役动词）用V-ing作宾补，也可用省略了to的不定式做宾补。两者是有区别的对比： I saw a stranger walk out of the gate just now. 看到走的全过程 I saw a stranger walking out of the gate just now. 当时正在往外走注意：1. make 和let 只能用不定式或过去分词做宾补，不能用现在分词作宾补 只有 make sb. do sth. let sb. do sth. make sth done let sth. Done 没有 make sb doing sth. let sb. doing sth. 2. Find 后面只能用Ving和过去分词做宾补，不能用不定式做宾补 只有 find sb doing find sth. Done 没有 find sb. do sth. 三V-ing 的时态和语态V-ing的时态和语态是V-ing动词性的体现。时态语态doing （主动/进行）being done（被动/进行）having done（主动/完成）having been done（被动/完成）Ving的时态1.一般式：形式是:doingVing的一般式表示Ving的动作与谓语动词的动作同时发生（或者谓语的动作先发生，分词的动作后发生，这种情况一般用于Ving做结果状语）Walking in the street, I came across an old friend of mine.Staying in the countryside, I made some peasant friends.Playing basketball, he got his right leg hurt.The six blind men stood on the roadside every day begging.Often working at night, the poachers shoot whole herds of antelopes at a time leaving only the babies, whose wool is not worth so much.2.完成式：形式是：having done （主要是做状语和宾语）Ving的完成式表示ving的动作先发生，谓语动词的动作后发生，两个动作之间有明显的先后顺序或较大的时间间隔。He didint mention having met us that day.I have no idea of his having done.His brother was put into prison for having broken the law.Not having received his answer, I decided to write to him again.Having been there many times, he was familiar with Beijing.Having noted down our names and address, the policeman left.The guests having left, they began to clear the table.V-ing的被动语态V-ing的被动语态有一般式和完成式一般形式的被动语态：形式是being done,表示一个被动的动作正在进行That building being repaired over there is our library. = That building which is being repaired over there is our library.You will find many new houses being put up. I found this topic being discussed everywhere.His neighbor saw him being beaten by someone.My son remembers being taken to Beijing at the age of ten.Dont worry about me. I dont mind being left at home alone.We were surprised at his coming to the party without being invited.完成形式的被动语态：形式是：having been done，表示一个被动的动作发生在谓语动词之前，并且两个动作之间有明显的先后顺序或较大的时间间隔。Having been given such a good chance, how could I let it slip away?Having been shown around our school, the foreign guests left.He forgot having been taken to Guangzhou when he was five years old.四Ving 的否定式Ving的否定式：not doing not having done not being done not having been doneNot having passed the college entrance examination, he had to work on a farm.We all stood there, not knowing what to do with it.Never having seen him, it was impossible for me to recognize the man.I am sorry for not letting you know about it earlier.第二节 过去分词过去分词（done）的词性：过去分词有形容词词性- 在句中，可做定语，表语，宾语补足语/主语补足语。过去分词有副词词性-在句中，可做状语。过去分词的两个特点： 一是表示被动关系 二是表示过去分词的动作完成一 过去分词在句子中的作用1. 表语过去分词做表语有“感到。”We were surprised at the news.The surprised look on his face showed he was surprised at the news.The information sounded discouraging, but dont be discouraged.People were encouraged by the encouraging situation.2. 定语位置：一般来说，单个的过去分词做定语放在所修饰名词的前面；过去分词短语作定语放到所修饰名词的后面特点：被动-和所修饰名词是被动关系（及物动词主要体现被动和完成） 完成-过去分词的动作已经完成（不及物动词主要体现完成）the burnt house 已经被烧着了房子 （和所修饰名词house是被动关系，房子已经被烧着）the flooded area 已经被淹了的地区 （和所修饰名词area是被动关系，地区已经被淹）the girl dressed in red 穿红色衣服的女孩子 （和所修饰名词girl是被动关系）the language spoken in this area 在这一区域被说的语言 （被动完成均体现）注意：大多数情况下，及物动词的过去分词做定语既有完成又有被动的意思；不及物动词的过去分词也可以做定语，但是只表示动作已经完成，无被动的意思fallen leaves= the leaves that have fallen 落下来的叶子a retired worker = a worker who has retired 一个退休工人a developed country = a country that has developed 一个发达国家the risen sun = the sun that has risen 已经升起的太阳the exploded bomb 爆炸了的炸弹returned students 归国留学的学生excited voice 激动的嗓音a lighted room 一个亮灯的房间 a learned man 一个有学问的人3. 状语过去分词