How To Get The Main Idea.ppt

阅读理解解题指导 主旨大意题 阅读理解能力提高专题2 details paragraphideas passageidea root branches leaves passage mainidea paragraphideas detailedsentences 浙江卷历年高考主旨大意题 一 题型特点 主旨大意题主要考查学生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力 一般针对某一语段或某一语篇的主题 标题或目的设题 它要求考生在理解全文的基础上能较好地运用概括 判断 归纳 推理等逻辑思维方法 对文章进行高度的概括或总结 属于高层次题 二 题干表现形式 1 主题类主旨大意题themainideaofthepassageis thepassageismainlyabout whatismainlydiscussedinthepassage whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthemainideaofthepassage 2 目的类主旨大意题whatisthewritertryingtotellus theauthor smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto thepassageismeantto thepurposeofthisarticleisto 3 标题类主旨大意题thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthepassage thetitlethatbestexpressestheideaofthepassageis 三 解题技巧 主旨大意题考查对一个段落或一篇文章的主题思想的理解 一个段落或一篇文章通常是围绕一个主题展开的 理解一个段落的主题思想首先要学会寻找主题句 一般说来 在英语篇章中 主题句在段落中的位置是有规律可循的 应试技巧1 寻找主题句 sample1peoplehavedifferenttastesinfood somefeelthattheyhaven teatenamealunlesstheyhavehadsteakorotherredmeat somepreferchickenorfishandeatoneortheotherateverymeal othersprefervegetablesandfruitsorgrainsandwouldenjoyamealofspaghetti eggplant andfreshfruit otherscouldliveonwhatwerecalledfast foods ahamburgerorhotdog frenchfriesandasoftdrink 1 文首找主题句 提炼文章标题此类文章开门见山 提出主题 随之用细节来解释 论证或发展主题思想 在议论文 科技文和新闻报道中多采用这种格式 structure topicsentencedetailedsentences sample2somestudentspreferastrictteacherwhotellsthemexactlywhattodo othersprefertobelefttoworkontheirown stillotherslikeademocraticdiscussiontypeofclass nooneteachingmethodcanbedevisedtosatisfyallstudentsatthesametime 2 文尾找主题句 提炼标题或归纳大意 此类文章作者先阐述细节 然后归纳要点 得出结论 概括主题 本段的中心思想在结尾句得到体现 它是此段内容的结论 structure detailedsentencestopicsentence sample3justasisettledowntoreadorwatchtelevision hedemandsthatiplaywithhim ifigetatelephonecall hescreamsinthebackgroundorknockssomethingover ialwayshavetohanguptofindoutwhat swrongwithhim baby sittingwithmylittlebrotherisnofun herefusestoletmeeatasnackinpeace usuallyhewantshalfofwhateverihavetoeat then whenhefinallygrowstired ittakesaboutanhourforhimtofallasleep 3 主题句在中间当主题句被安排在文中间时 通常前面只提出问题 文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出 而后又作进一步的解释 支撑或发展 structure detailedsentencestopicsentencedetailedsentences sample4shupulonghashelpedatleast1000peoplebittenbysnakes itwasseeingpeoplewithsnakesbitesthatledmetothecareer shesaid thesadstorytouchedmesomuchthatidecidedtodevotemyselftohelpingpeoplebittenbysnakes shusaid 4 首尾呼应展现主题句 瞻前顾后归纳大意为了突出主题 作者在文章开头提出主题 接着进行阐述或论证 在结尾时再次点出主题 进一步引申或发展 structure topicsentencedetailedsentencestopicsentence sample5todaytheproblemofenvironmenthasbecomemoreandmoreserious theworldpopulationisrising soquicklythattheworldhasbecometoocrowded weareusingupournaturalresourcestooquicklyandatthesametimewearepollutingourenvironmentwithdangerouschemicals ifwecontinuetodothis humanlifeonearthwillnotsurvive manhasmadegreatprogressinenvironmentprotection governmentsofmanycountrieshaveestablishedlawstoprotecttheforestsandsearesourcesandwastewaterandpoisonousgaseshavebeenalsodealtwith stillmoremeasuresshouldbetakentosolvetheproblems peopleshouldbefurthereducatedtorealizetheimportanceoftheproblem tousemodernmethodsofbirthcontrolandlearntorecycleournaturalresources wearesurethatweshallhaveabetterandcleanedplanetinthefuture 5 整合每一段的主题句 归纳大意文章由段落组成 整合每一段的主题句 了解各段逻辑关系 归纳文章大意 sample6tomstudiedfouryearsattheuniversityofparisanddecidedtoleavebeforehisgraduation hetransferredtotheuniversityofberlinandgraduatedwithhonors harvardlawschooland later bostoncollegeprovidedhimwithanexcellentlegalbackground heispresentlyacorporationlawyerinmiami florida themainideaofthisparagraphisthat a tom whohadstudiedatparisuniversitiesforfouryears movedtoanotheruniversity b tombecamealawyersincehisgraduationfromharvardlawschoolandlaterfrombostoncollege c tomwasanexcellentstudentwhenhestudiedatberlinuniversity d tomreceivedanexcellenteducation 6 没有主题句 从段落中归纳要点抓大意 有些文章或段落无明显的主题句 阅读这样的文章 要求考生根据文章的细节来分析 概括推导出文章的主题 detail detail detail 1smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease illness cancer cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems forexample itcangiveonea smoker scough finally studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller cancer smokingisharmful isitworthit 练中学 2foradultsacoldisnotthatserious however thisisnotthecaseforchildren coldsymptomsinchildrenmaybesignsofmoreseriousdiseasesandshouldbegivenpromptmedicalattention 练中学 3oftennoonelooksmoreguiltythantheinnocent ontheotherhand nobodymaylookmoreinnocentthanaprofessi onalcriminal andthemanwhoknows everything mayreallyonlybetryingtohidehisownweakness so itisfoolishtotrytojudgeapersononlybyhisappearance 4peoplewholiveincountrieswithmanydoctorsandmodernhospitalsareworld shealthiestpeople right notnecessarily somegroupsofpeoplewhohavenodoctorsorhospitalsatallareamongtheworld shealthiest forexample peoplewholiveonsmall farawayislandsgetveryfewdiseasesbecausetherearenooutsiderstobringingermsornewillness 5goodmannersareimportantinallcountries butwaysofexpressinggoodmannersaredifferentfromcountrytocountry americanseatwithknivesandforks japaneseeatwithchopsticks americanssay hi whentheymeet japanesebow manyamericanmenopendoorsforwomen japanesemendonot onthesurface itappearsthatgoodmannersinamericaarenotgoodmannersinjapan andinawaythisistrue butinanycountry themannersthatareimportantarethoseinvolvingoneperson sbehaviortowardanotherperson inallcountriesitisgoodmannerstobehaveconsideratelytowardothersandbadmannersnotto itisonlythewayofbehavingpolitelythatdiffersfromcountrytocountry 6magellan smenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship magellanwasfromportugal buthesailedforthekingofspain onseptember20 1519 heleftspainwithfiveshipsand240men afterpassingthetripofsouthamerica theyreachedthepacificocean onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust finallyinapril1521 magellangottothephilippineislands wherehewaskilled hismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheindianocean itwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedthecapeofgoodhope bythetimetheyreturnedtospainondecember21 1521 sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied magellan svoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball whichofthefollowingdoyouthinkisthebesttitleforthispassage a magellan sdeathb goingaroundtheworldc theworldisroundd magellan svoyage magellan smenwerethefirsttomakethetriparoundtheworld ittookthemmorethantwoyearstodosobyship magellan svoyagewasthefirsttriparoundtheworld magellanwasfromportugal buthesailedforthekingofspain onseptember20 1519 heleftspainwithfiveshipsand240men afterpassingthetipofsouthamerica theyreachedthepacificocean onwhichtheysailedmorethanoneyear veryoftentheycouldnotseeapieceoflandformonthsandtheysufferedgreatlyfromthelackoffoodandfreshwater manyofthemdiedofhungeranddiseases theyevenhadtoliveonsawdust finallyinapril1521 magellangottothephilippineislands wherehewaskilled hismenfledandcontinuedtheirvoyageacrosstheindianocean itwaswiththegreatestdifficultythattheypassedthecapeofgoodhope bythetimetheyreturnedtospainondecember21 1521 sevenoutofeveryeightmenhaddied theprocessofmagellan slongdifficultvoyage magellan svoyageprovedthatmencouldsailaroundtheworldandthatourearthisbutahugeball magellan svoyageprovedtheearthisround whichofthefollowingdoyouthinkisthebesttitleforthispassage a magellan sdeathb goingaroundtheworldc theworldisroundd magellan svoyage toonarrow toonarrow toobroad 任何一篇文章都是围绕某个主题展开的 因此 许多文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词 即高频词 也叫做主题词 应试技巧2 寻找高频词 whenyouthrowaballupintotheairasfastasyoucan theballreahesapointwhereitseemstopauseforamoment andthenitcomesdown whenabullet 子弹 isshotstraightup itwilltravelmuchfasterandhigherthanaball butit too willcomedown whatevergoesupmustgodown wehavealwaysthoughtthistobetrue anairplanemayclimbtoaheightofseventeenmilesandthentravelfarandlong yetitdoesnotstayupforever finally likeeverythingelse theplanemustcomedown 文章或段落的主题句常常会出现在一些标志性的提示后 应试技巧3 注意标志词 so therefore thus inconclusion inshort clearly forexample first tobeginwith second next then also besidesthat finally vs topicsentence detailedsentences 练中学 ahumanbodyappearstoberathersoftanddelicate comparedwiththatofawildanimal butitisactuallysurprisinglystrong indeed itsverysoftnessandloosenessisanadvantage itmakesmangoodatmovingaboutmovementofalllivingthingsofhisownsize becausehecandosomanydifferentthingswithhislimbs man sgamesshowhowhecancontrolhisownbody nootherlandcreaturecanswimasskillfullyasman morehassuchvariedgrace veryfewlivesaslongashe noneissostronginitsnaturalresistancetodisease therefore manhasagreatadvantageinhisbattleagainsttherisksofdamageanddeaththatthreatenhim smokingcigarettesisharmfultoyourhealth experimentsshowthatcigarettesmokingcancausecancer besidesthemostseriousandterribledisease illness cancer cigarettesmokingalsocancauseotherhealthproblems forexample itcangiveonea smoker scough finally studieshaveshownitiseasyforcigarettesmokerstocatchcolds whetheryougetanunimportantcoldorterriblekiller cancer smokingisharmful isitworthit 练中学 应试技巧4 选项分析 正确选项的特点 1 抽象性 概括性 归纳性2 内容相近或完全相反的两个选项中往往有一个是正确选项3 概括全文 内容全面 含义深刻 说明道理的选项一般是答案项 而选项内容片面 单一的内容一般是错误选项 错误选项的特点 1 以偏概全 干扰项只阐述了文章的一部分内容 也就是文章的局部信息 2 主题扩大 过于笼统 干扰项所归纳 概括的范围过大 超过文章实际所讨论的内容 3 断章取义 干扰项常常以文章中的个别信息或个别字眼作为选项的设置内容 或者以次要的事实或细节冒充全文的主要观点 tips 1 段落中出现转折时 该句很可能是主题句 2 作者有意识地反复重复的观点 通常是主旨 反复出现的词语 一般为体现文章主旨的关键词 3 首段出现疑问句时 对该问题的回答很可能就是文章主旨 4 提出文章主旨时常伴有文字提示有therefore thus but however infact inshort等 因此 这些词后的内容很可能就是文章主旨 掌握三种方法 1 正面肯定法 在理解文章主旨的基础上 揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨 2 反面否定法 撇开原文 研究备选项 如果是我写这个题目 我会怎样写 然后和原文对照 排除不当选项 3 研究备选项本身 文章的标题应该新颖奇特 易激发读者的好奇心 吸引读者注意力 精 语言精炼 能概括出文章的中心思想 准 要注意文章的内涵和外延 把作者的观点准确地表达出来 全 要排除掉那些片面的选项 选取包含文章的主要内容及作者观点的选项 范围不宜过大或过小 新 所选择的标题要新颖 对读者有吸引力 能激发读者的阅读兴趣 标题选择 四字法 practicemakesperfect readthefollowingpassagesgivenandchoosethebestanswers kleptomaniaisanillnessofthemindthatgivesapersonthedesiretosteal suchapersonisnotreallyathief theyaresickandcannothelpthemselves allsmallchildrenactnaturallyandastheygrowuptheynormallylearntocontroltheiractions peoplewithkleptomaniaforcertainmedicalreasonshavefailedtodevelopcontrolovertheirdesiretotakethingsthatdonotbelongtothem withmedicalhelptheymaybecomenormalcitizensagain theythingsthatakleptomaniacstealsareseldomofgreatvalue theyoftengiveawaywhattheyhavestolenorcollectobjectswithoutusingthem a q whatisthetopicofthetext a youngthieves b anunusualillness c reasonsforstealingd anormalchild sactions topicsentence kleptomaniaisanillnessofthemindthatgivesapersonthedesiretosteal boston thievesdressedaspoliceenteredamuseumearlysundayandstole11paintings includingmajorworksbyrembrandt dagas manetandvermerr fbi 美国联邦调查局 andthemuseumofficialssaid thefirstjudgmentplacedvalueofatleast 100millionontheworksstolenfromtheisabellagardenermuseum saidbostonpolicespokes manjimtordan williambobinson ofhardvardunivercity sfoggelmuseum calledtheobjectsstolen majorworks b q whatisthebestheadlineforthisnewspaperarticle a athefttookplaceinbostonb artworksstolenbythievesc majorworksd investigationintothetheft topicsentence thievesdressedaspoliceenteredamuseumearlysundayandstole11paintings inamericawehavehalloween inmexicotheyhavetodossantos whichmeans allsaints thisisthedayinwhichpeoplerememberfamilyandfriendswhohavedied theyvisitthecemeteryinsteadofgoingouttotrick or treat buttheydohavepicturesofskeletonsandghostshangingaround theyalsohavemanycandyskullstoeat c q whatdoesthestorymainlytells a whatholidaysarelikeb whathalloweenislikeinmexicoc whathappensduringtodossantosd whatwedoonhalloween e ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlyattractyourattention colortv only 79 two daysale hurry however whenyougotothestorereadytobuy youmaydiscoverthattheadvertisedsetsaresoldout butthesalesmanisquicktoreassureyouthathehasanothermodel amorereliablesetwhichis justrightforyou itcosts 359 thissalestacticiscalled baitandswitch buyersarebaitedwithasalesoffer andthentheyareswitchedtoanothermorecostlyitem buyingitemsonsalerequirescarefulconsiderationofthemerchandise 商品 andthereasonsforthesale q whichsentencebestexpressesthemainidea a thecustomermustbeonhisguardwhenpurchasingitemsonsale b colortelevisionsetswhichsellfor 79aresoldoutquickly c manystoresusethe baitandswitch techniquetoattractcustomers d anyoneplanningtobuyatelevisionsetshouldlookforasale inthe1930s alotofpeopleintheusawereoutofwork amongthesepeoplewasamannamedalfredbutts healwayshadaninterestinwordgamesandtofillhistimeheplannedagamewhichhecalled lexico however hewasnotcompletelysatisfiedwiththegame sohemadeanumberofchangestoitandchangeditsnamefrom lexico to alph andthento crisscross hewantedtomakesomemoneyfromhisnewgamebuthedidn thaveanyrealcommercial 商业性的 success f q thetextismainlyabout a lexicob threemenc awordgamed alfredbutts eg 9aneweight kilometerroadisunderconstructionthatlinkstheportareawithmotorwaysystem itisexpectedtocarry20 000trucksandcarsaday whichgreatlyreducestheovercrowdedtrafficinthecenterofthecity aspartoftheproject twofour kilometerroadtunnelsarebeingbuiltbelowthecentralareaofthecity onefortraffictothenorthandtheotherforthetraffictothesouth thetwotunnelsareabout20metersbelowthesurfaceandare12meterswide providingfortwolanesoftrafficineachdirection intheupperpartofthetunneltwoair conditioningpipesremovethewastegasoftrucksandcarsandkeepthequalityofairinsidethetunnel thelightingisatthetopofthetunnel practicallyatitshighestpoint therewillalsobeelectricsignsatfrequentintervals theyshowtrafficconditionsaheadandcanbeseenclearlybydrivers thewallismadeupoffourmainelements whichincludeawaterproofingcoveringand ontheinsideofthetunnel aconcretelining eachtunnelisroughlyroundandthelowerpartofthetunnelissomewhatflat thesurfaceoftheroadliesonthebase whichismadeofconcreteandsteel thedrainagesystem justbelowtheroadsurfaceononeside removesanyextraliquid particularlywater intheeventoffire thefiremain whichismadeofsteel pipeswatertomanyfirehydrantstationsatregularintervalsalongthelengthofthetunnel thefiremainisatthesideofthetunnelandattheleveloftheroadsurface othersystemsinthetunnelwillincludeemergencyphones 75 thepassageismainlyabout a theconstructionofaroadb thedesignofaroadc theconstructionoftwotunnelsd thedesignoftwotunnels 练习2ifyouwereplanningtobuyatelevisionset thefollowingadvertisementwouldcertainlydrawyourattention colortv only 79 twodayssale hu rry however when