高考英语必考点专题01名词（精讲深剖）（含解析）.docx

专题01 名词真题速递I.单句语法填空1.（2019全国卷I）In recent years some Inuit people in Nunayut have reported increases in bear sightings around human settlements, leading to a _ (believe) that populations are increasing. 【答案】belief【解析】考查名词。根据其前不定冠词和其后的同位语从句可知，空格处为名词形式，故填belief。2. （2019全国卷III)When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting (compete)to watch，together with the story behind it. 【答案】competition【解析】考查名词。由空格前的不定冠词an与空格后的不定式to watch可以确定空格处应该填名词形式。故填competition。3.（2019浙江卷)Other American studies showed no _(connect) between uniforms and school performance.【答案】connection/connections【解析】考查名词。句意：其他的美国研究表明校服和学校表现之间没有联系。no是形容词，形容词修饰名词，位于名词前，名词可用复数也可用单数形式。connect是动词，“联系”的意思，因此，要用其名词形式。故填connection/connections。4.（20186月浙江高考） Making Chinese ( dish)is seen as especially troublesome.【答案】dishes【解析】考查名词单复数。dish是可数名词，其前无限定词，故用其复数形式dishes。5（2017全国卷I） This trend， which was started by the medical community(医学界） as a method of fighting heart disease has had some unintended side ( effect) such as overweight and heart disease -the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.【答案】effects【解析】考查名词复数。side effect副作用，由前面的some和下文中的两个例子overweight and heart disease可知名词effect用复数形式effects。6（2016全国卷I） The nursery team switches him every few (day ) with his sister so that while one is being bottle-fed, the other is with mum-she never suspects.【答案】days 【解析】考查名词。其前面有few，而few修饰可数名词复数，故填days.II单句改错1.（2019全国卷I）To everyones surprising, the ball went into the net. 【答案】surprising改成surprise【解析】考查固定搭配。“to ones + 名词”在句中表示结果，“to ones surprise”意思为“使某人惊讶的是”。故将surprising改为surprise。2.（2019全国卷II）Since I was a kid, Ive considered different job I would like to do. 【答案】job改为jobs。【解析】考查名词的数。“job（工作；职业）”为可数名词，用different（不同的）修饰时意思为不同种类的工作，应该用名词的复数形式。故将job改为jobs。 3.（2019全国卷III)I wish to have a chain of cafes in many different city. 【答案】city改为cities【解析】本句考查名词的用法。many different后跟可数名词的复数形式。故把city改为cities。4.（2018全国卷I） Last winter when I went there again，they had a big separate house to raise dozens of chicken. 【答案】chicken改为chickens。【解析】考查名词的单复数。短语dozens of之后应接可数名词复数，而此处chicken为可数名词“鸡”，故把chicken改为chickens。5.（2018全国卷）At that moment, I remembered at m father once said,“The classroom is a place for learning and that includes learning from textbooks, and mistake as well.” 【答案】mistake改为mistakes。【解析】考查名词的数。根据语境可知，此处表示“从课本和错误中学习”，mistake“错误”为可数名词，应使用复数形式，即mistakes。6.（2016全国卷） The teenage year from13to19 were the most difficult time for me. 【答案】year改为years。【解析】考查可数名词复数形式。根据数字13和19，可知改用复数形式years。考纲解读考纲解读考纲解读高考对名词词义辨析以及习惯搭配用法的考查将仍然是重点。 名词除了独立考查其词义辨析外，还常结合其他项目一起考查，题型以单项填空、短文改错、完形填空及单词拼写等形式出现，考查要点主要包括：1考查名词词义辨析和习惯搭配。名词词义辨析包括同义词辨析、近义词辨析、同形词辨析和不同词义的名词在语境中的辨析。另外，高考还考查容易混淆的名词的辨形、辨义以及名词的惯用法等。2考查名词的数(可数与不可数、单数与复数)、名词所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。知识梳理3考查名词的“旧词新意”和“名词动化”现象。这种现象主要以隐形考查的方式出现在阅读理解和完形填空试题中。如：shelter n庇护，避难所vt.保护，躲避，避难； storm n. 暴风雨， 大动荡vi.&vt.横冲直撞， 猛攻； shoulder n. 肩，肩膀，肩部vt.肩负，承担； trail n小径， 痕迹vt.追踪。【谨记规则】可数名词有单复数形式，而不可数名词通常没有复数形式。表示一个人或事物用单数，表示一个以上的人或事物用复数。一、可数名词复数的构成及读音规则如下：情况构成方法读音例词一般情况加 -s清辅音后/s/；浊辅音和元音后读/z/map maps 地图bag - bags书包/袋子car cars 小汽车book-books书apple-apples 苹果 pen-pens鸟 bird-birds 钢笔tree-trees树 girl-girls女孩以 s,ss,x,ch,sh等结尾的词加 -es-es 读 /iz/bus buses 公共汽车class - classes课box boxes盒子watch - watches手表brush - brushes 刷子dish-dishes盘子/一碟菜以-f或-fe 结尾的 名词多数将-f和-fe变v加 -es-ves读/vz/wife-wives妻子leaf leaves 树叶shelf-shelves 架子knife - knives 小刀wolf-wolves 狼thief thieves 贼/小偷half-halves半life lives 生命记忆口诀：妻子用树架小刀将贼和狼劈成2半结束它们的生命以元音字 母+ y结 尾的名词 (a,e,i, o,u)直接加-s-s 读 /z/boy-boys 男孩day-days 天monkey monkeys 猴子holiday holidays 假日toy-toys玩具 key-keys钥匙/【答案】记忆口诀：男孩和猴子天天在节假日玩玩具和钥匙以辅音字 母+ y结 尾的非专 有名词a,e,i ,o, u变y为i 再加es-s 读 /z/baby babies婴儿/宝贝story stories 故事factory-factories 工厂city-cities城市library-libraries图书馆family-families家庭hobby-hobbies业余爱好以辅音字 母 + 0结 尾的名词一般加 -es-es 读/z/Negro-Negroes黑人hero heroes英雄tomato tomatoes西红柿potato potatoes土豆mango-mangoes芒果记忆口诀：黑人英雄喜欢吃西红柿，土豆还有芒果以元音字 母 + 0结 尾的以及外来名词加-s-s 读/z/zoo - zoos 动物园photo-photos照片kangaroo-kangaroos袋鼠bamboo bamboos竹子radio radios收音机piano-pianos钢琴记忆口诀：（动物园）（照片）中的（袋鼠）可以用（竹子）听（收音机）和弹（钢琴）单复数同形名词保持不变deer-deer鹿sheep-sheep绵羊fish-fish鱼people-people人/人们Chinese-Chinese 中国人English英国人Japanese-Japanese 日本人Vietnamese- Vietnamese 越南人Swiss瑞士人Portuguese葡萄牙人Lebanese黎巴嫩人记忆口诀：草原上吃草两种动物：鹿和绵羊水里游的鱼；中日英 三国家人；越，瑞，葡，黎 4四国家人表示某国人名词的复数直接加shuman-humans(人，人类)German-Germans（德国人）Russian-Russian（俄罗斯人）American-Americans（美国人）Italian-Italians（意大利人）Indian-Indians（印度人）Canadian-Canadians(加拿大)Australian-Australians（澳大）Swede-Swedes(瑞典人)记忆口诀：人类/德国 俄，美，意，印，加，瑞 复数加S无连字号复合名词以后面名词变复数规律保持一致mooncake-mooncakes（月饼）bookcase-bookcases（书橱）armchair-armchairs（轮椅）toothpick-toothpicks（牙签）housewife-housewives(家庭主妇)gentleman-gentlemen(绅士)bookshelf-bookshelves（书架）stopwatch-stopwatches(秒表)wineglass-wineglasses(酒杯)birthday-birthdays(生日)blackboard-blackboards(黑板)greenhouse-greenhouses(温室)【考题印证】单句语法填空1.(2018全国卷I） Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all (cause).【答案】：causes 【解析】：考查名词。此处cause是可数名词，意为“原因”，句中的all表示“所有的”，其后应用可数名词的复数形式，故填causes。2（2017全国卷）In1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.【答案】：crowds【解析】：考查名词复数。crowd是可数名词，且前面没有限定词，故应用复数形式。单句改错1.（2018全国卷II） After supper， we would play card games of all sort in the sitting room. 【答案】：sort改为sorts。【解析】：考查名词的单复数。由前面的all“所有的”可知，sort应用复数形式，all sorts意为“各种各样”。2.（2017全国卷I） The instructor kept repeating the word,“peed up！”“ Slow down！”“ Turn left！” 【答案】：wordwords【解析】：词法错误。根据后面引号内的内容可知word应该用复数形式words。二、抽象名词具体化抽象名词是表示状态、品质、情感等而没有实物的名词。抽象名词具体化后变成可数名词，前面可加不定冠词，用来强调其具体表现形式或表示某一次短暂的动作，常意为“一次的事情；一个的人；一种的东西”。如：抽象名词具体意义success成功a success成功的人或事failure失败a failure失败的人或事pleasure乐趣a pleasure令人高兴的事pity同情a pity令人遗憾的事relief宽慰 a relief令人宽慰的事【考题印证】（2016. 全国卷）But for tourists like me，pandas are its top _(attract)【答案】：attraction。【解析】：考查词性转换之动词变为名词。形容词top修饰空格处的名词，attract的名词形式是attraction，意思是“吸引人之物”。三、不可数名词单词意义短语、例句advice建议give sb. some advice on sth.equipmenta set of equipmentexperience经验（注：“经历”可数）Mr. Li has much teaching experience.exercise锻炼（注：“练习”可数）take exercisefun开心、快乐的事What fun it is to do sth.!furniture家具a set of furniturenews/information/word消息，新闻Word came that he won the first prize in the match.baggage/luggage行李a piece of baggage/luggageprogress进步make great/rapid/some/no progress in sth.practice练习Practice makes perfect.work工作weather天气applause掌声a burst of applause 一阵掌声wealth财富，富裕friendship友谊energy精力homework家庭作业knowledge知识nature自然luck运气两者都要变复数man teacher-men teachers（男老师）woman doctor-women doctors（女医生）男人/女人做定语修饰名词，两者都需要变复数health健康technology技能courage勇气help帮助hope希望food食物wood木材scenery风景jewelry珠宝poetry诗歌evidence证据【考题印证】单句改错1. (2019.开封模拟)Why not come and join us if you want know more informations about our future space schools? 【答案】：1. informations改为 information。 【解析】：考查名词形式。information为不可数名词，在此不能用复数形式。故改为原形。2. (2016.全国卷II)If we go on a trip abroad,we can broaden our view and gain knowledges we cannot get from books. 【答案】：knowledges改为knowledge。【解析】：考查名词形式。knowledge为不可数名词，在此不能用复数形式。故改为原形。考点精讲语法填空解题“三定向”一.根据修饰词确定名词的单复数形式（1）不定冠词a,an后用名词单数形式;(2)有these,those,several,all,many,both,a pair of,a variety of,different,a few等修饰可数名词时名词用复数形；（3）名词前有one of，among时用名词复数形式。【思路点拨】1.Theteamwhowonthethreeworld (championship)would always get this cup.【答案】：championships【解析】：考查名词形式。championship意为“冠军地位；冠军称号”，为可数名词，其前面有three修饰，故用复数形式。2.Interestedintheirwork,shepicked upapairof (scissor).【答案】：scissors。【解析】：考查名词形式。一般只有在当动词或修饰功能的词组时 scissor 这个词才会以单数形式出现，在单纯当成“剪刀”使用时，都是以复数 scissors 的形式，和眼镜 glasses 一样。 剪刀、眼镜、筷子这些词，都被视为“可数名词”，但是都一样体现在它们的计数单位 pair 上:一把剪刀、一副眼镜、一双筷子都是用 a pair of (scissors, glasses, chopsticks) 来表达，如果是复数，就用 XXX pairs of (scissors, glasses, chopsticks) 说明。3.During the festival ,which lasts threes or four days,people are dressed in their best clothes and participated a variety of rich and colorful (activity).【答案】：activities。【解析】：考查名词形式。activity为可数名词，又因为有a variety of 修饰可数名词复数，故用activities。4. Although they are seen as companions and part of the family today, China and Western countries have different cultural (belief) about dogs.【答案】：beliefs【解析】：考查名词形式。Belief做“看法、信念”讲时是可数名词，又因为different 修饰名词复数修饰，故用beliefs。5.Above all, commercial interests often outweigh educational (complaint) about the unbearable advertisements.【答案】：complaints。【解析】：抽象名词具体化。complaint作“抱怨”讲时时不可数名词 ；作“抱怨的行动或电话投诉”时是可数名词。句意为“首当其冲的是，商业利益常常高于教育目的，所以这些令人无法忍受的广告就招来很多抱怨。”6. Going to Cambridge University was a dream of mine, for it is one of the top ( university) in theworld.【答案】：universities.【解析】：考查名词形式。university是可数名词，又因为one of 修饰可数名词复数，故用universities。7. I decided to label one of my small ( purse) which I actually had with me that day, with her name, along with some some cash inside and an encouraging note.【答案】： purses。【解析】：考查名词形式。详解同上一题。二.根据谓语动词确定名词的单复数形式名词作主语时，如果一般在时的谓语动词是动词原形或are，要虑用名词的复数形式。【思路点拨】1. While here are amazing stories of instant transformation,for most of us, the (change) are gradual and require a lot of effort and work, like cleaning up a polluted river.【答案】： changes。【解析】：考查名词形式。根据其后的are和主谓一致的原则，此处应用复数形式purses。2. Recent (study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.【答案】：studies。【解析】：考查名词复数形式。其后谓语动词为show，故用名词复数形式。三.根据常识和句意确定名词的单复数形式表示两个（武两个以上）的可数名词及并列名词时，名词需数形式【思路点拨】1.Tim and his team set out to seek the effects of phone use on (passer- by).【答案】：passers-by。【解析】：考查名词复数形式。passer-by是可数名词，句意为：蒂姆和他的团队开始寻找电话使用对路人的影响，故用复数形式。2.It thinks that Chinglish may hurt peoples ability to speak standard English and make it hard for them to communicate with (foreigner).【答案】：foreigners 。【解析】：考查名词复数形式。foreigner是可数名词，句意为“它认为中国式英语可能会损害人们讲标准英语的能力并且让他们很难与外国人交流。”故用复数形式。3. Unable to express himself easily in conversation, he uses a special typewriter to write letters to his friends, and beautiful ( poem).【答案】：poems。【解析】：考查名词复数形式。poem是可数名词,此处poem与前面的letters并列，故用复数形式。三招巧解短文改错解题一.分清名词单复数看到 several，a few，many， one of, a number of，large number of，a great many等和具体数字（two，three）等时，要想到其后的名词应用复数形式。【思路点拨】l. The two thing that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. 【答案】：thingthings 【解析】：考查名词形式。thing是可数名词，其前有具体数词two，故改为things。1. It is not easy for our parent to bring us up. 【答案】：parentparents 【解析】：考查名词形式。parent意为“父亲或母亲”，而parents意为“父母”。句意为“父母把我们养大不容易”，故改为parents。2. I failed to respond to their question. 【答案】：questionquestions【解析】：考查名词形式。根据句意“我没有回答他们的问题”此处应改为复数形式questions。 3. The teachers often encourage us to make more friend in the school. 【答案】：friendfriends 【解析】：考查名词形式。friend是可数名词，其前面有more，故用复数形式。4. Due to some rich tourist attraction, every year many visitors come to my hometown, where they cannot only appreciate the beautiful scenery,but also enjoy the delicious food. 【答案】：attractionattractions 【解析】：考查抽象名词具体化。attraction作“吸引，吸引力”时是不可数名词，作“有吸引力的人或物”时具体化为可数名词。句意为“由于一些丰富的景点，每年大量的游客来打我的家乡。在这里，他们不仅能欣赏到美丽的风景还能 品尝到美味的食品。”故改为attractions。二明了不可数名词看到 information，evidence， advice，baggage，news， homework，work，fun， progress，knowledge, furniture, luggage, strength等，要想到它们是不可数名词，没有复数形式【思路点拨】1.He has much knowledges and his teaching method is scientific. 【答案】：knowledgesknowledge 【解析】：考查不可数名词形式。Knowledge“知识”是不可数名词，没有复数形式。故改为knowledge 。2.Looking at the spot where he thought the flywas again,he was so angry that he slapped it with all his strengths. 【答案】：strengthsstrength【解析】：考查不可数名词形式。strength是不可数名词,没有复数形式。 3.A lot of informations can be stored in it. 【答案】：strengthsstrength【解析】：考查不可数名词形式。【解析】同第6.7题。4.She s getting married next month and decides to buy some decorations and furnitures. 【答案】：furnituresfurniture 【解析】：考查不可数名词形式。【解析】同第6.7题。三注意词性错误看到冠词、形容词性物主代词、介词或及物动词（短语），要想到后跟名词形式。【思路点拨】1.I would appreciate it if you could give me a reply at your earliest convenient. 【答案】：convenientconvenience。【解析】：考查名词形式。根据形容词性物主代词their可知其后该跟名词，故convenient改为convenience。2.Firstly, it is of vital important to have a positive attitude. 【答案】： importantimportance 【解析】：考查名词形式。此处用到be of +n.结构，故 形容词important改为名词importance 。 3.I restarted to pick up my confident again. 【答案】：confidentconfidence【解析】：考查名词形式。根据confident前有形容词性物主代词my可知其应该为名词形式。故形容词confident改为名词confidence。模拟训练单句语法填空1. （山东省安丘市、诸城市、五莲县、兰山区2019届高三4月模拟训练英语试题）A collection of short _ (essay), Writing in the Margins of Life, was published in 1941.【答案】：essays【解析】：考查名词复数。句意：1941年出版了一本短篇小品集，名为生命的边缘。固定搭配：a collection of+可数名词复数，故【答案】为essays。2.（哈师大附中 东北师大附中 辽宁省实验中学2019年高三第二次联合模拟考试）Throughout the buffet dinner, we enjoyed several fantastic _ (perform).【答案】：performances。【解析】：考查名词。句意：在自助餐的过程中，我们欣赏了几场精彩的表演。该空作句子宾语，用名词，且被several修饰，用名词复数，所以填performances。3.（吉林省名校2019届高三下学期第一次联合模拟考试）The colour comes from the wooden _ (container) in which the whisky is stored for several years 【答案】：containers【解析】：考查名词的数。句意：威士忌的颜色来自于储存多年它的木质容器。此处容器不止一个，故用复数形式containers。3. （2019年东北三省四市教研联合体高考模拟试卷（一）Even the second class _ (chair) provide plenty of space.【答案】：chairs。【解析】：考查名词。句意:即使是二等座的椅子也有相当大的空间。分析句子可知，本句缺乏主语，chair为可数名词，故用其复数形式，chairs。4.（吉林省辽源市普通高中2019届高三第二次模拟考试）Co-sponsored by AESA, America East Shandong Chamber of Commerce and Confucius Education Foundation Inc, the festival _ (feature) recitation of the“Di Zi Gui.【答案】：features【解析】：考查动词形式。此处指这个节目以背诵弟子规为特色，与上下文时态一致用一般现在时，主语是the festival是单数，动词也用第三人称单数。故填features.5.（辽宁省葫芦岛市2019届高三下学期第一次模拟考试）The robots sensors can detect _ (object) and quickly get out of the way. 【答案】：objects【解析】：考查名词的数。句意：这些机器人的传感器可以探测到障碍物，并迅速避开。object为可数名词，前面没有冠词修饰，故用复数形式objects。6.（山东省淄博市高三第一次模拟考试英语试题）People rushed to get free _ (ticket)online，for the rare night-time opening，【答案】：tickets【解析】：考查名词。人们争相在网上获得免费的门票，为了这罕见的夜间开放，门票几分钟内就会被抢购一空。ticket是可数名词，此处用复数表泛指，故填tickets。7.（山东省泰安市2019届高三第一次模拟考试）Like the nearby Huangjuewan Overpass，in Chongqing, this incredibly complex infrastructure project has been labelled a nightmare for _ (motorist) trying to find their way around.【答案】：motorists【解析】：考查名词的数。句意：就像附近的重庆黄觉湾立交桥一样，这个极其复杂的基础设施项目已经成为那些试图找到路出去的司机们的噩梦。motorist为可数名词，此处驾驶者不止一个，为复数概念，故填motorists。8.（山东省济南市2019届高三第一次模拟考试）Fairy tale writer Hans Christian Andersen liked to cut _65_ (character)，such as princesses and angels，【答案】：characters【解析】：考查名词。句意：神话作家Hans Christian Andersen在给孩子讲故事的时候，喜欢用纸剪成小人，像公主和天使。根据后文such as princesses and angels可知，剪成的纸人不止一个，故用复数形式characters。9.（2019年大连市高三第一次模拟考试）Even the second class _ (chair) provide plenty of space. 【答案】：chairs考查名词。句意:即使是二等座的椅子也有相当大的空间。分析句子可知，本句缺乏主语，chair为可数名词，故用其复数形式，chairs。10.（广东省2019年普通高等学校招生全国统一考试模拟试卷（一）“Alcohol is something that everyone thought harmful for_( decade), but no one has scientifically demonstrated it,”a professor wrote in a press release.【答案】：decades【解析】：考查名词复数。句意：几十年来，每个人都认为酒精有害，但没有人从科学上证明这一点。此处decade“十年”，结合句意此处表示“几十年”，所以用名词复数，故【答案】为decades。11. （湖南省岳阳市2019届高三第二次模拟考试）No problem, this smartwatch can get through without so many as nicks (刻痕) or _ (scratch). 【答案】：scratches【解析】：考查名词。句意：没问题，这种智能手表能够对付日常的刻痕和刮擦。分析句子可知，and并列连接nicks，而scratch为可数名词，故需用复数形式scratches。12.（山东省日照市2019届高三第一次模拟考试）From its thousands of rooms to its many beautiful artifacts，its no wonder it is one of Chinas most popular scenic _(spot).【答案】：spots【解析】：考查名词复数。根据空前one of可知，此处应使用名词复数。故填spots。12. (咸阳市2019年高考模拟检测（二）Every year around Valentines Day, men begin to worry about what _ (present) to buy 【答案】：presents【解析】：考查名词。句意：每年情人节前后，男人们开始关注买什么礼物。分析句子可知，主语是复数men，买的礼物也要用复数，故填presents。单句改错1.（哈师大附中 东北师大附中 辽宁省实验中学2019年高三第一次联合模拟考试）Cloning humans can bring negative effects and wrong informations. 【答案】：inf