高一物理中英文对照表.doc

高一物理名词概念规律集合（中英文对照）力学力学 mechanics力 force力是物体间的作用 Force is the interaction of objects.力的图示 force diagram力有大小和方向 A force has both a magnitude and a direction.牛顿 Newton动力和阻力 motive force and resistance重力 gravitational force重量 weight弹簧秤 a spring balance重心 center of gravity or gravitational center质量分布均匀的物体（匀质物体），重心的位置只跟物体的形状有关For a body with homogeneously distributed mass (homogeneous body), the location of its gravitational center depends on its shape.弹力 elastic force拉力，压力和支持力 full, pressure and supporting force形变 deformation弹性限度 elastic limit拉伸形变，压缩形变，弯曲形变，扭转形变 stretched deformation, pressed deformation, bending deformation, twist deformation压力的方向垂直于支持面指向被压的物体，支持力的方向垂直于支持面指向被支持的物体The direction of a pressure is perpendicular to the supporting surface and points to the pressed object, while the direction of a supporting force is perpendicular to the supporting surface but points to the supported object.胡克定律 Hooks law: The extension of a piece of wire is directly proportional to the applied force providing the limit of proportionality is not exceeded.摩擦力 frictional force滑动摩擦力 sliding frictional force滑动摩擦力的方向总是跟接触面相切，并且跟物体相对运动的方向相反The direction of the sliding frictional force is always tangential to the surfaces in contact and is opposite to the direction of the relative motion.滑动摩擦力跟压力成正比The sliding frictional force is directly proportional to the pressure.动摩擦因数 the dynamic friction factor滚动摩擦 rolling friction静摩擦力 static frictional force静摩擦力的方向总是跟接触因相切，并且跟物体相对运动趋势的方向相反The direction of the static frictional force is always tangential to the contacting surfaces and is in the opposite direction to the tendency of the relative motion.最大静摩擦力 the maximum static frictional force力的合成 composition of forces合力 resultant (force)共点力 concurrent forces: If a number of forces act on the same point of an object, or their lines of application intersect at a common point, the forces are called the concurrent forces.力的等效替代 equivalent and substitution of force平行四边行定则 the parallelogram rule 矢量和标量 Vector and Scalar力的分解 resolution of force分力 component运动学机械运动 mechanical motion参考系 reference system质点 mass point轨迹 locus直线运动 rectilinear motion曲线运动 curvilinear motion时刻和时间 moment and time interval位移和路程 displacement and distance匀速直线运动 uniform rectilinear motion: If an object is moving along a straight line and travels an equal distance in an equal time intervals, this motion is called uniform rectilinear motion.位移-时间图像 distance-tine graph变速直线运动 variable straight-line motion速度和速率 velocity and speed平均速度和瞬时速度 Average velocity and instantaneous velocity速率 instantaneous speed or speed速度-时间图像 velocity-time graph匀变速直线运动 uniform variable rectilinear motion: If the changes of the velocity are equal in equal time in variable rectilinear motion, the motion is called uniform variable rectilinear motion.加速度 acceleration初速度 initial velocity末速度 final velocity自由落体运动 free-fall motion自由落体加速度，重力加速度 free-fall acceleration or gravitational acceleration牛顿运动定律 Newtons laws of motion牛顿第一定律 Newtons first law of motion: All objects continue to be in its state of uniform rectilinear motion or state of rest until being compelled to change its states by some forces.牛顿第二定律 Newtons second law of motion: The acceleration of an object is in direct proportion to the resultant force acting on it and in inverse proportion to the mass, the acceleration is in the same direction as the resultant.牛顿第三定律 Newtons third law of motion: The action and reaction forces of two bodies are always equal in magnitude, opposite in direction and acting on the same straight line.惯性 inertia: The inertia of a body only depends on its mass.理想实验 hypothetical experiments运动学 kinematics动力学 dynamics气垫导轨 air cushion guide基本单位和导出单位 fundamental units and derived units超重和失重，完全失重 overweight and weightlessness，complete weightlessness共点力作用下物体的平衡 equilibrium of an object acted on by concurrent forces力的平衡 equilibrium of the forces圆周运动物体做曲线运动的条件 the condition for a body to be in curvilinear motion: When the direction of the net force a body experiences and the direction of the velocity of the body do not fall in the same straight line, the body is in curvilinear motion.运动的合成与分解 composition and resolution of motion分运动与合运动 component motions and resultant motion合位移与分位移 resultant displacement and component displacement合速度与分速度 resultant velocity and component velocity平抛运动 motion of horizontally projected objects平抛运动 projectile motion: If you throw an object horizontally with a certain initial velocity, neglecting air resistance, the body will move with only the force of gravity acting on it. Such motion is called projectile motion.An projectile motion can be resolved into a horizontal uniform rectilinear motion and a vertical free-fall motion.匀速圆周运动 uniform circular motion: If a particle, moving along a circle, passes an equal arc in equal time, this motion is called uniform circular motion.线速度，角速度，周期和频率linear velocity, angular velocity, period and frequency转速 rotational speed (its unit is revolutions per second)向心力 centripetal force向心加速度 centripetal acceleration切向加速度 tangential acceleration离心现象 centrifugal phenomenon离心运动 centrifugal motion天一运动万有引力定律 the law of universal gravitation: Every particle of matter in the universe attracts every other particle with a force directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the squared distance between them.引力常量 gravitational constant天体 celestial body人造卫星 artificial satellite宇宙速度 （the first/ second/ third）cosmic velocity功和能功和能 work and energy机械能 mechanical energy焦耳 joule正功和负功 positive work and negative work功率 power瓦特 watt 平均功率与瞬时功率 average power and instantaneous power动能与势能 kinetic energy and potential energy动能定理theorem of kinetic energy: The work done by the resultant force on a body is equal to the change in kinetic energy of the body.重力势能 gravitational potential energy参考平面 reference level弹性势能 elastic potential energy位能 energy of position机械能守恒定律 the law of conservation of mechanical energy: When only the gravitational force does work, the kinetic and the gravitational potential energy can be converted form one to another and the total mechanical energy remains conserved.机械振动机械振动mechanical vibration弹簧振子spring oscillator回复力restoring force振幅、周期和频率amplitude, period and frequency固有频率inherent frequency振动图像vibration graph单摆Simple pendulum阻尼振动damped vibration简谐运动simple harmonic motion受迫振动forced vibration物体做受迫振动时，振动稳定后的频率等于驱动力的频率，跟物体的固有频率无关。When a body undergoes a forced vibration,