写作教程第2版课件u7

EnglishWritingII Unit7SOCIALPROBLEMS Unitobjective causeandeffect PartIICauseandEffect CauseandEffect isregardedasalogicalpatterncommonlyusedinexplanationandargumentation Cause effectrelationshipsmaybeshowninvariouswaysinadditiontothesinglecause effecttype itismoreoftenthannotpresentedinformsofsinglecausevs multipleeffects multiplecausesvs singleeffect multiplecausesandeffects orchainsofcausesandeffects Thepurposeofcause and effectwritingistoprovideabetterpictureofthesituationunderdiscussion ortodrawenoughattentiontothesignificanceofsomerelatedoriginsandconsequences andevenpredicteddevelopments OrganizationalStructure Studythefollowingtwosamplesandanalyzetheirdifferentstructures Sample1Questions1 Whatisthetopicoftheparagraph Thisparagraphisdevelopedaroundtheproblemof thelackofparking complainedaboutbyUScityresidents 2 Whataretheorganizationalcharacteristicsoftheparagraph Theparagraphisorganizedonapatternofsingleeffectandmultiplecauses Aftertheproblemisclearlypresentedatthebeginning therestoftheparagraphisdevotedtotheexplorationofitscauses Altogetherthreemajorcausesarediscussed fromtheobviousfactoftheabandonedcarstakingupparkingspacestotheunderlyingfinancialheadaches Inthisway thewritingshowsalogicalcause and effectpattern whichmightconsequentlyattractmoreconcernoreffortsintheproblem ssolution 3 Inwhatkindoforderarethecausespresented Thethreecausesarepresentedfromthemostdirect obvioustothemostindirect obscure CompletetheoutlineaccordingtotheorganizationofSample1 Causes1 Overamillioncarsareabandonedonthestreets 2 Morecarsareconsequentlybeingproduced 3 Bothcitygovernmentsorgovernmentalagencieshavefinancialheadaches EffectLackofparkingincities SummarizethepatternoftheparagraphThesampleparagraphpresentstheproblemoflackofparkinginsomeoftheUScitiesbeforeitgoesontoexplorethecausesoftheissue Thispatternoforganizationissingleeffectvs multiplecauses Inthispattern youmaystatetheissue i e theeffect rightatthebeginning andthenguidethereadertotrackdownsomeimportantevidenceforthecauses Thecausescanbetracedfromthemostsuperficialtothedeepest fromthemostdirecttothemostindirect etc Intheend itisadvisabletosuggestsomesolutiontotheproblem sothatthewholewritinghassomesignificance Sample2Questions1 Whatproblemisaddressedinthisparagraph Andinhowmanyaspectsisthecauseoreffectexplored Theproblemaddressedreferstotheissueofterroristattacks Thisissuehasbroughtaboutatleastthreemajoraspectsofconsequenceoreffect 2 Doesthisparagraphcomestraighttothepointofcauseandeffectabouttheissue Theparagraphaddressesthecauseratherthaneffectsrightatthebeginning 3 DoesitfollowthesamepatternasSample1 Ifnot whatarethedifferences No Itfollowsapatternofsinglecauseandmultipleeffects UnlikeSample1inwhicheffectisaddressedfirstandcausesaretracedbackwards sample2statesbrieflyatthebeginningtheissueofterroristattacksasadirectcause andthendwellsuponthreemajoreffects somefactualandsomepredicted Now discussingroupstheorganizationoftheparagraphandthenfillintheoutlinebelow Cause theterroriststrikesEffects 1 TheAmericansfeelveryanxiousandpanicky 2 Thegovernmenttendstomakepoliticalerrors 3 Thepublicwouldwindupignoringtheonewarningthatreallymatters SummarizethepatternofthesampleparagraphYoumayhavenoticedthedifferenceinorganizationbetweenSample1andSample2 InSample2thewriterbrieflypresentstheissueofterroristattacksasadirectcause andthendwellsuponthreemajoreffects fromthematter of facttosomethingpredicted Thisiscalledthesingle cause and multiple effectpattern Asisobserved thewriterstructureshisparagraphmainlyaroundpointsofeffectsinsteadofcauses reasoningalongthelogicalsequenceofevents LikeSample1 transitionsarealsousedheresoastoavoidabruptideadevelopment Thesingle cause and multiple effectpatternworksbestwithissuesthatturnouttobefar reachingorinfluential Itcanbringintosharpfocustherelationshipbetweencausesandeffectsofanissueunderdiscussion LinkingDevices SampleQuestions1 Whattopic topicsdotheparagraphmainlydealwith Bothparagraphsdealwiththesametopic privatetigerkeeping 2 Whichparagraphiseasiertounderstand ParagraphBiseasiertounderstand 3 Whatmakesthisparticularparagrapheasiertounderstand Theparagraphcontainscertainwordsandexpressions whichhelpclarifythecausesandeffectsintheparagraph 4 Whatpatternoforganizationcanbeidentified Thisparagraphisstructuredonthepatternofmultiplecausesandmultipleeffects orofchainsofcausesandeffects NowworkingroupsandpointoutthosewordsandphrasesthatindicateeithercauseoreffectinparagraphB LinkingPhrasesforCause EffectJustas is Theresultisthat ispreciselywhy maybeamongotherreasons Otherexpressionsindicatingcauseandeffect Cause reason Thanksto Toaccount findsomereasonfor ToattributeAtoBTobeduetoseveralfactorsTobepartlycausedbyTobepreciselywhy Why ForonethingTostemfromthefactthat Toview asaresponseto factorsweighheavilyforAnotherimportantreasonis That sthereasonwhy Effect impact ItleavessomeseriousconsequencesItmaygiverisetoahostofproblemsTheeffectisevidentTheimmediateresultitproducesis Theinfluencehasnotbeenconfinedto Theresultisthat ThereareanumberofeffectsTobringaboutTocauseasweepingchangeToexertaprofoundinfluenceToleadtoToresultin Summarizetheroleoflinkingdevicesincause and effectwriting ParagraphBiseasiertounderstandthanparagraphA Thoughtheideasinbothparagraphsareexactlythesame thesecondismoreeffectiveinshiftingbetweencausesandeffectsoftheissues ThemainreasonisthatparagraphBusessomewordsandphrases e g theresultisthat justas is ispreciselywhy maybeamongotherreasons toindicatetherelevanceofcause effectandshiftfromonecauseoreffecttoanother Thisshowsthatlinkingwordsorphrasesplayanimportantroleinensuringasmoothandcoherentflowfromcausetoeffect orformeffecttocause UnitSummary Inthisunitwehavediscussedthreepatternsoforganiz