英语作文之Description.doc

C h a p t e r 11 DescriptionDescriptionThe writer of description creates a word-picture of persons, places, objects, and emotions, using a careful selection of details to make an impression on the reader. If you have already written expository or argumentative essays in your composition course, you almost certainly have written some descriptive prose. Nearly every essay, after all, calls for some kind of description; for example, in the student comparison/contrast essay (pages 233236), the writer describes two kinds of stores; in the professional process essay (pages 215219), the writer describes the embalming procedure in great detail. To help you write better description in your other essays, however, you may want to practice writing descriptive paragraphs or a short descriptive essay.HOW TO WRITE EFFECTIVE DESCRIPTIONWhen descriptive prose is called for in your writing, consider these four basic suggestions: Recognize your purpose. Description is not free-floating; it appears in your writing for a particular reasonto help you inform, clarify, persuade, or create a mood. In some essays you will want your description as objective without personal impressionsas you can make it; for example, you might describe a scientific experiment or a business transaction in straight factual detail. Other times, however, you will want to convey a particular attitude toward your subject; this approach to description is called subjective or impressionistic. Note the differences between the following two descriptions of a tall, thin boy: the objective writer sticks to the facts by saying, “The eighteen-year-old boy was 61 and weighed 125 pounds,” whereas the subjective writer gives an impressionistic description: “The young boy was as tall and scrawny as a birch tree in winter.” Before you begin describing anything, you must first decide your purpose and then whether it calls for objective or subjective reporting. Describe clearly, using specific details. To make any description clear to your reader, you must include a sufficient number of details that are specific rather than fuzzy or vague. If, for example, your family dog had become lost, you wouldnt call the animal shelter and ask if theyd seen a “big brown dog with a short tail”aturally, youd mention every distinguishing detail about your pet you could think of: size, color, breed, cut of ears, and special markings. Similarly, if your car was stolen, youd give the police as clear and as complete a description of your vehicle as possible. Look at the following paragraph. Does it fully tell what a vaulting horse is? A vaulting horse is a thing usually found in gyms that has four legs and a beam and is used by gymnasts making jumps. If you didnt already know what a vaulting horse was, you might have trouble picking it out in a gymnasium crowded with equipment. A description with additional details would help you locate it: A vaulting horse is a piece of equipment used by gymnasts during competition to help propel them into the air when they perform any of a variety of leaps known as vaults. The gymnasts usually approach the vaulting horse from a running start and then place their hands on the horse for support or for a push off as they perform their vaults. The horse itself resembles a carpenters sawhorse, but the main beam is made of padded leather rather than wood. The rectangular beam is approximately 5 feet, 3 inches long and 1312 inches wide. Supported by four legs usually made of steel, the padded leather beam is approximately 4 feet, 12 inch above the floor in mens competitions and 3 feet, 7 inches in womens competitions. The padded leather beam has two white lines marking off three sections on top: the croup, the saddle, and the neck. The two end sectionshe croup and the neckre each 1512 inches long. Gymnasts place their hands on the neck or croup, depending on the type of vault they are attempting. Moreover, the reader cannot imagine your subject clearly if your description is couched in vague generalities. The following sentence, for example, presents only a hazy picture: Larry is a sloppy dresser.Revised, the picture is now sharply in focus: Larry wears dirty, baggy pants, shirts too small to stay tucked in, socks that fail to match his pants or each other, and a stained coat the Salvation Army rejected as a donation. Specific details can turn cloudy prose into crisp, clear images that can be reproduced in the mind like photographs. Select only appropriate details. In any description the choice of details depends largely on the writers purpose and audience. However, many descriptionsespecially the more subjective onesill present a dominant impression; that is, the writer selects only those details that communicate a particular mood or feeling to the reader. The dominant impression is the controlling focus of a description; for example, if you wrote a description of your grandmother to show her thoughtfulness, you would select only those details that convey an impression of a sweet, kindly old lady. Here are two brief descriptions illustrating the concept of dominant impression. The first writer tries to create a mood of mystery: Down a black winding road stands the abandoned old mansion, silhouetted against the cloud-shrouded moon, creaking and moaning in the wet, chill wind.The second writer tries to present a feeling of joy and innocence. A dozen kites filled the spring air, and around the bright picnic tables spread with hot dogs, hamburgers, and slices of watermelon, Tom and Annie played away the warm April day. In the description of the deserted mansion, the writer would have violated the impression of mystery had the sentence read, Down the black winding road stands the abandoned old mansion, surrounded by bright, multicolored tulips in early bloom. Including the cheerful flowers as a detail in the description destroys the dominant mood of bleakness and mystery. Similarly, the second example would be spoiled had the writer ended it this way: Tom and Annie played away the warm April day until Tom got so sunburned he became ill and had to go home.Therefore, remember to select only those details that advance your descriptive purpose. Omit any details you consider unimportant or distracting. See if you can determine the dominant impression of each of the following descriptions: The wind had curled up to sleep in the distant mountains. Leaves hung limp and motionless from the silent trees, while birds perched on the branches like little statues. As I sat on the edge of the clearing, holding my breath, I could hear a squirrel scampering through the underbrush. Somewhere far away a dog barked twice, and then the woods were hushed once more. This poor thing has seen better days, but one should expect the sofa in a fraternity house den to be well worn. The large, plump, brown corduroy pillows strewn lazily on the floor and propped comfortably against the threadbare arms bear the pencil-point scars of frustrated students and foam-bleeding cuts of multiple pillow wars. No less than four pairs of rotting Nikes stand twenty-four-hour guard at the corners of its carefully mended frame. Obviously the relaxed, inviting appearance masks the permanent odors of cheap cigars and Michelob from Thursday night poker parties; at least two or three guests each weekend sift through the popcorn kernels and Doritos crumbs, sprawl face down, and pass out for the duration. However, frequent inhabitants have learned to avoid the dark stains courtesy of the house pup and the red-punch designs of the chapter klutz. Habitually, they strategically lunge over the back of the sofa to an unsoiled area easily identifiable in flight by the large depression left by previous regulars. The quiet hmmph of the cushions and harmonious squeal of the exhausted springs signal a perfect landing and utter a warm greeting from an old and faithful friend. Make your descriptions vivid. By using clear, precise words, you can improve any kind of writing. Chapters 7 (on words) and 6 (on sentences) offer a variety of tips on clarifying your prose style. In addition to the advice given there, here are two other ways to enliven your descriptions, particularly those that call for a subjective approach: Use sensory details. If its appropriate, try using images that appeal to your readers five senses. If, for example, you are describing your broken leg and the ensuing stay in a hospital, tell your readers how the place smelled, how it looked, what your cast felt like, how your pills tasted, and what noises you heard. Here are some specific examples using sensory details: Sight The clean white corridors of the hospital resembled the set of a sci-fi movie, with everyone scurrying around in identical starched uniforms. Hearing At night, the only sounds I heard were the quiet squeakings of sensible white shoes as the nurses made their rounds. Smell The green beans on the hospital cafeteria tray smelled stale and waxy, like crayons. Touch The hospital bed sheet felt as rough and heavy as a feed sack. Taste Every four hours they gave me an enormous gray pill whose aftertaste reminded me of the stale licorice my grandmother kept in candy dishes around her house. By appealing to the readers senses, you better enable them to identify with and imagine the subject you are describing. Joseph Conrad, the famous nineteenth-century novelist, agreed, believing that all art “appeals primarily to the senses, and the artistic aim when expressing itself in written words must also make its appeal through the senses, if its highest desire is to reachthe secret spring of responsive emotions.” In other words, to make your readers feel, first make them “see.” Use figurative language when appropriate. As you may recall from Chapter 7, figurative language produces images or pictures in the readers minds, helping them to understand unfamiliar or abstract subjects. Here are some devices you might use to clarify or spice up your prose: 1. Simile: a comparison between two things using the words “like” or “as” (see also pages 16768)Example Seeing exactly the shirt he wanted, he moved as quickly as a starving teenager spotting pie in a refrigerator full of leftover vegetables. 2. Metaphor: a direct comparison between two things that does not use “like” or “as” (see also pages 16768)Example After the holidays, her body resembled the “before” shots in every diet ad shed ever seen. 3. Personification: the attribution of human characteristics and emotions to inanimate objects, animals, or abstract ideasExample The old teddy bear sat in a corner, dozing serenely before the fireplace. 4. Hyperbole: intentional exaggeration or overstatementExample He was so lazy he worked nights as a futon. 5. Understatement: intentional representation of a subject as less important than the facts would warrant (see also irony, page 153)Example “The reports of my death are greatly exaggerated.”ark Twain6. Synecdoche: a part of something used to represent the whole Example A hundred tired feet hit the dance floor for one last jitterbug. Here “feet” stand for the dancing couples themselves. Using figures of speech in appropriate places can make your descriptions clear, lively, and memorable.Problems to AvoidKeep in mind these three pieces of advice to solve problems that frequently arise in description: Remember your audience. Sometimes the object of our description is so clear in our minds we forget that our readers havent seen it, too. Consequently, the description we write turns out to be vague, bland, or skimpy. Ask yourself about your audience: what do they need to know to see this sight as clearly as I do? Then fill in your description with ample, precise details that reveal the best picture possible. Dont forget to define or explain any terms you use that may be puzzling to your audience. Avoid an erratic organization of details. Too often descriptions are a hodgepodge of details, jotted down randomly. When you write a lengthy description, you should select a plan that will arrange your details in an orderly fashion. Depending on your subject matter and your purpose, you might adopt a plan calling for a description of something from top to bottom, left to right, front to back, and so on. For example, a description of a woman might begin at the head and move to the feet; furniture in a room might be described as your eyes move from one side of the room to another. A second plan for arranging details presents the subjects outstanding characteristics first and then fills in the lesser information; a childs red hair, for example, might be his most striking feature and therefore would be described first. A third plan presents details in the order you see them approaching: dust, then a car, then details about the car, its occupants, and so on. Or you might describe a subject as it unfolds chronologically, as in some kind of process or operation. Regardless of which plan of organization you choose, the reader should feel a sense of order in your description.Avoid any sudden change in perspective. If, for example, you are describing the White House from the outside, dont suddenly include details that could be seen only from inside. Similarly, if you are describing a car from a distance, you might be able to tell the cars model, year, and color, but you could hardly describe the upholstery or reveal the mileage. It is, of course, possible for your your observero approach or move around the subject of your description, but the reader must be aware of this movement. Any shift in point of view must be presented clearly and logically, with no sudden, confusing leaps from a front to a back view, from outside to inside, and so on.ESSAY TOPICSHere are some suggestions for a descriptive paragraph or essay; narrow your topic to fit your assignment. Dont forget that every description, whether objective or subjective, has a purpose and that every detail should support that purpose. For additional ideas, see “Suggestions for Writing” following the professional essay (page 336).1. A building or place youre fond of2. Your best/worst job3. A piece of equipment important to your major, a hobby, or favorite sport4. A campus or local character5. One dish or foodstuff that should be forever banned6. The most creative area of your life7. Your most precious material possession8. The ugliest/most beautiful place on your campus or in town9. A holiday dinner or ritual in your home10. Your first or worst car or apartment11. A piece of clothing that reveals the real “you”12. A product that needs to be invented13. An act of heroism or personal success14. A favorite painting, sculpture, or other art object15. An unforgettable moment16. An event, element, or critter in nature17. A shopping mall, student cafeteria, or other crowded public place18. The inside of your refrigerator, closet, or some other equally loathsome place in your home19. A special collection or hobby display20. The best beach, ski slope, hiking trail, or other recreation spotA Topic Proposal for Your EssaySelecting the right subject matter is important to every writer. To help you clarify your ideas and strengthen your commitment to your topic, here is a proposal sheet that asks you to describe some of your preliminary ideas about your subject before you begin drafting. Although your ideas may change as you write (they will almost certainly become more refined), thinking through your choice of topic now may help you avoid several false starts. 1. What subject will your essay describe? Will you describe this subject objectively or subjectively? Why? 2. Why are you interested in this topic? Do you have a personal or professional connection to the subject? State at least one reason for your choice of topic. 3. Is this a significant topic of interest to others? Why? Who specifically might find it interesting, informative, or entertaining? 4. In one or two sentences describe the major effect youd like your descriptive essay to have on your readers. What would you like for them to understand or “see” about your subject? 5. List at least three details that you think will help clarify your subject for your readers.6. What difficulties, if any, might arise during drafting? For example, what organizational strategy might you think about now that would allow you to guide your readers through your description in a coherent way? 7. SAMPLE STUDENT ESSSAYSAMPLE STUDENT ESSAYIn her descriptive essay, this student writer recalls her childhood days at the home of her grandparents to make a point about growing up. Notice that the writer uses both figurative language and contrasting images to help her readers understand her point of view.TREECLIMBING1 Introduction: The conversation that triggers her memory It was Mikes eighteenth birthday and he was having a little bit of a breakdown. “When was the last time you made cloud pictures?” he asked me absently as he stared up at the ceiling before class started. Before I could answer, he continued, “Did you know that by the time youre an adult, youve lost 85 percent of your imagination?” He paused. “I dont want to grow up.” Although I doubted the authenticity of his facts, I understood that Mikethe hopeless romantic with his long ponytail, sullen black clothes, and glinting dark eyeswas caught in a Peter Pan complex. He drew those eyes from the ceiling and focused on me. “There are two types of children. Tree children and dirt children. Kids playing will either climb trees or play in the dirt. Tree children are the dreamersthe hopeful, creative dreamers. Dirt children, they just stay on th