定语从句知识梳理及例题解析.doc

定语从句英语基础语法有关定语从句的概念(1)定语从句：就是在复合句里充当定语的从句，它通常紧靠在所修饰的名词或代词后面。(2)先行词：就是被定语从句修饰的名词或代词。(3)关系词：引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词有关系代词who, whom, whose, which和that等；关系副词有when, where, why等。关系词不仅起连接作用，而且还代表先行词并在定语从句中担任某一句子成分，关系代词作主语、宾语、定语、表语等，关系副词作状语。如：This is the book that my father bought me yesterday. 这就是我父亲昨天帮我买的那本书。说明：句中修饰the book的that my father bought me yesterday就是定语从句；被定语从句所修饰的the book这是先行词；代表the book的关系代词that在定语从句中作bought的直接宾语。The time when he arrives is not known. 他到达的时间还不知道。说明：句中when he arrives是定语从句，被定语从句修饰的the time是先行词，关系副词when作时间状语。关系代词的一般用法先行词是人，在从句中作主语用who，作宾语用whom或who，作定语用whose；先行词是物，在定语从句中作主语或宾语都用which，作定语用of which或whose均可。在限制性定语从句中which, who, whom都可用that代替。关系代词作宾语时常被省略。This is the man who helped me yesterday. 这就是昨天帮助我的那个人。(作主语)The teacher (who/whom/that) you want to see is coming. 你要见的老师来了。(作see的宾语，可以省略)I met a boy whose father was a astronaut. 我认识一位男孩，他的父亲是宇航员。(作定语)Here is the coat which/that will be made to you. 这是一件做给你的衣服。（作主语）This is the factory (which/that) we visited last year.这就是我们去年参观的那家工厂。(作visited的宾语，可以省略)He has a book whose cover (=the cover of which) is very beautiful. 他有一本封面非常漂亮的书。关系副词的一般用法关系副词有when, where, why，在定语从句中作状语，分别表示时间、地点和原因。when的先行词通常是time, day, season, age, occasion等时间名词；where的先行词通常是place, city, town, village, house, case, situation, scenes等地点或情形名词；why的先行词只能是reason。关系副词when和where有时可用“介词which”代替，why可用for which代替。如：There are occasions when (=on which) one must yield. 任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。Beijing is the place where (=in which) I was born.北京是我的出生地。Is this the reason why (=for which) he refused our offer?这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？注意：先行词虽然是时间或地点，但若在定语从句中作主语或宾语时，要用关系代词。(1)The factory where his father worked has closed. 他父亲曾工作的那家工厂关闭了。(作状语)比较：The factory which/that was built in 1978 has closed. 1978年建的那家工厂关闭了。(作主语)(2) Ill never forget the days when we lived together. 我永远也忘不了我们一起生活的那些日子。(作状语)比较：Ill never forget the days (that) we spent in Australia. 我永远也忘不了我们在澳大利亚度过的那些日子。(作及物动词spent的宾语)(3) The reason (why) she was ill was that she had eaten bad meat. 她生病的原因是她吃了变质的肉。(作状语，用关系副词)比较：The reason (that) he gave for his absence was obviously fabricated.他所说的缺席理由显然是编造的。(作gave的宾语，用关系代词)习惯上要用that引导的定语从句(1)当先行词是指物的all, little, few, much, any, anything, everything, nothing, none, the one时，或先行词被all, little, few, much, any, every, no等修饰时。All that can be done has been done. 能做的都已经做了。He will tell you everything that he heard about it.他将告诉你他所听到的关于这件事的一切。There is little work that is fit for you. 没什么工作适合你做。I have eaten all the food that is left. 我把剩下的所有食物都吃了。(2)先行词是序数词或最高级形容词时，或者先行词被序数词(包括last, next)、最高级形容词及the only, the very 等修饰时。This is the first film that I have seen since I came here.这是我到这里后所看的第一场电影。This is the best that has been used against pollution. 这是用来防止污染的最好办法。This is the very book that I am looking for. 这正是我一直在寻找的那本书。(3)先行词包括人和物时(from )。They often talk about the people and the things that they are interested in. 他们常常谈论那些他们感兴趣的人和事。(4)当主句是以who或which开头的疑问句时，为了避免重复，多用that引导。如：Which is the house that caught fire last night? 昨晚失火的是那座房子？Who is the lady that is playing the piano? 在弹钢琴的那位小姐是谁？习惯上不用that引导的定语从句(1)在非限制性定语从句中，不以能用that引导。Yesterday I met Mary, who seemed very excided. 昨天我碰到了玛丽，她显得非常兴奋。(2)直接在介词后作宾语时，不能用that引导，要用whom, whose或which，且不能省略。The house in which we live is not large. 我们住院的房子不大。I know the young man with whom you live. 我认识和你住在一起的那个年青人。但当介词放在从句的末尾时，可以用that替代which, who替代whom，也可以省略关系代词。如：The house (which/that) we live in is not large. 我们住院的房子不大。I know the man (whom/who/that) you live with. 我认识和你住在一起的那个人。(3)当先行词是指人的all, any, few, one(s), anyone, everyone,people 等时，多用 who。如：None so blind as those who wont see. 睁眼不看事实的人眼最瞎。Anyone who is over sixteen is allowed in. 任何超过十六岁的人都允许进去。I met someone who said he knew you. 我碰到一个人，他说认识你。He who has a mind to beat his dog will easily find his stick. (谚)欲加之罪,何患无辞。(4)当先行词与关系代词之间有较复杂的短语或从句隔开时。I was the only person in my office who was invited. 我是我们办公室里唯一受到邀请的人。A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German. 有位新校长明天来，他将教你们德语。两组关系代词的用法辨析1. that 与 which：两者都可指物，常可互换，其区别是：(1) 引导非限制性定语从句或直接放在介词后作宾语时，要用which。如：Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快，这是很危险的。This is a subject about which we might argue for a long while. 这是一个我们可能长时间争论的问题。(2) 当先行词为不定代词或被其修饰、受the very, the only, the same 等修饰、受形容词最高级或序数词(包括last, next)等修饰、关系代词在定语从句中用作表语或先行词是一个既指人又指物的并列词组时，通常用that。如：All that can be done must be done. 凡能做的事都必须做。This is the only book (that) I find useful. 这是我发现的惟一有用的书。The first thing that you should do is to work out a plan. 你应该做的第一件事是订个计划。China is not the country (that) it was. 中国已不是过去的中国了。2. as 与 which：(1) 引导限制性定语从句时，在 such, as, the same 后只能用 as，其他情况用 which。如：He is not such a fool as he looks. 他并不像他看起来那么傻。He smokes as expensive a cigarette as he can afford. 他抽一种他买得起的最贵的烟。(2) 引导非限制性定语从句时，有时两者可互换，但若位于主句之前，则只能用as。如：I live a long way from work, as which you know. 我住得离工作单位很远，这你是知道的。As is known to everybody, the moon travels round the earth once every month. 月球每月绕地球转一周，这是每个人都清楚的。另外，as 引导的非限制性定语从句应与主句在意义上和谐一致，which无此限制。如：He went abroad, as which was expected. 他出国了，这是大家预料到的。He went abroad, which was unexpected. 他出国了，这让大家感到很意外。(不用as)定语从句中关系副词的用法（补充）关系副词when的用法when 既可引导限制性定语从句，又可引导非限制性定语从句。先行词是时间名词，在从句中充当时间状语，相当于“介词+which”。如：Can you tell me the time when the film will start?Can you tell me the time at which the film will start? 请告诉我电影什么时候开始好吗？(限制性定语从句) I will never forget the day, when I joined the Party. I will never forget the day, on which I joined the Party. 我入党的那一天，我永远不会忘记。(非限制性定语从句) 关系副词where的用法where既可引导限制性定语从句，又可引导非限制性定语从句。先行词是地点名词，在从句中充当地点状语，相当于：“介词+which”。如：This is the school where I studied a few years ago. This is the school in which I studied a few years ago. 这就是我几年前所在读书的学校。Lets go to the concert, where you will find much fun. Lets go to the concert, in which you will find much fun. 我们去音乐演唱会吧，在那里你会找到很大的乐趣。关系副词why的用法why只能引导限制性定语从句，先行词只有reason一词，在从句中充当原因状语，相当于：“for + which”。如：Do you know the reason why he is not here now?Do you know the reason for which he is not here now? 你知道他还没有来这儿的原因吗？关系副词that的用法that只能引导限制性定语从句，充当关系副词时，其作用相当于：“介词+关系代词”，在从句中充当时间、地点、方式、原因状语等。如：1. 在定语从句中作时间状语。现行词有：each time, every time, anytime, the first time, the moment, the minute, the hour, etc. 但现代英语中，that往往省略。如：Each time (that) I meet him, he will smile and say “hello”. 每次我会见他时，他都会笑着说“喂，你好!”2. 在定语从句中作方式状语, 现行词是way, 如：Can you show me the way (that) you solve the problem like this? 请告诉我你解决这类问题的方法好吗？3. 在定语从句中作原因状语，现行词只有reason一词，如：I dont know the reason (that) he has left school now. 我不知道他辍学的原因。4. 在定语从句中做其他状语，现行词如price, speed等，如：I think the price (that) she sells her apple is too high. (that = at which) 我认为她卖苹果的价格太高。定语从句的限制性与非限制性1. 结构不同限制性定语从句常紧接在先行词后，主、从句间没有逗号分开；而非限制性定语从句与先行词之间常用逗号分开，并且as所引导的非限制性定语从句还可放在主句之前。如：His friend who works in Guangdong telephoned him last night. 他在广东工作的朋友昨天来了电话。(限制性) His father, who works in Guangdong, telephoned last night. 他父亲在广东工作，昨天给他来了电话。(非限制性) As you know, I dont like drinking or smoking. 你知道，我不喜欢喝酒、抽烟。(非限制性) 2. 功能不同限制性定语从句对先行词进行修饰、限制，如果去掉定语从句，整个句子的意思就不完整、不准确；非限制性定语从句对先行词进行补充、说明，即使去掉定语从句，对句子的意思没有影响。如：He asked me a question which was about my study at school. 他问了一个有关我在学校学习的问题。如果去掉后面的定语从句，句子的意思显然不清楚。This is my motorbike, which was sent to me by my uncle. 这是我的摩托车，它是我叔叔送的。显然去掉后面的定语从句对句子的意思没有影响。3. 先行词不同限制性定语从句的先行词一般是名词或代词；非限制性定语从句的先行词可以是名词、代词、短语、甚至是整个句子。如：I know nothing that happened last night. 昨天晚上所发生的事情，我一点也不知道。(修饰前面的nothing) He has made great progress, which made us happy. 他进步了，这使我们大家都很高兴。(说明前面句子的整个内容) 4. 关系词的使用不同that, but, why只能引导限制性定语从句，关系词有时可以省略。而其他的关系词可引导非限制性定语从句，且关系词不可以省略。如：He told us the reason why he wanted to drop his math. 他告诉了我们他为什么要放弃数学的原因。本句若改写为非限制性定语从句，应该是：He told us the reason, for which he wanted to drop his math. 5. 翻译时的表达方法不同限制性定语从句一般译成一句话；而限制性定语从句一般要译成两句话，即：把非限制性定语从句单独译成一句话放在主句之后，补充说明主句。如：The car which he drives was bought last year. 他开的那辆车是去年买的。He drives a new car, which was bought last year. 他开一辆新车，这车是去年买的。做定语从句试题的基本方法请看下面这道定语从句考题：In fact the man didnt understand the three questions_ were asked in French.A. whereB. whoC. in whichD. which此题应选 D。从句子成分看，修饰 questions 的定语从句缺主语，所以不能选 A(where)，C(in which)。又因为这里的先行词(questions)是指事不是指人，所以只能选D(which)不能选B(who)。考生在做定语从句试题时，大体上要分清以下几点：1. 是定语从句还是其他从句( 从句意和句法功能等方面去考虑)。2. 是用关系代词还是关系副词。关系代词和关系副词的选择主要看关系词在句中的句法功能。一般说来，关系代词(that，which，who，whom 等)主要用作主语和宾语；关系副词(when，where，why)主要用作状语；作定语时用whose。3. 受定语从句修饰的先行词是指人(who，whom，that) 还是指物(that，which)；是作主语(who，that，which)还是作宾语(which，whom，who)等。4. 关系代词可否省略(在通常情况下，只有限制性定语从句中用作宾语的关系代词才能省略)。5. 是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句 (关系代词that以及关系副词why等均不能引导非限制性定语从句)。6. 在“介词which”结构中，介词的正确选择(主要看相关名词和动词的习惯搭配)。学习定语从句的几个误区一、误认为关系代词whose只用于修饰人whose用作疑问代词时，主要用于指人；但用作关系代词时，它既可指人也可指物。如：It was an island, whose name I have forgotten. 它是一座岛，名字我忘了。The factory, whose workers are all women, is closed during the holidays. 这家工厂工人都是妇女，在假期中工厂关门了。二、混淆定语从句与并列句请看下面两题：1. He has two children, and both of _ are abroad.A. them B. which C. whom D. who2. He has two children, both of _ are abroad.A. them B. which C. whom D. who第1题选A，第2题选C。由于第1题中用了并列连词and，从而使整个句子为并列句，and后应是一个独立的简单句，所以选A不选C；第2题没有并列连词and，both of whom are abroad为非限制性定语从句。另外，请比较下面一题：He has two children, both of _ being abroad.A. them B. which C. whom D. who此题答案为A，其中的both of them being abroad为独立主格结构，用作状语。请再看一组类似的例子：1. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that2. He wrote a lot of novels, many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that第1应选B，而不能选C，是因为句中的 translated 是过去分词(非谓语动词)，若选C，则该从句无谓语；第2应选C，因为句中有谓语 were translated。比较下面一例：He wrote a lot of novels, and many of _ were translated into foreign languages.A. it B. them C. which D. that此题与上面的第2题不同，两句间多了一个并列连词and，说明这是一个并列句，故应选B，则不能选C。三、混淆关系代词与关系副词有的同学一看到先行词是表示时间、地点、原因的名词，就认为一定要用关系副词，其实也不一定。在此情况下，还要看关系词在定语从句中是用作什么成分，若是用作状语，则用关系副词，若不是用作状语(如用作主语、宾语等)则不能用关系副词，而用关系代词。比较：This is the factory where I want to work. 这就是我想工作的工厂。(work为不及物动词where在从句中用作状语)This is the factory that I want to visit. 这就是我想参观的工厂。(visit为及物动词，that用作visit的宾语)The reason why he cant come is that he is ill. 他没来的是因为他病了。(come为不及物动词，why在定语从句中用作状语)The reason that he put forth is very important. 他提出的理由很重要。(put forth为及物动词，that在定语从句中用作其宾语)比较下面的考题：1. This is the room _I lived ten years ago.A. that B. where C. who D. what2. This is the room _I lived in ten years ago.A. that B. where C. who D. what3. This is the room _I bought ten years ago.A. that B. where C. who D. what4. This is the room _I visited ten years ago.A. that B. where C. who D. what5. This is the room _I was born ten years ago.A. that B. where C. who D. what第1题选B，因为 live 是不及物动词，它无需接宾语；第2题选A，因为虽然 live 不及物，但live in 却是及物，它应有自己的宾语；第3、4题也应选A，因为 buy 和 visit均为及物动词，它们应有自己的宾语；第5应选B，因为 be born 无需有自己的宾语。四、误认为逗号后一定是非限制性定语从句有的同学一看见逗号，就以为一定要选which而不选that，但问题是有时根本就不是定语从句。如：1. If a book is in English, _ means slow progress for you.A. as B. which C. what D. that2. When I say two hours, _ includes time for eating. A. as B. which C. what D. that以上两题均应选that，而不能选which，因为它们根本不是定语从句。之所以选that，是因为句中已有if和when引导的状语从句，逗号后为主句，that为主句主语。考题练习：How happy we are! The holiday we have been looking forward _ at last.A. to has comeB. to have comeC. to having comeD. has come【分析】其实正确答案是A。大家知道，短语 look forward to意为“盼望”，其中的 to 是介词，而不是不定式符号，所以后接动词要用动名词，许多同学据此便选择了C。但问题是，句中介词 to 的宾语不是have come，而是the holiday。正解的句子分析是：the holiday为句子主语，we have been looking forward to 是修饰主语的定语从句(介词 to 的宾语是引导该定语从句的关系代词 that，被省略)，has come 是句子谓语。请做以下类似试题：The man you referred to _ just now.A. comesB. comeC. coming D. came【分析】答案选 D，句子主语为 the man，you referred to 为修饰 the man 的定语从句，空白处填 came，为句子谓语。The theory he sticks to _ to be of no use in our studies. A. provesB. proveC. proving D. be proved【分析】答案选 A，he sticks to 是修饰主语 the theory 的定语从句，句子的基本结构为 The theory proves to be of no use in our studies. The work he devoted his time to _ worth praising.A. wasB. be C. beingD. been【分析】答案选 A，he devoted his time to 是修饰主语 the work 的定语从句。句子的基本结构为 The work was worth praising.I think this is the very work that we must finish _ her.A. to helpB. helpC. helpingD. helped【分析】答案是 A。句中空格处填的动词help 并不是 finish 的宾语，正确的句子分析是：that I must finish 是修饰名词 the very work 的定语从句，finish 的宾语是引导该定语从句的关系代词 that，其后的不定式 to help her 是目的状语。Which do you enjoy _ your weekend, swimming or fishing?A. spendingB. being spentC. spendD. to spend【分析】答案选 D。enjoy 的宾语是句首的疑问词 which，不是其后的动词 spending。此题中的 to spend 用作目的状语。What the boy enjoys _ to have a room of his own.A. beingB. to beC. isD. are【分析】答案选C，而不选A。what the boy enjoys 是主语从句，空格处填的 is 为谓语动词。Nothing that he suggested _ to be of any use.A. prove B. proved C. proving D. to prove【分析】答案选B，而不选C。句子主语是 nothing，that he suggested 是修饰主语的定语从句，suggested 的宾语是引导该定语从句的关系代词 that，而不是其后的动词；句子谓语是 proved。全句意为“他建议的情况没有一条是有用的。”The old house we paid a visit _ at the top of the hill.A. standingB. to standC. to standingD. to stands【分析】答案选D。we paid a visit to 是修饰the old house 的定语从句，句中的stands 为主句谓语。The life he is now used _ quite different from ours. A. isB. to beC. to beingD. to is【分析】答案选D。句中he is now used to 是修饰 the life 的定语从句，to 后的动词 is 是句子的谓语，句意为“他现在习惯的这种生活与我们的生活很不相同”。The work he paid special attention _ to nothing.A. cameB. to comeC. to comingD. to came【分析】答案选D。句中的he paid special attention to 是修饰 the work 的定语从句，to 后的动词 came 是句子的谓语，句意为“他特别关注的那项工作泡汤了”。The result what he said would lead _ his regret in the future. A. isB. to beC. to beingD. to was【分析】答案选D。句中what he said would lead to 是修饰 the result 的定语从句，to 后的动词 was 是句子的谓语，句意为“他所说的话将导致的结果是他今后的后悔”。补充练习：2009年高考题1.(09山东24)Whenever I met her, _ was fairly often, she greeted me with a sweet smile. A. who B. which C. when D. that 答案 B解析 本题考查连词的用法，非限制性定语从句，指代前面一个句子，故用which.2.(09宁夏海南28)She brought with her three friends, none of I had ever met before.A. them B. whoC. whom D. these答案 C解析 考查定语从句中的非限制性定语从句。句意为：她带着她的三个朋友，他们三个中没有一个人我曾见过。表示“部分的词语+of+关系代词” 在非限制性定语从句指人只能用whom。3.(09江苏23)Because of the financial crisis, days are gone _ _ local 5-star hotels charged 6,000 yuan for one night.A. if B. when C. which D. since答案 B解析 由于金融危机，当地五星级酒店一晚收费6000元的日子不复存在了。when引导的从句做days的定语。4.(09天津5)A person _ e-mail account is full wont be able to send or receive any e-mails.A. who B. whom C. whose D. whoever答案 C5.(09陕西11). Gun control is a subject Americans have argued for a long time. A. of which B. with which C. about which D. into which 答案 C解析 考查定语从句，先行词是Gun control，指物，关系词在从句中做介词的宾语，介词前置，介词与从句动词构成搭配argue about sth，选C。6.(09上海34)Mozarts birthplace and the house _ he composed The Magic Flute are both museums now Ks5u