1.中学英语语法学习方略.ppt

2 试用修订版2000 nineyearcompulsoryeducationfull timejuniormiddleschoolenglishsyllabus教学目的aim教学目标与要求target requirement教学内容content教学中应该注意的几个问题afewissues教学评价assessment asyllabusteachersshouldknow 3 听 listening说 speaking读 reading写 writing语音 pronunciation词汇 vocabulary语法 grammar 根据 九年义务教育全日制小学 初级中学课程计划 的规定 初中英语按不同情况分两级要求 从一年级起学习两年的 为一级要求 学三或四年的 为二级要求 每周课时为4课时 教学目标与要求 内容 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 4 初中英语大纲 语法项目 从语言运用的角度强调了语法的功能和作用 并对口头和笔头表达中语法的正确性提出了有区别的要求能基本掌握所学单词的形成变化 能掌握简单句的基本句型 并能积极运用所学的语言形式进行简单的口头和书面表达 在书面表达中力求表述形式基本正确 一级要求 5 初中英语大纲 语法项目 二级要求 从语言运用的角度强调了语法的功能作用 对口头和笔头表达中语法的正确性分别提出了要求 并且提出了对运用语篇知识获取和处理信息的能力的要求 能正确理解附表里所列语言形式的意义和功能 附表4 能积极运用所学的语言形式进行口头和书面的表述与交流 在书面表达中力求表述形式的基本正确 能初步运用表示并列 因果 转折等逻辑关系和相关标志词等基本语篇知识获取和处理信息 二级要求 6 generalplanningofgrammarlearning 语法学习之四个 五 fiveranksofgrammar 五个语法层次 fivetypesofphrase 五个词组类型 fivebasicsentencepatterns 五个基本句型 fivesentenceelements 五个句子成分 7 threemajorcomponentsoflanguages 语言构成之三大要件 language语言 词汇语法系统 语义系统 语音系统 alllanguageshaveasystemof sounds semantics lexicogrammar 8 lexicogrammar grammarisafieldoflinguisticsthatcoverstheprinciplesandrulesgoverningtheuseofanygivennaturallanguage generallyspeaking grammaris thestructuralsystemortheorganizedlawsofalanguage 1 morphology wordstudy 2 syntax structurestudy consistingoftwomainparts 词法 句法 9 1 morphology wordstudy 词法 morphologythestudyoftheinternalorganizationorstructureofwords including inflection 曲折变化 derivation 派生变化 compound 合成词的构成 10 2 syntax structurestudy 句法 syntaxaboutprinciplesofformingandunderstandingcorrectenglishsentences theformorstructureofasentenceisgovernedbytherulesofsyntax fourmajortypesofenglishsentences simplesentence 简单句 compoundsentence 并列句 complexsentence 复杂句 compound complexsentence 并列复杂句 11 2 fiveranksofgrammar englishgrammarisorganizedinto5ranksorlevels thelowestrank fromthetoptothebottom eachrankiscomposedofoneormorethanonegrammaticalunitoftheimmediatelowerrank thehighestrank 12 2 1morphemes 词素 amorphemeisagrammaticalunit thelowestrank thesmallestgrammaticalunit thesmallestmeaningfulelementofalanguage morphemesfallintocategories 1 freemorphemes 自由词素 2 boundmorphemes 粘附词素 two 13 2 1 1freemorphemes asingleword morphemeword afreemorpheme havingacompletesense andstandingalonebyitselfas astem usedtoformcompounds e g up boy develop desk early happy aroot usedtoformderivatives e g unkind misjudge postgraduate development e g outside bookmark deadline world famous 14 2 1 2boundmorphemes boundmorphemesmostlyaffixes whichshouldbeattachedtosomeotherforms havingincompletemeaningsandfallinginto categories 1inflectionalaffixes 曲折词缀 2derivationalaffixes 派生词缀 3combiningforms 组合形式 three 15 a inflectionalaffixes inflectionalaffixesreferringtothoseusedtoformvariouschangestothewords 6typesofinflectionalaffixes 1 pluralnounaffixes 2 genitiveaffixes 3 3rd personsingularaffixes 4 pastformaffixes 5 participleaffixes 6 comparativeaffixes s es ies ves books buses s jones sorjones s es ies works studies ed ied worked studied ed ing worked studying er est nicer nicest 16 b derivationalaffixes derivationalaffixesusedtoformvariousderivatives a prefixes nochanginginpartofspeechchanginginwordmeaning unfair nonsmoker overeat postgraduate b suffixes nochanginginwordmeaningchanginginpartofspeech movement action happiness poisonous e g e g 17 2 2words 词 awordisagrammaticalunitthatishigherthanamorphemecomposedofoneormorethanonemorpheme theword unladylike consistsof morphemes intermsofword formationintermsofgrammaticalfunction un lady like wordscanbeclassifiedinways not femaleadulthuman havingthecharacteristicsof 3 lackingthebehaviorormannerorstyleconsideredproperforalady well behaved 2 18 intermsofword formation 1 simpleword morphemeword at hand smile hot call watch slow prefixes un mis anti over dis unfair misunderstand antiwar overcurious disloyal 2 derivative prefix root suffix handbook world famous sightsee moreover anybody whenever throughout suffixes ation ment ify ness ous exploration arrangement beautify poisonous 3 compoundword simpleword simpleword intermsofword formation wordscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingthreetypes 19 intermsofgrammaticalfunction intermsofgrammaticalfunction wordscanbeclassifiedintothefollowingtwomaintypes practicalwords 实词类 formwords 虚词类 20 practicalwords 实词类 1 noun 名词 2 mainverb 主动词 3 adjective 形容词 4 adverb 副词 awordclassthatacceptstheadditionofnewitems throughsuchprocessesascompounding derivation coining borrowing etc theitemsareindefinitelyextendable includingthefollowing4partsofspeech inaddition numeralsandinterjectionsarethosebetweenthetwocategories 21 formwords 虚词 closed classwordsrefertothosewordswhoseitemsare closed orrelativelyfew whoseformsareuninflected servinggrammaticalfunctionsbuthavinglittleidentifiablemeanings includingthefollowing5partsofspeech 1 preposition 介词 2 pronoun 代词 3 determiner 限定词 4 conjunction 连词 5 auxiliaryverb 助动词 22 agrammaticalunithigherthanaword generally agroupofwordsorganizedinaspecificwaywithakeywordasitshead whichdeterminestheclassofthephrase phrasesfallinto categories 2 3phrases 词组 5 prepositionalphrase prep p 介词词组 1 nounphrase np 名词词组 2 verbphrase vp 动词词组 3 adjectivephrase adj p 形容词词组 4 adverbphrase adv p 副词词组 five 23 1 nounphrase np determiner pre modifier n post modifier a an the zerothis that these whose whichwhat whichall some many two first 20 alotof adjnounstonebridgefewadv downstairshallhomejourneyv ingv ed2 phraseclausefewadverbs allthe college students his new book onmathematics the tall boy sittinginthecorner thisauthor s new novel thatwillsooncomeout helivedin the17th century agroupofwordswithanounasitshead atypicalpattern 24 nonfinitevp 非限定动词词组 finitevp 限定动词词组 2 verbphrase vp averbphrase agroupofwordswithamainverbasitshead functioninginprovidinginformationaboutthesubjectofthesentence verbphrasesfallinto maintypes two 25 2 1finiteverbphrase afiniteverbphraseisonethatisinflectedforpersonsandfortensesaccordingtotherules thatcanformanindependentclause finiteverbphrasesfallinto categories two complexvp 复杂动词词组 simplevp 简单动词词组 26 1 simpleverbphrase modifier mainverb shelooksfine they fully appreciateourproblems we utterly detestedhim tom seldom comeslateforclass forexamples basicpattern asimpleverbphraseconsistsofonlyonemainverbwithorwithoutamodifier 27 2 complexverbphrase auxiliary modifier mainverb 1 primaryauxiliaries 3 be do have 2 modelauxiliaries 13 can may must 3 semi auxiliaries 26 beto haveto itisgettingdark sheoughttohavetoldhimaboutit heneverfailstowritetohismothereveryweek hemayreallyhaveinjuredinnocentpeople acomplexverbphraseiscomposedofvariouscombinationsofthemainverbandanyauxiliaryverbs basicpattern 28 aphraseinitiatedbyanonfiniteverbasitshead 3typesofsuchphrases 2 2nonfiniteverbphrase a infinitivephrase tov functioningasanoun anadjectiveandanadverb b participlephrase v ing v ed functioningasanadjective progressive perfectiveandpassive 29 a infinitivephrase aninfinitivephrasecanfunctionasanoun asanadjective andasanadverb identifythefunctionofthefollowinginfinitivephrase tosucceedtakescourage foresightandluck idon thavetimetowaste carolwasinvitedtospeakatthemeeting donotstoptochat subject modifieroftime object asanadverbialmodifyingstop 30 b participlephrase aparticiplephrasecanfunctionasanadjective asanoun asprogressive asperfectiveandpassive thetalkingchildrenangeredtheteacher gazingatthepainting sherecalledthehousewhereshewasborn annoyed ritaatedinnerbyherselfinthebedroom havingfinishedthetask hewentonholidaysabroad indicatethefunctionofthefollowingparticiples 31 3 adjectivephrase adj p aphrasewithanadjectiveasitshead anadjectivephrasemayoccur asapostmodifiertoanoun orasacomplementtoaverb basicpattern modifier adj postmodifier complementation theweatherisfine youarenotcarefulenough ifindthecourseprettydifficultforthatchild theweatheristoohottobeenjoyable youaretherightpersonsuitabletothejob findouttheadjectivephrase fine carefulenough prettydifficultforthatchild toohottobeenjoyable suitabletothejob 32 theyspeakenglishfairlyfrequently beaman don tactsolowly hespokeveryclearlyindeed helivesfarthestfromthestation veryfrankly i mtiredofit 4 adverbphrase adv p aphrasewithanadverbasitshead anadverbialphrasecanmodify averbphrase anadjectivalphrase oranentireclause basicpattern modifier adv postmodifier complementation findouttheadverbphrasesinthefollowingsentences fairlyfrequently solowly veryclearlyindeed farthestfromthestation veryfrankly 33 aphrasewithaprepositionasitsheadfollowedbyacomplementationcalled objectofthepreposition withorwithoutamodifier 5 prepositionalphrase prep p basicpattern modifier preposition complementation directlyjustrightsincemainly abovebehindinbeforeduetoinreturnforforthebenefitof myheadhimtheeyethewargamblinghiskindnesssomeorphans 34 task sentencesegmentation segmentthesentenceatthebottomintoitssmallestconstituents these under graduate s are rapid ly improv ing in their writ ing det n aux adv mainv prep det n np vp prepp clause sentence theseundergraduatesarerapidlyimprovingintheirwriting 35 resultsofthesegmentation theseundergraduatesarerapidlyimprovingintheirwriting simplesentence theseundergraduatesarerapidlyimprovingintheirwriting independentclause theseundergraduates arerapidlyimproving intheirwriting these undergraduates are rapidly improving in their writing these under graduate s are rapid ly improv ing in their writ ing 36 phrasesasclauseelements theconstituentswhichfunctionaselementsofclausestructureareeitherphrasesorsubordinateclauses thefiveformalcategoriesofphrasewehavementionedare subject verb object complement adverbial nounphrase verbphrase adjectivephrase adverbphrase prepositionalphrase 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 5basicsentencepatterns 37 agrammaticalunithigherthanaphrase composedofoneormorethanonephrase anindependentclauseisjustasentence 2mainpropertiesofacompleteclause 2 4clause 分句 npvpnp predicateverb independentclause sentence predicate subject object structurally logically asequenceofphrasesaconstructionof subject predicate theproducersareabletosupplyasmallpartofourneeds 38 classificationofclauses accordingtotheirdifferentfunctionsofsyntax clausesfallinto5categories mainandsubordinate主句与从句 simpleandcomplex简单与复杂分句 verb less无动词分句 finiteandnonfinite限定与非限定分句 independentanddependent独立与从属分句 39 1 independentanddependentclauses intermsofgrammaticalfunction aclausecanbeindependentordependent a independentclause aclausestandingbyitselfandexpressacompletesense heknowseverythingaboutit thathatdoesnotfit youmaytryanother b dependentclause aclausethatformsonlypartofanotherorofaphrase idon tthinkthatheknowseverythingaboutit ifthathatdoesnotfit tryanother hisnewbookthatwillsooncomeoutisongrammar 40 2 simpleandcomplexclause intermsofthecomplexityofthestructure aclausecanbesimpleorcomplex a simpleclause aclausethatconsistsofonlyoneconstructionof sv heknowseverythingaboutit itisnottrue b complexclause aclausethatcomprisesanotherclauseorclausesasitselementorelements idon tthinkthatheknowseverythingaboutit hesaidthatitwasnottrue hecomplainedthatwhatyousaidwasnottrue 41 3 mainandsubordinateclauses intermsofthedifferentrelationship aclausecanbeeithermainorsubordinate a mainclause aclausethattakesanotherclauseasitselement b subordinateclause asubordinateclauseformspartofthemainclause hecomplainedthatwhatyousaidwasnottrue subclause mainclause subclause mainclause 42 4 finiteandnonfiniteclauses wehaveknownthatverbsareeitherfiniteornonfinite soclausescanbeeitherfiniteornonfinite a finiteclause aclausewithafiniteverbanditcarriestenses shewriteshomeeveryday presenttenseverb shewrotehomeyesterday pasttenseverb b nonfiniteclause nonfiniteverbphrasesdonotcarrytenses theirmainverbiseitherato infinitive abareinfinitive an edform oran ingform e g davidlovestoplaythepiano wemadedavidplaythepiano deprivedofoxygen plantswillquicklydie leavinghomecanbeverytraumatic 43 5 verblessclauses averblessclauseisanellipticalsvcclausestructurewithoutaverb ittendstofunctioneitherasanadverbialorasamodifierofanounphrase e g wheninrome doastheromans cf whatevertheirfaults theyarenothypocrites cf hedroveon waryandshaken cf hungryandexhausted theclimberreturned cf hishands numbfromthecold couldnotfindthekey cf whenyouareinrome doastheromans whatevertheirfaultsmaybe theyarenothypocrites hedroveonandhewaswaryandshaken sincetheywerehungryandexhausted theclimberreturned hishand whichwasnumbfromcold couldnotfindthekey 44 asentenceis agrammaticalunitthatishigherthanaclause composedofoneormorethanoneclause thehighestrankofgrammar 2 5sentences 句子 standingalonebyitself performingafunctioninsocialcommunication expressinganindependentstatement question request command etc characterizedbythepresenceofafiniteverb featuresofsentences 45 classificationofsentences sentencescanbeclassifiedfromtwoangles 1 bystructurebythenumbersandtypesoffiniteclausesinvolvedinasentence 2 bypurposebythecommunicativefunctionsthatthesentencescanperform 46 1 bystructure 1 1simplesentence简单句 1 2compoundsentence并列句 1 3complexsentence复杂句 1 4compound complexsentence并列复杂句 onewayforclassifyingenglishsentencesisbythenumbersandtypesoffiniteclauses inthiswaysentencescanbeclassifiedintofourtypes 47 1 1simplesentence asentencethatconsistsofasingleindependentclausewithnodependentclauses thestudentshavemadebettergradesinthepastfewweeks np vppredicateverb npobject preppadverbial predicate independentclause simplesentence subject 48 1 2compoundsentence twoindependentclausesofequalimportancejoinedbyasemicolonoracomma acoordinatorsuchasand but for or nor so yet e g wemustredoubleourefforts orwe llbeleftfarbehind misslindstormcametotheparty butmr andmrs shermandidnot hehadworkedhard yethefailed wehavenotyetwon however weshalltryagain golfdemandsthebestoftimeandspace tennis demands thebestofpersonalenergy generalpattern independentclause sv independentclause sv 49 1 3complexsentence generalpattern independentclause sv dependentclause sv asentencewithanindependentclauseandatleastonedependentclauseintroducedbyasubordinator thestudentswouldhavemadebettergradesiftheyhadstudiedhard whenisawwhatyouhaddone iwassad knowingthatyouhatememakesmesad itmakesmehappythatyouloveme theworksheetiswhereyouhaveputit somevoterswantspecialconsiderationthataccountsfortheirhandicaps examples 50 1 4compound complexsentence asentencewithatleasttwoindependentclausesandoneormoredependentclauses whichcanalsobecalledsubordinateclause generalpattern sv coordinator sv dependentclause sv theywatchedtelevisionandenjoyedthemselvesimmensely butwecouldn tseetheprogrambecauseourtelevisionwasbroken thecatlivedinthebackyard butthedog whoknewhewassuperior livedinsidethehouse examples 51 2 bypurpose 2 1declarativesentence陈述句2 2interrogativesentence疑问句2 3imperativesentence祈使句2 4exclamatorysentence感叹句 anotherwaytoclassifyenglishsentencesisbythepurpose function ofthesentence andinthiswaysentencescanbeclassifiedintoanotherfourtypes 52 1 declarativesentence statement 2 interrogativesentence question 3 imperativesentence command 4 exclamatorysentence exclamation themostcommontypeusedtomakesastatement daysaregettingshorterandshorter commonlyusedtorequestinformation whenareyougoingtowork expressingdirectcommandsorrequests cometothepartytomorrow amoreemphaticformofstatement whatawonderfuldayitis e g e g e g e g thisistheendoftheintroduction 53 wehavelearnedthatenglishgrammarisorganizedintofiveranks segmentthefollowingsentencefromthehighestranktothelowest assignment sentencesegmentation 1 sentence speakingasamarriedman myfive year oldsonisfarmoreadvancedthaniwasathisage 2 clause 3 phrase 4 word 5 morpheme 54 1sentence thisisacomplexsentence totheexercise speakingasamarriedman myfive year oldsonisfarmoreadvancedthaniwasathisage 55 4clauses 1 myfive year oldsonisfarmoreadvanced 2 thaniwasathisage 3 speakingasamarriedman 4 asamarriedman does finiteclause mainclause finite dependent sub clause nonfiniteclause finite dependent sub clause speakingasamarriedman myfive year oldsonisfarmoreadvancedthaniwasathisage totheexercise 56 5phrases 1 np 2 vp 3 adj p farmore