固体散装货物的特性.docx

固体散装货物的特性Inherent Properties of Bulk Cargo1. 固体散装货物 Bulk Cargo 固体散装货物是指由粉末、颗粒、球状、块状等构成的不加包装而直接装运的货物，如粮谷、矿石、煤炭、水泥、化肥、饲料等。固体散装货物运输一般具有运输批量大、 货源稳定、大多单一货种并采用专用船舶整船单向运输的特点。Bulk cargo is unpackaged, loose cargo in the form of granule, specks, ball orlump, loaded directly into a vessels hold, such as grain, ore, coal, cement, fertilizer etc. Bulk cargo transportation is in large and steady volume, single cargo kind and one-way transportation in special vessels. 2. 固体散装货物的类别Types of Bulk Cargo 根据货物的运输特性，一般可将固体散装货物分为 4 个类别，即粮谷、易流态化货物、具有化学危险的货物及既不易流态化又无化学危险的货物。According to bulk cargo properties, it can be divided into 4 categories: grain, liquidation-prone cargo, chemically dangerous cargo and cargo without liquidation-prone and chemical danger. 3. 固体散装货物的特性Properties of Bulk Cargo 1）散装谷物 Bulk grain a. 呼吸性 Metabolism 谷物靠呼吸作用获得能量来维持生命，呼吸作用使谷物中的水和二氧化碳含量增 加并产生热量。呼吸强度受粮谷的水分、温度、空气成分、籽粒状态等因素影响，其中水分是最重要的因素。粮谷水分增大，呼吸将大大加强；在 0 到 50oC 范围内，呼吸强度随温度上升而增强；空气中氧含量充足时则呼吸强度大；新粮、瘪粒、破碎粒、表面粗糙的籽粒等呼吸作用较强。Grain depends on metabolism to get energy. Metabolism produces water and CO2 and heat. Metabolism intensity depends on contained water, temperature, air composition and grain condition, among which water is the most important factor. The more water, the more active metabolism. In the range of 050degrees, metabolism increases with temperature, the more oxygen, the more active metabolism. New, shriveled, broken and rough grain has a high degree of metabolism. 水分含量较低的谷物在运输中耐高温而不变质，因此运输船舶在装载谷物前，必须对物含水量提出严格要求，凡超过规定标准时应拒绝装载。详见后附的谷物安全水分标准数值表。Grain with low water content could withstand high heat, therefore there is a high standard on grain water content before loading. Refuse loading unsatisfactory grain. Refer to Grain moisture table in appendixes. b. 发热性 Heat 谷物发热的主要原因是粮谷自身、微生物、虫害呼吸作用产生热量积聚的结果。应通 大连新凯船舶管理有限公司过降低谷物水分、温度来限制其呼吸作用，抑制谷物发热，采取谷物熏蒸减少虫害和微生物影响。Grain gives heat due to metabolism of grain, microbes and insects. Reduce water and temperature to subdue metabolism. Use fumigation to reduce the impact of insects and microbes. c. 吸湿和散湿性 Humidity 谷物能 吸收外界水分和向外散发水分。当谷物较干燥而外界空气湿度较大时，谷 物会吸收水分使其含水量增大；反之，谷物会向周围散发水分。船舶在航行中，应进行正确通风，以防外界潮湿高温空气进入舱内。Grain could absorb or discharge water. Grain could absorb water when surrounding air humidity is high and vice versa. In navigation, ventilate well to prevent outside moist and hot air. d. 吸附性 Adsorption 谷物易感染或吸附异味和有害气体的特性称其为吸附性。一经感染，则散发很慢，或不能散失，会影响食用甚至不能使用。因此，装货前应做好货舱准备工作。Grain is susceptible to contamination and adsorbing, as is call adsorbility. Contamination would affect grain quality as far that grain is unfit as food. Therefore, make good preparation before loading. 易受虫害作用 Susceptibility to insects 谷物易感染害虫，它们不仅蛀食谷物，引起重量损失和物品降低，而且害虫在取食、呼吸、排泄和变态等生命活动中，散发热量和水分，促使结露、生芽、霉变，所产生的分泌物、粪便、尸体、皮屑等还会污染粮谷。谷物的主要害虫是米象、谷象等，还常遭鼠咬吞食。为防止虫害作用，谷物和货舱应用药物熏蒸。Grain is susceptible to insects. Insects eat grain, and reduce weight and quality. Insects could contaminate grain, and caused grain to become mildew and burgeon. To prevent insect, grain and cargo holds should be fumigated. e. 下沉性 Settle 装于船舱内的散装谷物，受船舶摇摆、振动等作用，谷物间的空隙逐渐缩小引起谷物表面下沉。谷物下沉，一方面导致舱内谷物重心下降；另一方面使初始呈满载状态货舱内出现一个空当，形成可自由流动的谷物表面。谷物的下沉性与颗粒大小、形状、积载因素、表面状态、含水量等因素有关。Bulk grain loaded in hold, due to the swing and pitch of the vessel, the surface gradually sink as a result of reducing of the space among grain, which can reduce the bary center and make more space on top of the grainsurface and result the surface flowable. The settle of grain relate to the size, shape of grain, stowage factor, water content etc. f. 散落性 Free Fall 散装谷物在船舶摇摆、振动等外力作用下，能自动松散流动的特性称为散落性。谷物的散落性与颗粒大小、形状、表面状态、含水量、杂质含量等因素有关，其大小用静止角表示。静止角是指谷物由空中缓缓自然散落到平面上所形成的锥体斜面与水平面的夹角。静止角越小，散装谷物越易流动，散落性越大。Bulk grain loaded on board, because of the swing and pitch of the vessel, will become flowable and free fall, Angle of repose can show the degree of free fall. Angle of repose is the bevel between the flat and the slant of the cone, which is made from free fall grain from the air to a flat. If the Angle of repose is small, this kind of grain is easier to flow. 2) 易流态化货物 Cargoes which may Liquify a.含水性 Water containing 易流态化货物均含有较多水分，主要由生产工艺、降尘措施和自身特性所造成的。 它 们的含水性以含水量表示。在海上运输过程中，受到外界各种力的作用，水分渗移而形成流态化从而导致货物移动。Liquidation-prone cargo has a large content of water, which is caused by production technique, dust-reduction measure and inherent properties. The property of water containment is denoted by water percentage. In sea transportation, water percolation caused by external forces could lead to liquidation, which could cause displacement of cargo. b. 腐蚀性 Causticity 易流态货物具有一定的腐蚀性，能够给船舶造成伤害，缩短船舶使用寿命，影响船舶 运输安全。例如，硫化精矿，因含有大量的硫，在一定条件下硫与氧及水发生化学反应，生成具有强腐蚀力的酸。Liquidation-prone cargo has a certain degree of causticity, which can wreak havoc on vessels, reduce the life of vessels, and affect safe vessel transportation, such as sulfide refined ore, because it has a large composition of sulfur, which could react with oxygen and water, produce high-corrosive acid. c. 自热和自燃性 Self-heating and self-burning 此种特性表现较为突出的是一些硫化金属精矿和细颗粒状煤。硫化铜、硫化铅、硫化锌等精矿富含硫，容易发生氧化，导致热量积聚和自燃。煤在装舱后，由于氧化而产生热量，当积热不散时则会加剧氧化，使煤温升高，当升高到煤的自燃点时，则引起自燃。This property is prominent for some sulfuration metal refined ore and rain of coal. Sulfide copper, lead and zinc etc refined ore contain more sulfur, easy for oxidation, result self heating and burning. After coal loaded in hold, producing heat from oxidation to increase the temperature of the coal, if reach the point of self burning, then burning will happen. d. 毒害性 Toxicity 易流态化货物毒害性主要表现在：Liquidation-prone cargo toxicity comes to play in the following case: 因氧化导致舱内缺氧，下舱时会引起窒息中毒 Depletion of oxygen in holds due to oxidation. Asphyxiation could be caused if in holds. 某些货物在运输中会产生有毒气体，误吸入后会中毒 Certain toxic gas could be produced in cargo transportation. Inhalation could result in poisoning. 装运时粉尘对人体造成危害 Danger to human beings posed by dust and powder during loading and discharging. e. 散落性 Free Fall 易流态化货物具有一定的散落性，其大小以静止角表示。Cargoes that may liquefy have the property of free fall, the degree showed by Angle of repose. f. 易流态性 Liquefy 在外界因素的作用下，易流态货物最显著的特性就是产生流态。由于船体的振动和摇荡，致使货物下沉，当含水量高时，会产生多于水分，从而在货物表面形成自由液面。易流态货物的流态性以流动水分点来表示，它是指货样在规定的试验方法下达到流态时的含水量。货物在装运时，其实际含水量必须小于流动水分点，否则，会因货物的流态化 而产生移动，导致稳性减小或丧失。为安全计，取流动水分点的 90%作为该货物的适运水分限。Under the action of exoteric factors, the prominent property of cargoes that may liquefy is liquefying. Because of the swing and pitch of vessel, the cargo on board will sink down, if the cargo contain more moister, water will come and become free surface. The degree of liquefy showed by flowing dividing point. When loading, the quantity of water should less than flowing dividing point, otherwise will reduce the stability even to zero. For the sake of safety, 90% of the flowing dividing point is the dividing line suiting shipment of the cargo. 3) 具有化学危险的货物 Chemically dangerous cargo 具有化学危险的货物是指由于自身的化学性质而在运输中会产生危险的固体散装货物。这类货物可分成两类。Chemically dangerous cargo is the bulk cargo that poses danger in transportation due to inherent chemical properties. This kind of cargo consists of two parts. a. 已列入国际危规的固体散货，分属于以下 IMO 类别：Included in IMDG bulk cargo and classified in the following categories 4.1 类 易燃固体, 如硫磺; 4.1flammable solid, such as sulfur 4.2 类 易自燃物质, 如干椰肉、种子饼、氧化铁、金属屑等；4.2 self-burning goods, such as preserved coconut meat, seed cake, oxidant iron, and metal scrap 4.3 类 遇水放出易燃气体的物质，如废铝、锌渣、硅铁等；4.3 goods that release gas when meeting water: scrapped aluminum, zinc residue and silicon iron. 5.1 类 氧化剂， 如硝酸铝、硝酸铵、硝酸钙、硝酸镁等；5.1 oxidant, such as nitric aluminum, nitric ammonia， nitric calcium and nitric magnesium. 6.1 类 有毒物质；6.1 toxic goods 6.2 类 感染性物质；6.2 contagious goods 7 类 放射性物质，如低比度放射性物质（LSA-I）、表面射线污染的物体（SCO-I）等，其放射性比度70Bq/g; 7. Radioactive goods: such as LSA-I, SCO-I, etc, whose radio Bq 70Bq/g; 8 类 腐蚀性物品；Caustic goods 9 类 其它危险货物，如鱼粉、蓖麻籽、硝酸铵化肥等。9 other dangerous goods, such as fish power, castor seeds, ammonium nitrate fertilizer. b. 仅在散装运输时具有危险的货物 Goods which poses danger only in transportation 此类货物属于那些未列入国际危规，但在散装运输中易产生危险而应予以特别关注的固体散货。包括煤、木炭、油焦炭、沥青球、木屑片、锯末、动物肥、还原铁、磷铁、锰硅合金、锑矿、铬矿、矾土矿、生石灰、草泥等，它们分别具有第 4 类、第 6 类和第 8 类危险货物的特性。This goods is bulk cargo which is classified under IMDG, but poses danger in bulk cargo transportation and deserves special attention, such as coal, charcoal, tar balls, wood whittles, saw dust, animal fertilizer, deoxidized iron, phosphorus iron, manganese and silicon alloy etc. They have 4, 6, 8 clause properties. 4) 一般固体散装货物 General bulk cargo 此类散装货物其块状较大或含水量较低而不易流态化，同上类散装货物相比其危险性大为减小，但是相当数量的此类散货还具有以下与运输有关的其他特性。This kind of cargo is large in volume, or has low contents of water and is less capable of being liquefied. Compared with the above cargo, it has less danger but this kind of cargo in large quantity has the following properties, which relate to transportation. a. 扬尘性 如水泥、滑石粉、铁矿粉、花生果等；Raise a dust, for example cement, talcum powder, iron ore powder, peanut etc; b. 下沉性和散落性 Settle and Free Fall c, 怕杂质 如重烧镁、矾土、 耐火粘土、碳化硅等在装运中应避免混入铁、煤、木屑、氧化镁、氧化钙等杂质，以防降低其熔点。黑钨矿不能混入锡、硫、砷、磷、铜、铝等杂质，否则会影响其品质和用途；Impurity-exclusion; for example bauxite, fire clay, silicon-carbide etc, which should avoid to be interfused with impurity, such as iron, coal, scrap of wood, oxidated calcium etc, to prevent from reducing their melting point or their quality and use. d. 忌水湿 如水泥、化肥、糖、磷盐岩等货物，水湿后会结块变硬， 使货物质量降低或失去使用价值；Damp-exclusion: cement, fertilizer, sugar, phosphorus aid etc, could harden if dampened, and quality of cargo could be reduced , even to uselessness. e. 毒性和窒息性如铅矿、铬矿、锑矿、呈粉末状，粉尘吸入或吞入会引起铅中毒，锑矿潮湿时会产生锑化氢、胂、磷化氢、等有毒气体；Toxicity and asphyxiation: for example lead ore, chromium ore, antimony ore, in the form of power, if inhaled or swallowed, could cause lead poisoning. Dampened to antimony ore could release stibine etc toxic gas. f. 腐蚀性如硫酸、磷酸潮湿时会有强烈腐蚀性；Causticity: