英语句子的基本结构.doc

英语句子的基本结构句子是构成篇章的基本要素，学习英语一定要有句子的概念。英语中的句子主要分为简单句、并列句和复合句，对句子结构的考查也是高考试题考查的一大热点。一、对简单句的考查只包含一个主谓结构的句子（有时有并列主语或谓语）称为简单句。如：Both Nancy and her brother are in the same school. 简单句句型共有以下五种：1 主语+谓语（SV句型）。如：My head aches. 2 主语+系动词+表语（SLP句型）。如：Frank is an architect. 3 主语+谓语+直接宾语（SVO句型）。如：My sister enjoyed the play. 4 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语（SVOO句型）。如：The firm gave Sam a watch. 5 主语+谓语+宾语+宾补（SVOC句型）。如：They made Sam chairman. 考例1） After a knock at the door, the child heard his mothers voice _ him.A. calling B. calledC. being calledD. to call （2007 上海）2） I was wondering if we could go skiing on the weekend._ good.A. Sound B. SoundedC. SoundingD. Sounds （2006 湖北）二、对并列句的考查并列句往往由并列连词连接，被连接的两个或多个句子是对等并列的关系，常见的并列连词有and, not only.but also., neither.nor., either.or., but, yet, or, while, so等。考点剖析高考试题对于并列句的考查主要集中在：1考查and, but, or, so等并列连词在具体语境中的使用，此类试题主要从句子上下文和并列连词含义的层面进行区分。2考查学生对句子结构的识别能力，往往在给出连词的情况下，要求选择动词来引起祈使句。此类试题要注意看清句子结构，在发现给出的后半句中含有连词时，则表明前半句也必须是一个与之并列的完整的句子，因此选择的词要能使前半句构成一个完整的句子。考例1） You have failed two tests. Youd better start working harder, _ you wont pass the course.A. and B. so C. but D. or （2007 北京）2） Help others whenever you can _ you will make the world a better place to live in.A. and B. orC. unlessD. but （2007 辽宁）3） He found it increasingly difficult to read, _ his eyesight was beginning to fail.A. and B. forC. butD. or （2006 北京）三、对复合句的考查由一个主句和一个或一个以上的从句构成的句子叫做复合句。复合句中的主句是整个句子的主干，而从句是依附于主句对主句起修饰作用的，故复合句也称主从复合句。根据从句在整个句子中所充当的成分，可以把复合句分为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句、状语从句和定语从句。下面分述如下：1 主语从句在复合句中处在主语的位置、充当主语的从句叫主语从句，它常位于复合句中主句的谓语动词之前。主语从句引导词的选用，取决于引导词在主语从句中的成分和作用。如：That he will come to the discussion is certain.Whether he will accept the invitation is not clear.What you said is quite true.由于主语从句通常比较冗长，位于句首给人头重脚轻的感觉，因此在实际使用中常用it作形式主语，而把主语从句移到主句之后。其中that引导的主语从句用it作形式主语的情况尤为多见。如：It makes no difference who will go.It made us happy that she was able to come.考例1） _ matters most in learning English is enough practice.A. WhatB. Why C. Where D. Which（2007 全国II）2） It is none of your business _ other people think about you. Believe yourself.A. howB. what C. which D. when （2007 福建）3） _ team wins on Saturday will go through to the national championships.A. No matter whatB. No matter whichC. WhateverD. Whichever （2006 山东）2 宾语从句that可引导宾语从句，在从句中只起引导作用不充当任何成分，常可以省略；whether和if引导宾语从句也只起引导作用不充当成分，但有其自身的意义，表示“是否”；其余引导词均在宾语从句中起引导作用并充当一定的成分。宾语从句中通常使用陈述语序。如：Almost all economists agree that nations gain by trading with one another.I doubt whether / if he will be against the idea.I know nothing about the matter except what you told me.如果主句的谓语是make, find, feel, believe, think, suppose, consider等常带有宾语补足语的动词，则通常在这些词后用it作形式宾语，而把宾语从句置于宾语补足语之后，其结构通常为“动词+it+宾补+宾语从句”。如：We find it necessary that we (should) practice spoken English every day.考例1） You can only be sure of _ you have at present; you cannot be sure of something _ you might get in the future.A. that; what B. what; /C. which; thatD. /; that （2007 安徽）2） These shoes look very good. I wonder _.A. how much cost they areB. how much do they costC. how much they costD. how much are they cost（2006 上海春）3 表语从句常见的跟表语从句的连系动词有be, seem, remain, look等。如：My idea is that you should make good use of your time.The question is whether we can finish our work by tomorrow evening.考例1） Why not try your luck downtown, Bob? Thats _ the best jobs are.A. whereB. what C. whenD. why （2007 浙江）2） The traditional view is _ we sleep because our brain is “programmed” to make us do so.A. whenB. whyC. whetherD. that （2007 上海）3） See the flags on top of the building? That was _ we did this morning.A. whenB. whichC. whereD. what （2006 全国I）4 同位语从句跟在名词后面、进一步说明该名词的具体内容的从句叫同位语从句。其常跟在一些可加进具体内容的、表示信息、思想等概念的抽象名词后面，如news, fact, idea, hope, belief, truth, promise, thought, fear, doubt, possibility, order, suggestion, proposal等。同位语从句与其前面的名词是同等关系。that引导同位语从句时，在从句中不充当任何成分，只起连接作用，一般不能省略。如：I made a promise that if anyone set me free, I would make him very rich.考例1） There is much chance _ Bill will recover from his injury in time for the race.A. thatB. which C. untilD. if （2006 天津）2） Do you have any idea _ is actually going on in the classroom?A. thatB. what C. asD. which （2005 辽宁）5 状语从句（1）时间状语从句主要由when, while, as（当时候，一边一边），before, as soon as, after, since（自从），until等词来引导。如：While the teacher paraphrased the text in English, the students listened attentively and took notes. I began to talk before she could speak. 考例1） Wheres that report?I brought it to you _ you were in Mr. Blacks office yesterday.A. if B. when C. because D. before （2007 北京）2） He was told that it would be at least three more months _ he could recover and return to work.A. when B. before C. since D. that （2007 江西）3） It is difficult for us to learn a lesson in life _ weve actually had that lesson.A. untilB. afterC. sinceD. when （2007 天津）（2）条件状语从句引导词有：if, unless（除非）, once（一旦）, so/as long as（只要）, on condition that（条件是）, provided/providing（假设）, suppose/supposing（假使）等。如If you dont work hard, you wont pass the mid-term exam. You can go out on condition that you wear an overcoat. 考例1） Small sailboats can easily turn over in the water _ they are not managed carefully.A. thoughB. beforeC. untilD. if （2007 上海）2） I wont call you, _ something unexpected happens. A. unless B. whether C. because D. while （2007 全国I）3） _ environmental damage is done, it takes many years for the ecosystem to recover.A. Even ifB. If onlyC. WhileD. Once （2006 江苏）（3）原因状语从句引导词有：because, as（因为）, since, for, now that（既然）, considering （考虑到）等。如：Now that John has arrived, we can begin right now.Considering that he has only just started, he knows quite a lot about it.考例Jenny was very sad over the loss of the photos she had shot at Canada, _ this was a memory she especially treasured.A. as B. if C. when D. where （2006 广东）（4）让步状语从句主要引导词有：as（尽管）, though/although, even if/even though（即使）, whether.or.（不管还是）, 疑问词+ever / no matter+疑问词, while（尽管）等。如：Child as he is, he knows a lot. However (No matter how) expensive it may be, I will take it.考例1） _ I really dont like art, I find his work impressive.A. As B. Since C. If D. While （2007 山东）2） Many of them turned a deaf ear to his advice, _ they knew it to be valuable.A. as ifB. now that C. even thoughD. so that （2007 浙江）3） We had to wait half an hour _ we had already booked a table. A. sinceB. althoughC. untilD. before （2007 辽宁）（5）结果状语从句由so that, so.that., such.that.等来引导。通常和倒装句放在一起考查：在so / such.that. 结构中，so+形容词或副词或such+名词位于句首则须倒装。考例1） _ that Marie was able to set up new branches elsewhere.A. So successful her business wasB. So successful was her businessC. So her business was successfulD. So was her successful business （2007 陕西）2） Pop music is such an important part of society _ it has even influenced our language.A. asB. thatC. whichD. where （2007 上海）3） _ homework did we have to do that we had no time to take a rest.A. So muchB. Too muchC. Too littleD. So little （2006 福建）6 定语从句高考试题对定语从句的考查主要集中在对定语从句引导词的考查上。定语从句的引导词主要分为关系代词（that