unit 5 Straight-AIlliteracyppt课件

Unit5Straight AIlliteracy Learningobjectives Learntowriteinaconciseandclearway Developfullconsciousnessofstyle Relevantinformation Thepleasureprinciple Manisbothbiologicalanimalandsocialbeing Inkeepingwithhisbiologicalendowment mantendstoseekpleasureandtoavoidpain Thistruismisknownasthe pleasureprinciple Classroomdiscussion 1 Mr Bright swritingrepresentsanexampleofbadstyleresultingfromusingabstract bigwords Doyousufferfromthesamedisease 2 WhatarethebadeffectsofBright sdisease 3 Accordingtotheauthor themoretimestudentsstayattheuniversitytoreceiveeducation theworsehe llsufferfromBright sdisease Doyouagree Whyorwhynot 4 ThewriterstatesfirmlythattheStraight Ailliterateisworsethananordinaryilliterate Why Classroomdiscussion 5 Whatis doublenegative Whoarelikelytomakesuchmistakes 6 TheauthorgivesexamplesofwritingbyordinaryilliteratesandbyStraight Ailliterates Canyourewritethesentenceandexplainwhytheoriginaloneisinadequate 7 TheauthordeliberatelyusesquiteanumberofunintelligiblewordsandexpressionsinplaceofclearandsimpleEnglish Whateffectisachievedthroughsuchsharpcontrast 8 Istheclosingparagraphatypicalconcludingparagraph Isitweakorstrong Somequotationsonthesignificanceofbrevity clarityinwriting 1 IwriteasIwalkbecauseIwanttogetsomewhere andIwriteasstraightasIcanbecausethatisthebestwaytogetthere H G Wells 1866 1946 H G Wells 1866 1946 literaryoutputvastandextremelyvaried perhapsbestrememberedforhisscientificromances amongtheearliestproductsofthenewgenreofsciencefiction e g TheTimeMachine TheFirstMenintheMoon AModernUtopia 2IhavemadethisletterlongerthanusualbecauseIlackthetimetomakeitshorter Pascal ProvincialLetters 1657 BlaisePascal 1623 62 Frenchmathematician physicist andmoralist asgiftedinscienceasinletters literaryfamerestingontwoworks ProvincialLetters 1656 7 LesProvinciales 3 IfI dhadmoretime I dhavewrittenashorterbook MarkTwain4Themoreyousay thelesspeopleremember Thefewerthewords thegreatertheprofit Fenelon VIObjectives Bytheendofthisunit thestudentsareexpectedtobeabletoknowthemeaningandusageofthelanguageinthetext identifythestructuresofthetext paraphrasesomedifficultsentencesofthetext usethelanguagelearnttodiscusstheissuesrelatedtothetext makecommentsontheauthor sviewsbywritingashortpassage VII Pre classWork DictionaryWork LookupthewordsonPage59inStudent sBook LibraryWorkFindoutthemeaningof allegory Andlookfortheinformationshowingwhatthe pleasureprinciple is Summingupthekeyideas Makeyourwritingclean clearandconcise WritinginclearandconciseEnglishTastesmaychangeinlanguage butsomebasicprinciplesofgoodwritinghaveremainedunchanged AmongthemareprinciplesofAccuracy BrevityandClarity appropriatelyabbreviatedintoABC Ofthethreeprinciples theonethatrelatesmostdirectlytothegoalofcommunicationisClarity Whenyouwrite youneedtoletyourreadersknowfromtheverybeginningwhatyouwanttosay Youneednotattempttodazzlethemwithmulti syllablewordsandlong involvedsentences Gracefulphrasingcertainlycontributestogoodwriting butyouneedtostrivefirstforclarity Itisill manneredtomakeyourreadersracktheirbrainstryingtounderstandyou Nothingwillannoyreadersmorethanhavingtowastetheirtimeplowingthroughaclutteredparagraphbecauseyouneglectedtospendyourtimecleaningitup Inthetext Orwellarguesthatwecanimproveourwritingbygettingridofhackneyedmetaphors long windedexpressionsandvague high soundingwords Beverycareful then withover usedexpressionssuchasthefollowing Hackneyedmetaphors asbusyasabee byleapsandbounds asclearascrystal facethemusic playwithfire ascoolasacucumber likeaneedleinahaystackClich s lastbutnotleast luckydog nopain nogain apieceofcake fromthebottomofmyheart fromeverywalkoflife theothersideofthecoin fewandfarbetween Biteoffmorethanyoucanchew Big longwords endeavor attempt try repercussions results effects transmit send materialize happen occur commence begin start blueprint plan terminate end assistance help expenditure cost necessitate need demand indebtedness thanks gratitude Circumlocutions alimitednumber few asizablepercentageof many beoftheopinionthat think Archaism priorto before asper accordingto Analysisofthewritingpatternofthistext ThebasicmethodDegnanusesinthisessaytoaccomplishhispurposeiscausalanalysis whichiscombinedwithdefinitionandexemplification Therearetwoalternativewaystoorganizeanessaydevelopedbycausalanalysis i e fromthecause s totheeffect s andfromtheeffect s tothecause s Degnanfollowedthelatterpattern Theeffectisstatedatthebeginningoftheessay thatis thephenomenonoftheso calledstraight Ailliteracy andthecuaseismadeclearneartheendofit i e thetext booksandprofessionaljournalsthestraight Ailliterateisforcedtoreadduringhisyearsofeducation Thefourparagraphswhichconstitutetheessayarecloselyconnected WhatdoyouthinkDegnandoesinthefirstparagraph Ishejustifiedindoingso Inwhatwayisthesecondparagraphconnectedtothefirstone Inwhatwayisthethirdparagraphtothesecondone Inthelast 4thparagraph ashasbeensaidbefore thecauseofthisintellectualdiseaseismadeclear Itbeginswiththesentence AsIhavesuggested themajorcauseofsuchilliteractyisthestuff thetextbooksandprofessionaljournals thestraight Ailliterateisforcedtoreadduringhisyearsofhighereducation Whereintheprecedingtexthastheauthormadeasuggestionofthiscause Usingtherightword Wordsaremanyanditisnotalwayseasychoosingtherightone First wordsthatlooksimilarmayhavedifferentmeanings Forexample human of orrelatingtoman 人的 asinhumanbeing humannature humanrightshumane becharacterizedbykindness mercy orcompassion 仁慈的 asinahumanejudge office ahumanekiller Verydifferentfromahumankiller Usingtherightword Secondly wordsthathavethesameorsimilarmeaningmaycarrydifferentassociations Forexample thefollowingfivewordsaresimilarinmeaningbutdifferentinconnotation happiness joy delight rapture ecstasy Thirdly wordsthathavethesamemeaningmaybeusedindifferentsituationsanddifferentstyles Forexample ineachofthefollowingsets wordsofthesamenotionareusedatdifferentlevelsofformality poorpoverty strickenbroke Inaddition thereareculturaldifferencesinwordchoice Weneedtothinkaboutthevariousaspectsofawordwhendecidingwhichtochoose Choosingtherightwordis therefore aprocessofclarifyinganddefiningourthoughts Unlesswehavefoundtheexactwordstoverbalizeourownthoughts wecanneverbeverysureofwhatourthoughtsare Withoutwords ourthoughtscannotbedefinedorstatedinaclearandprecisemanner Anallegoryisaformofimaginativeliteratureconstructedinsuchawaythattheirreadersareencouragedtolookformeaningshiddenbeneaththeliteralsurfaceofthefiction EncyclopediaBritannica Anallegoryisanarrativeinwhichthecharacters events andsettingrepresentdeepertruthsorgeneralizationsthanthosesuggestedbythesurfacestory MacmillanFamilyEncyclopedia Anallegoryisabroadtermcoveringanypieceofwritingorimagewhichhasmeaningsadditionaltotheliteralsense Everyman sEncyclopedia Allegory Pleasureprinciple Manisbothabiologicalanimalandsocialbeing Inkeepingwithhisbiologicalendowment mantendstoseekpleasureandtoavoidpain Thistruismisknownas pleasureprinciple Collier sEncyclopedia SecretsofStraight Astudents 1 Studyanywhere Oreverywhere Studyatworkoratplay However thereisaneedforconsistency Maintainthesametimesloteverydayforstudying 2 GetOrganized Abackpackorplannerkeepsessentialsuppliestogetherandcutsdownontime wastingsearchesforbooks pencils assignments etc 3 Learnhowtoread Thesecretofgoodreadingistobeanactivereader onewhocontinuallyasksquestionsthatleadtoafullunderstandingoftheauthor smessage 4 Scheduleyourtime Eventhebeststudentsprocrastinatesometimes Butwhenthathappens theyfaceuptoit 5 Takeagoodnotes Andusethem Readingthetextbookisimportant buttheteacherisgoingtotestyouonwhatheorsheemphasized That swhatyoufindinyournotes Abstractofthearticle Thetitleoftheessaymayseemstrangeandevenparadoxicaltoyou 题目有点奇怪 甚至自相矛盾 Thisspecialgroupofilliteratepeopleincludesstraight Astudentsincollege Ph Dcandidates andevencertainhighlysuccessfulprofessors 特殊的文盲群体 不乏学识渊博之人 如 全优生 博士生 或学有所成的教授 Theyareilliteratenotintheordinarysenseoftheword butinthesensethattheycannotsayorwriteinplainEnglish 被称为文盲的原因 丧失了用简单语言表达自己的能力 Thereason astheauthorargues istobefoundinthetextbooksthesestraight Astudentsareforcedtoreadthroughyearsofhighereducation whicharefilledwithprofessionaljargonsandgibberishwriting 根源 全优学生在接受教育时被迫使用的教材 教材充斥着专业术语和令人费解的措词 Theessaysetsouttoexposeandcondemnthisphenomenon withtheaimofincreasingthepublic sawarenessoftheseriousnessoftheproblem 揭露批判存在的现象 旨在引起大众的关注 Paragraph1 1 plight asadorunfortunatesituation Eg Theplightofthedisabledchildrenmovedhertotears 2 asoftenasnot quitefrequently atleasthalfthetime Eg Asoftenasnot hewouldgototheoldwoman shomeandhelphercleanuptheplace LanguageLearning Paragraph2 3 articulate abletoexpressthoughtsandfeelingsclearlyandeffectively Eg Sheisamongthefewarticulatechildreninthenursery 4 coveted adj eagerlywishedforordesired Eg Shewonthecovetedfirstprizeatthespeechcontest muchtooursurprise 5 decode changeacodedmessageintointelligiblelanguage Eg Straight Ailliterates writingsarelikecodedmessagesdifficulttodecode Paragraph3 6 affliction 1 trouble2 somethingthatcausespainorsuffering Eg Afeelingofisolationishischiefaffliction 7 inexorably inescapably Eg Newtechnologymarchesoninexorably Paragraph4 8 profundity profoundness greatdepthofknowledgeorthought Eg Wedidn trealizethatthemodestandunassumingmanwhotalkedtousawhileagowasascholarofgreatprofundity 9 monstrous frightening shocking Eg Howcouldheeverhavetoldsuchamonstrouslie Supplementarywordstudyexile 流放eg Insomeperiodsofhistory agovernmentcouldpunishacitizenbyexilinghim forcinghimtoleavethehomeland self exiledtoParis exiledthemselvestoParisbanish forcibleremovaleg Thejudgeorderedthesuspectbanishedfromthecourtroom 带下去 押下去 TVcommercialsthatpromisetheirproductscanbanishwashdaydrudgery Supplementarywordstudy deport officialsendingawayofsomeonewhoisnotacitizen驱逐出境Whenagovernmentdeportsaforeigner heissentoutofthecountrybecausehehascommittedacrimeorhasnoofficialpermissiontostay expatriate itreferstothestrippingofcitizenshipfromsb eitherbyhisownchoiceorbythenation schoiceexpatriateoneself移居国外 放弃原国籍extradite 引渡eject a topush sendsth out usu withforceeg Themachineejectedahandfulofcigarettes b toejectsb fromaplace toforcehimtoleaveeg Wereservetherighttoejectawayobjectionableperson Supplementarywordstudy inaccessible a difficult impossibletoreacheg themostinaccessiblepartofthejungleb unabletounderstand appreciateeg ThemusicofBartokisconsideredinaccessiblebymanypeople cursory eg acursoryglance examination thatis abriefone notpayattentiontodetailsbearout tosupport sb orthetruthofwhatsb says eg Theprisoner sstorywasvorneoutbyhiswife IfItellthejudgethatIwasn tthere willyoubearmeout Supplementarywordstudy bearup a remainstrong braveeg Aliceboreupwellunderthenewsofherhusband sdeath b tohelpsb tocontinuelivinginatimeoftroubleeg HowcouldIhavelivedthroughMother sillnesswithoutyoutobearmeup stagnant business society economystagnant社会 经济 生意惨淡secluded quiet private undisturbed secludedbeaches cornerofthegarden幽静的motionless notmovingatall tositmotionless queuesofmotionlesscarscomethrough Afeelingofsadnesscomesthroughhismusic canbeseenorfelt Allmyfamilycamethroughthewar survivethedanger Supplementarywordstudy sustain Theydonothaveenoughmoneytosustainastrike Theyhadnothingtosustainthemalldayexcepttwocupsofcoffee ItishisbeliefinGodthatsustainshim catchon notformal tobecomepopular Idon tthinkthisstrangenewfashionwillcatchon Wouldyoumindrepeatingthat Ididn tquitecatchon understandwhatonesaid catchout notformal Theexaminerswilltrytocatchyouout sohaveallyouranswersprepared todiscoveroneunabletoanswer 难倒你 I msuretheprisonerisnottellingthetruth talktohimandseeifyoucancatchhimout 找他的破绽 1 fussandbotheraboutsth tomakeafussofsb topayalotofattentiontosb Theyliketobeflatteredandmadeafussof 喜欢受人呵护tofussoversb sth topaytoomuchattentionorworryaboutthemtoomuche g Shewasinclinedtofussoverherhealth Afussypersonisonewhomakesalotofadoaboutunimportantthings Languagepoints 2 overpopulate tohavetoolargeapopulation text theirnumberisverylarge 3 plight difficultsituation fullofproblemseg theplightofthehandicapped Thechildrenwereinasorryplight tired lost andhungry 4 asoftenasnot inroughlyhalftheinstances多半 往往atleasthalfthetime frequently5 interrogate questionsb closely thoroughly formally6 pry trytofindoutaboutsb else privateaffairseg I mnottryingtopry Don tgopryingintomyaffairs 7 probe askquestions makeinquiriesinto trytofindouteg toprobeforinformation toprobethemysteriesoftheuniverse8 exogenous growingororiginatingfromoutside9 colinearity inlines10 becontingentupon dependupon bedecidedby11 coefficient math 系数eg 4x12 decode todecodeatelegram amessage tochangeitintoordinarylanguage13 fellowship moneygiventopostgraduatestudentstoallowthemtocontinuetheirstudiesatanadvancedlevel 14 gibberish unintelligibleormeaninglessspeech nonsense ie containingmanyobscure pretentious ortechnicalwords meaninglessorunintelligible15 providential a luckyb