潘建超论文终稿范文.doc

潘建超论文终稿范文 长春中医药大学学士学位论文论文题目Analysis theSocial Factors of theTragedy Othello姓名潘建超年级xx级专业英语班级英语班学号07050300119指导教师何占义职称副教授实习单位魏桥镇实验中学Contents EnglishAbstract.I ChineseAbstract.II.Introduction1Analysis of Racial Discrimination.22.1.Theoretical Analysis.22.2.Racial Discriminationin Othello.32.3The Influence of Racial Discrimination on Othellos Character.6.Influence of the FeudalPatriarchy on Tragedy of Othellos Marriage.103.1.Theoretical Analysis.103.2Othellos male chauvinism in his marriage.113.3Desdemonas over-obedience in her marriage.14.Conclusion.16Acknowledgements.18References19Analysis theSocial Factorsof theTragedy OthelloName:Pan JianchaoMajor:English Tutor:He ZhanyiAbstract:Othello waswritten byShakespeare in1604and it is themost controversial one of Shakespeares fourmajor tragedies.Traditional humanistreadings largelyignored theimpact of social forceson the tragedy of the famousplay,they justsaw the play asconcerned simplywith theflaws in Othellos Characteristics,“Theory ofJealousy”has beendominant in Shakespeares researchfor a long time.Aording tomany viewson the tragedy of Othello,in myopinion,it was a doomedtragedy.Based onsocial factors,this papertries toexplore thedeep socialreasons oftragedy of Othello.Because of the tumorof racial discrimination in society,the whitehas superiorityof itsrace andculture,while the black hasto takethe burdenof theirsense of self-based psychology.In addition,the feudaldark forces of the patriarchal culture and medievalreligious conventionswere stilldominated the social ideology,so the social factorsmake a great influence on thecauses of the tragedy Othello.Key words:social factors;racial discrimination;patriarchy;tragedy解析奥赛罗悲剧的社会因素学生潘建超专业英语指导老师何占义摘要:奥瑟罗是莎士比亚在1604年所创作的，它是莎士比亚四部主要悲剧中最有争议的一部。 传统的人文主义读本大多忽视了社会因素对这部著名悲剧的影响，而是仅仅简单认为这部戏剧主要关注的是奥赛罗性格的缺陷，“嫉妒说”曾在奥赛罗研究中一直占据着统治地位。 根据对奥赛罗悲剧的不同观点，笔者认为，这是一部注定的悲剧。 从社会因素出发，本论文探究了造成奥赛罗悲剧的深层社会原因。 由于社会存在种族歧视这颗毒瘤，白种人有着种族及文化优越感，而黑人不得不承受自卑的心理压力，另外，父权制以及中世纪宗教习俗等封建黑暗势力依旧主导着当时的社会意识形态，因此，社会因素对奥赛罗悲剧的发生有着重大影响。 关键词社会因素；种族歧视；父权制；悲剧.I ntroduction Othello is oneof Shakespeares fourmajor tragedies.Although theplot of the playis verysimple,it reflectsmany aspectsof life.Since hundredsof yearsago,many criticshave beenarguing onwhat the root oftragedy is.Just likeKMNewton pointedthat“Othello hasproduced morecontroversial criticalecho thanany other of WilliamShakespeares tragedyplays.”(Reference Guideto EnglishLiterature,p401)One view is thatjealousy and credulity make Othello losehis reasonand humannature,and anotherview isthat thegreat powerof evilcauses the tragedy of Othello,However,I think,no matterwhat theviewis,the tragedy is inevitableand ithas aclose connectionwith Othellos society and time.In Othello,through the tragedy of the veryindividual,Shakespeare emphasizedthe influenceof the society and indicated the relationship betweenthe veryindividual and the society.Certainly,a certainindividual must be influencedby a certain time and society.On theangle of racial discrimination,Othello justreflects the whites superiorityof itsrace andculture andpeople livingon themargins of society owningself-abased characteristicin theirdeep heart.In addition,the feudaldark forcesof the patriarchal cultureand medievalreligious conventionswere stilldominated the social ideology.It attachedtremendous significanceto thecause ofunfettering individualsfrom feudal conventions.While it is widelyacknowledged that“individual”here exclusivelyrefers to the malein the society,in otherwords,thesocietywas stillforcefully dominatedby men in aordancewith strictlyhierarchy,and womenwere stillproceeding ininferiority andshowing upto meetmens needs.They wererequired to be subject to their fathers beforemarriage,and to their husbandsafter marriage.Fathers authorityand husbands authoritytogether makeup thedoctrine of patriarchal culture.This led to the male chauvinism and womens over-obedience prevalent around thewhole Europeanin thatage.Although Othello and Desdemonas tragedy is moreor lesscan beblamed on them,however,our attitudeto theirtragedy is not disgustingand hatred,but mercyand regret,Othello and Desdemonas deathis deeplyrooted in thesocial and time,the powerfulforcesofdarkness likecruel wavesengulfed themin thecurrents of history.All of thesocialreasons consistof the main factorsof the tragedy Othello.Anal ysisofRaci alDi scrimi nation2.1Theoretical AnalysisRace on the internationalstage has been bee an importanttopic for a longtime.We know that sincethe birthof mankindwe hadalready beendivided intodifferent races,and thenthe fallacyof racial discrimination wereappearing.Racial discrimination,from the beginning ofhuman historyto now,have neverstopped arguing,and raceis also a verysensitive topic.“Racial discrimination is akind ofprejudice andunfair attitudeto thecolored people”.（Liu Xiaojuan,xx）Namely,in broadsense,except whiteperson,all the other colored people are the subject to racial discrimination.For thecoloredpeople,the racial discrimination is a nightmare.“In fact,in the time ofElizabeth,with theexpansion of the colonist,the discriminationfor the black peoplebecame moreand worse.”(Bloom,Harold.p87)We knowin theearly slavetrade theblack people were the main victims.They werekilled and sold.hey hadno freedomand wisdom.They werenothing.For thewhite people,theblackpeoplewere the toolsfor themto getprofit.They wereforced towork for thewhitepeople.The racial discrimination wasalso oneof thecauses of Othellos tragedy.There wasno doubtthat Othello,a blackmoor,lived in the time and societyof discrimination.This discriminationdid note fromsome singlepeople butfrom all the walksof thecountry.2.2RacialDiscriminationin OthelloRacial discriminationreflected inevery partof Othello.Though Othello is nobleMoorish descent,he is a Moor,so he is easilysubjecttodiscrimination.Though Othello is anexcellent manderin thewars,when hein searchfor hisidentity in a whiteworld he is deeplyfeeling that he wasa culturalotherness.“Othello isclearly anoutsider inVenice.He isbelongs todifferent racesand countries,and efrom North Africa tohelp Venicefight against the Turks.In addition,Othello efrom differentmunities ofdiscourse andlanguage so he isnot someone who ismanaging Veiancultureandlanguage.”(Diane AndrewsHenningfeld,p25)Because of his greatmilitary exploits,he servedin theVenice government,and isrespected by the Veian,but thisrespect isconditional,because heundertakes thetough taskto protectthe safetyof thewhite governmentof Venice,in otherword,such respectis builtonthebasis of Othellos uniquemilitary gifts,once hethreatens toVeians reputation,status,such respectcan bethwarted.No mattersomeonewhoown highstatus such as Brabantio,or havelow-status such as Roderigoand Iago,are bothhold racialprejudice to Othello.Firstly letus focusour attentionon Brabantio,Othellos father-in-law;he wasalsoapure racist.Brabantio is the senatorof Venice,from hisinconsistent attitudetoward Othello,we can see that how seriousof hisracial discriminationpsychology in his mind.Before heknew Othello and his daughter fellin love,he treatedOthello as his honorableguest,just asOthello saidHer father loved me,oft invitedme,Still questionedme thestory of my lifeFrom yearto year,the battles,sieges,fortunes,That Ihave passed.(Othello,p37)From thiswe cansee thatbefore Brabantioknew Othellofall inlove with his daughter,he regardedhim asthe bestfriend,while heknew it,in his eyes Othellobecame aguilty moor.If wethink carefully,we canget aconclusion thatpeople wholike Othello with soprominent fameand socialstatus,how hedoesnt deserve hisdaughterDesdemona?If we can ignorethe racial discrimination againsttheblackpeople,the marriage,in our eyes,is perfectenough.Just becauseOthello isan Africanmoors,Brabantio opposedto the marriage sostrongly.To Brabantio,themarriagebetween hisdaughter andmoors can be seenasa great shameof hisfamily,as wellas himself.Secondly letus shiftoureyeson Iagoand Roderigo.in Iagos eyes,Othello isaold blackram,“Barbary horse”，and embodimentof devil.Due to Iagos discriminationcoupled withhis failureto bepromoted byOthello andplus otherminor reasons,arousing hisextreme hatredtoward Othello,which promotehim toset aplot torevenge onhim.Firstly hesuessfully tookadvantage of Cassios kindnessto makeOthello removehis postof Lieutenant,then hesuggested Cassio to seekfavor fromDesdemona,during thisperiod,he graspedthe opportunityof Desdemonas enthusiasmof helpingCassiotosuessfully instigateOthellos suspicion.Later hecreated ahandkerchief incidentwhich deepenedthe suspicionofOthello,finally hesuessfully arrangedthe meetingofCassioandDesdemonawhich madeOthello furtherbelieve his suspicion onDesdemona.Iagos schememakeOthellogoes crazy.This isIagos wholeprocess ofimplementation of his conspiracy.From thiswe cansee Iagos motiveof treacherousbehavior,juggle plot,ruthless revengeand tramplingall moralnorms withimpunity ispletely out ofhisracial discrimination.What he has dongalso showshis intolerablehostility to the progressiveideal andfaith ofhuman.Roderigo attitudetoward Othellocanberegarded asthe representativesof secularmons in17th century.He once said:I sayagain,hath madea grossrevolt,Tying herduty,beauty,wit,and fortunesIn anextravagant andwheeling strangerOf here and everywhere.Straight satisfyyourself.(Othello,p14)There isno otherbetter evidenceto provethe secularracial discriminationthan thissentence.Obviously,in the eyes ofRoderigo,Othello isa“wheeling stranger”in short;he believes that Othello,the Moor,does notdeserve the love of Desdemona.Overall,we cansee that thesocialdiscriminationis the root of the tragedy ofOthello.There arethree reasonscan provethat.First of all,Shakespeares descriptionsor hintson differentsocial classesracialdiscriminationinhisdrama,making ushave aclear knowledgeof thewhole socialbackground ofthat time.Racial discriminationjust likea vicioustumor is widespread inall socialclasses,itis the biggestobstacle for Othello andDesdemona topursuit theirlove onthe road.Second,Iago,the designerof theplot and the manipulatorof thetragedy,hates Othello,and theroots ofhis hatredlies in Othellos Moorishidentity and his skincolor.Iagos evil,hideous facecover hisracial Discrimination onOthello,makes itdifficult formon people to see the truth.Kind-hearted peopletend to be confusedby Iagos liesand theythink that therootof thetragedyiscaused byIagos unsuessfuljob promotionsortheunwarranted adulterybetween Desdemona and Cassio,but allof theseare minors,they justserve asa catalystfor theevil rootofracialdiscrimination;Finally,Othello,the victim of thetragedy,is alsothetragedys aomplice,though hisnature losingis closelylinked with the racialdiscrimination,we cant ignorethat his character flawsalso makea greatinfluence onthe causingof thetragedy.Due to the racialdiscrimination andIagos trickeryOthellosuspicion wasinstigated,he slowlybelieves thata Moor could notactually win the loveof awhite girl,gradually heloses his confidence andbeing self-based.At beginning he firmlybelieves Desdemonas loyaltyand chastity,but slowlyhebegin to suspect Desdemonas motivationof love,and finally he pletelydenied Desdemonas love,but believingthat Desdemona isa“wicked Whore”,step bystep,he makethetragedypersonally.In summary,we cansay thatracialdiscriminationisthemain sourceof thetragedyOthello.2.3The InfluenceofRacialDiscriminationonOthellos CharacteristicsAny persons characteristics are affectedby thesociety.Othello isthe sameas thatand hischaracteristicsarethe outgrowthof thesociety.In Othellos society,racialdiscriminationappears everywhere.It isunderstandable thatOthello asa marginalperson whois oftenlooked downupon ownsa senseof inferiority plex.Because of a senseof inferiorityplex,Othello iseasy tohave jealousyandcredulitycharacteristics thatcause thetragedy.2.3.1Othellos senseof inferiorityplex If someone isdiscriminated by the others,the inferiorityplex iseasily ingout fromhis bottomof heart.Inferiority plexonce formedand developed,it will be havinga significantnegative impact on humanpsychology.Self-denied idealsare easilyarousing upheavaland dramatihanges inones emotionand mind,moreover itll seriouslyaffect peoples workand life,sometimes underacertaincondition,it maybecauses acruel crime.Ifsomeoneloses confidence,he willeasily losecourage tofight with the difficulties,if someootally loses hisconfidence,hellbeunable toface themselvesand theirlife.The reasonfor thosepeople whogo toextremes and even mittingsuicide isbecause oftheir psychologicalpressure istoo bigto beard.The mainsocial factorcontributing to Othellos inferiorityplex isracialdiscrimination.We allknowthatOthello isa“Moor”which isa disparagingremark ofMuslims inNorthAfricagiven bySpanish andPortuguese,later itrefers specificallytotheblack mixedresidents ofWestern SaharaBerbers andArabs whowere locatedin northwest.Combination Withthe descriptionofthescript ofOthello,Othello wasamong the Moor withblack moleskin andthick lips,which providea reasonfor peopleat alllevels todiscriminate againsthim.From theattitude ofvarious Veianclasses towardtoOthello,we will see thatracialdiscriminationiswidespreadin thesociety.Skin colorand origindetermines hisstatus in theeyesoftheVeian.In theminds of white Veian,Othello isa lowdark-skinned alien,just likea herosalve.It isprecisely because the secularracialdiscrimination,arousing OthellossuspicionofaMoorcouldactually win theloveofwhitegirls,and thenhe graduallylost confidence.At thebeginninghepersist inbelieving Desdemonas loyaltyand chastity,gradually hebegintosuspectDesdemonas motiveof chastityand love,finallyhepletely deniesDesdemonas love,while believingthat Desdemonaisawhore,step andstep hekill Desdemona,personally endedtheir holylove.2.3.2Othellos JealousyAnother flawinOthellocharacteristics isOthellos jealousy.Due to his feelingof inferiorityplex,Othello iseasy to be jealous.Othellos jealousyagainst Desdemonais perhapsthe strongestemotion incurredin theplay.The jealousyhe experiencesturns himinsane withrage,and heloses allability to see reason.The firstinstance thatinstills doubtinOthellos mindis Brabantios warnings.Look toher,Moor,if thouhast eyesto see:She hasdeceived herfather,and maythee.(Othello,p50)This earlyseed ofsuspicion makesIago graspthe opportunityto takeadvantage ofOthellos jealousnature,and fabricatea planto makeuse ofhim.Iago slowlyleaks hispoison intoOthelloand soon getthe resulthe desires,Othelloisconquered byjealousy.Othello continuouslydisguise his jealousy,but itis apparentthat he is losinghis mindwith the thought ofDesdemonas unfaithfulness.He speakstoIagosaying NoIago;Illseebefore I doubt;when I doubt,prove;and onthe proof,there isno morebut this,-Away atonce withlove orjealousy!(Othello,p132)The factthat he believes thathis wifeis unfaithfulwith onlyinsinuations putforth byIago showsthe factthat he is proo jealousy.Soon after,with Iagoshelphebelievestoseeunquestionable evidencethat Desdemonais unfaithfulwith theloss ofthe handkerchief.Othello experiences jealousy sostrong that he delvesinto afit ofepilepsy.This epilepsyfit isproof thatOthelloisnow consumedwith jealousyand fromnow oncannot beconvinced Desdemonais chaste.Othellos jealousysoon turnsto angeras hestruggles tocope.He ausesherofinfidelity andthough sheadamantly deniesit,heisnot convinced.Othello believeshe hasno otherway toresolve hisdoubt thanto murderDesdemona.2.3.3Othellos CredulityIago issuessfully takeadvantage ofDesdemonas enthusiasm,Cassios kindnessand Othellos integrityand deeplove for Desdemona todeceive Othelloand arousehis suspicionand hatredto Desdemona.Because ofOthello lacks ofapair ofwise eyesand easilybelieves in others,so helacksofbasic awarenessof Iagos hypocrisyand treachery.In Othellos inner heart thelove andhate,trust andsuspicion,honor andhumiliation weremixing together,gradually abitter conflictand collisionuprising fromthe bottomofhis heart,which greatlytwisting hischaracter.Othellos credulityclosely relatedwithhislow self-esteem psychology.It isbecause ofhis inferiorityplex,he feelsheisnot goodenough todeservehis wife.In Othelloseyeshis wifeis holyand beautiful,onthecontrary,heisa moorand looksugly,sohebelieves that the young,suave,and ofcourse,white noblemanCassio,is morefit tobe ahusband inDesdemonas heart，In fact,people,in general,who haveinferiorityplexare particularlysensitive,so donot saythat Desdemonahelp Cassioto pleadOthello toforgive him,even Desdemonaglimpse at theothermen fora while,Othello arelikely tobe angryand jealous.This kindof jealouswill slowlymake him lose mind,andevenget intomad,gradually hedoes notwant tolisten tohiswifes explanation,eventually hekill hisinnocent wife.OthelloandDesdemonas loveis beyondracial prejudicesand pure,making othersquite envy,but due tohislow self-esteem psychology,Othello hasbee onewho withsensitive,gullible,jealous,and irrationalmind,which leadhimlosethe reallove,and suicidehimself withdeep regret.But we can notascribe theentire clangertoOthello.Othellos inferiorityplex ismainly causedby hissocialandpsychological experiences;he cant changeand controlit.I nfluenceofthe FeudalPatri archyonTragedyofOthellos Marriage3.1Theoretical AnalysisIn patriarchal society,therelationshipbetween menand womenis dominationand obedience,center andperiphery.In thissocio-cultural system,women aremens aessories,andin the secondaryposition in their family;firstly theysuumbed to theirfather,and thenyielding totheir husband.Religions attitudefor womenis alsojust likethis.This attitudeinShakespeares timehasbeengenerally aeptedby people.Thus,this feudalsociety will not allowwomen tohave their own thoughtsand lives.Female hasbeen influencedby