英美文化入门.doc

IntroductionBritish Culture American CultureOther Things related to Culture 一Introductionn 1. A new Chinese immigrant to the United States may have a strong feeling of discomfort, fear, or insecurity when he enters the Unites States.n 2. Budweiser advertised to three regional subgroups: in California, Texas, and the Southwest. Advertisements aimed at Spanish-speakers of Mexican heritage featured cowboys and cactus; in the Northeast, advertisements aimed at Puerto Ricans featured cityscapes and salsa music; and the Florida, advertisements aimed at Cubans featured palm trees, cigars, and bananas. Each advertisement featured differently accented Spanish and national-origin-appropriate music.n 问答：1. Why did Zhao say”American is a good place, but it is too dull”? What can we learn about Chinese culture?2. why did most Chinese families grow vegetables instead of flowers on land?二British Culture Unit One :Brief Introduction and geography of the UK 1.The UKs Official name: The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland2.The UK includes 4 Parts within the one nation: England , Scotland, Wales, northern ireland .3.England The UK Scotland Great Britain Wales Northern Ireland 4. Great BritainThe British Isles Ireland hundreds of small ones 5. England Great Britain ScotlandThe British Isles Wales Northern Ireland Ireland Republic of Ireland6.The Union Jack consists of three united crosses: the red Cross of St. George for England, the white Saltire of St. Andrew for Scotland and the red Saltire of St. Patrick for Ireland.(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. Capital: Edinburgh.(3) Wales is in the west of Great Britain. Capital: Cardiff(4) Northern Ireland is the fourth region of the UK. Capital: Belfast NamesPeopleForefathersLanguagesEmblemAnthemChurches National DayEnglandThe EnglishThe Anglo-SaxonsEnglish Rose God Save the Queen/ KingChurch of EnglandSt. Georges Day April23 ScotlandThe Scots the Scotch The GaelsScottish GaelicThistle Scots, Who Have With Wallace BledChurch of ScotlandSt. Andrews Day Nov. 30WalesThe WelshThe BritonsWelsh Leek / daffodilLand of my FathersChurch of WalesSt. Davids Day March 1N. IrelandThe IrishThe PictsIrish GaelicShamrockCatholics / ProtestantsSt. Patricks Day March 177. EnglandEngland is the largest country in the UK, occupying over half its, and it is home to 50 million people. Englands population density, at 376 people per sq km, is more than tribal the European. England is primarily a lowland country although there are some upland areas in the North .8. Scotland: northernScotland is the northernmost part of the UK. It occupies about a third of the land area and is home to around 5,120,000 people - 10% of the UK population. The population density averages at 66 people per sq km, but with 3,540 people per sq km in Glasgow City but only 8 people per sq km in the Highlands. (Scots) 78,760 sq kilometer 30% 5 million 10%Scotland has a great tradition of innovation in arts, philosophy and science.The inventor of the telephone and the first man to transmit a TV picture Famous songs: Amazing Grace, Auld Lang Syne 9. Wales The majority of the population, nearly two thirds, live in the industrialized South. Although Wales has been united politically to England for five centuries, Wales maintains a different character and has its own language, Welsh- a celtic language, which is spoken by around 21% of the population. southwestern(Welsh) 20,700 square 9%3 million 5% 10. Northern Ireland Northern Ireland is made up of the six of the nine counties of the old Irish province of Ulster. It contains the only land border in the UK - 488 km (303 miles) - shared with the Republic of Ireland. Northern Ireland has a population of more than 1.6 million - according to the last census in 1991 just over 50% identify themselves as Protestant, and just under 40% as Roman Catholic. 问答：Question one: What are the differences between the United Kingdom, Great Britain, England and British Isles? Question two: “British history has been a history of invasions” . How to understand this sentence? And what are the influences of these invasions on British culture, esp. on language? 11. Further study: Effects of the imperial pastIn maritime, it began its expandingMore than 50 colonies“The sun never set on the British empire”The empire maintains links through a loose organizationCommonwealth of Nations.Immigration from some Commonwealth countriesIndia, Pakistan, and the countries of the Caribbean The UK has been a member of the European Union since 1973.12 1). The British Isles are made up of_A_ A. two large islands and hundreds of small ones B. two large islands and Northern Ireland C. three large islands and hundreds of small ones D. three large islands and Northern Ireland (A)2). There are three political divisions on the island of Great Britain. They are_B_ A. Britain， Scotland and Wales B. England， Scotland and Wales C. Britain， Scotland and Ireland D. England， Scotland and Ireland (B)3). The capital city of Scotland , Wales and Northern Irelandare Edinburgh , Cardiff , Belfast.4). About a hundred years ago, as a result of imperialist expansion, Britain ruled an empire that had one fourth of the worlds people and _C_of the worlds land area. A. one third B. one fifth C. one fourth D. two fifths (C)Unit Two: History1. I. The Celtic people from Europe (100AD)II. Roman Invasion (55BC-410AD)III. The Anglo-Saxons From Germany (446-871)IVViking and Danish invasions V.The Norman Conquest (1066)诺曼征服VI. British Empire. (1400-1946)2. Periods of the British HistoryI. 4000 BC to 1066, the Dawn of Civilisation to the Norman ConquestII. 1066 to 1660, the Middle AgesIII. 1640 to the End of the 19th CenturyIV. Britain in the 20th Century 3. Early Settlements. The Iberians They were the first known settlers in Britain. These short, dark and long headed people from Mediterranean (地中海)came to Britain at about 3000 BC 4. the Celts (central Europe) (750 B.C43 AD). A taller and fairer race began to arrive about 700 BC. They brought iron working, and metal swords. The first tribe is Gaels. Another group called Britons drove the Gaels to the north.The Celtic tribes are ancestors of the Highland Scots, the Irish and the Welsh, and their languages are the Basis of both Welsh and Gaelic. People in Scotland and Wales still speak language of Celtic origin.5. British history has been a history of invasions.Before the first century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic in central Europe.1) THE INVASION OF ROMANS 55 B.C 410 (they came, they saw, they conquered).In 55 and 54 BC, the Romans under Julius Caesar invaded Britain twice and lost. For 400 years, England and Wales (though not Scotland or Ireland) became a part of the Roman empire. British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion. Consequences: The Romans brought Roman civilization. built towns ( e.g. London ), roads,theatre and the wall ( the Hadrians Wall ). The Romans also brought the new religion, Christianity, to Britain. They drove the native Celts into mountainous Scotland and Wales.(Hadrians Wall)Hadrians Wall: The second century AD and the King Hadrian.To separate from the England and Scotland2) THE INVASION OF ANGLES, SAXONS (410 AD to 871AD). Germanic peoples: the Angles, the Saxons and Jutes.The first arrivals were invited by English to defend his kingdom against Scots.They spoke Old English, the language of AnglesThe Angles and Saxons gave their .(The Angles were named from Engle, their land of origin. Their language was called Englisc from which the word, English derives).name to the country they had won (Angle-land, or England) and to this day the White people there are known as Anglo-Saxons. 3) THE INVASION OF VIKINGS;(800-1042). the Vikings were known as the Danes from Denmark.They took the English throne in the 9th, 10th, centuries.Alfred (849-899) defeated the Danes and forced them to agree in 878 to confine their settlement in the North and East. The English heroes were truly English (Anglo-Saxon), such as King Alfred the Great. 4) The invasion of the Normans(from northern France). The weak reign(1042-66) of Edward the Confessor left the throne disputed between Harold(Earl), and William, Duke of Normandy. William defeated Harold at Hastings on October 14, 1066, and ruled as William I of England weak “William the Conqueror” crossed the English Channel in 1066. William the Conqueror:He built the Tower of London, increase the course of feudalism.French would be the language of the court and upper classes until 14th . Many English world come from French. Influence of Norman conquer: The influence of the Normans can be illustrated by looking at two words, beef and cow. Beef, commonly eaten by the aristocracy, derives from the Anglo-Norman, while the Anglo-Saxon commoners, who tended the cattle, retained the Germanic cow. French and Old English components combined to form a new word, as the French gentle and the Germanic man formed gentleman. Other times, two different words with roughly the same meaning survive into modern English. Thus we have the Germanic doom and the French judgment, or wish and desire.Unit Three: The Government, Politics and Economy1. The Principle of Separation of Powers. The division of constitutional 立宪制的government in a democracy between three branches. Monarchy Legislative Parliament the Commons the LordsGovernment executive the Prime Minister and Cabinet judicial High Court2. Most royal house expenditure is to be paid by the government.(7.8million in 1991, High salary: 2.7million in 1980). Since 1993, queen has to pay tax. Question: Why do they keep monarch?They say monarchy has no bias towards different classes and political parties and represent the nation as a whole. To many Englishmen, it is the symbol of the English nation. It embodies the development of English history and its continuity. Shi is a live state emblem. She reigns(统治) but does not rule. Prime Minister and his Cabinet make the real decision. Jobs: represent Britain at home and abroad; set standards of good citizenship and family life. Every Tuesday, queen meets with prime minister3. The British Parliament : House of Lords ,House of Commons. The main functions :(1) to pass laws; (2) to provide, by voting for taxation, the means of carrying on the work of government(3) to examine government Policy and administrations, including proposal for expenditure; (4) to debate the major issues of the day.4. Parties. . Britain has a number of parties, but there are only two major parties. These two parties are the Conservative Party and the Labour Party. The Prime Minister presides over the Cabinet, is responsible for the allocation of functions among ministers and informs the Queen at regular meetings of general business of the Government.三American Culture.Unite One. Introduction1. New York is the largest state in the US.(F)2. The Mississippi River is the longest river in the world.(F)3. Atlanta is known as the “Big Apple”.(F)4. The Constitution was written in 1779.(F)5. There are 52 stars on the American flag.(F)6. George Washington was the first American President.(T)7. The first settlers arrived in North America about 30,000 years ago. (T)8. Manhattan, located in the downtown area of New York, covers 51.91 square kilometers. Wall street ,the empire state building, Rockefeller centre. 9. Atlanta is the business center of the southeastern United States. It is a major center for national conventions and trade. 10. The capital city of the USA. Significant buildings include the Capitol, White House, and Library of Congress. The Washington Monument, Lincoln Memorial, Jefferson Memorial, and Vietnam Veterans Memorial are among the most famous of the citys more than 300 memorials and statues. There are numerous cultural and educational institutions and foreign embassies. 11.Los Angeles:the second largest population city. Disneyland. Hollywood.California.Unite Three. General view 1.The full name of the United States is the United States of America. It is a federal联邦的 republic. It is often referred to simply as the United States, or just as America, with Washington D.C. as its national capital.America Vespucci, another sailor after Columbus flying with Spanish flag, found it was not India. 2. Size and Location. The United States has an area of 9.4 million square kilometers and is the fourth largest country in the world.The continental United States lies in central North America with Canada to its North, Mexico and Gulf of Mexico to its south, the Atlantic Ocean to its east and the Pacific Ocean to its west. The newest states Alaska and Hawaii are separated from the continental United States. Of all the states Alaska is the largest in area. But on the mainland Texas is the largest state of the country3. Lakes and rivers. The most important lakes in the U.S. are the Great Lakes. They are Lake Superior, which is the largest fresh water lake in the world, Lake Michigan( the only one entirely in the U.S. ), Lake Huron, Lake Erie and Lake Ontario( between them forming the world-famous Niagara Falls. They are all located between Canada and the United States except Lake Michigan.The Great Lakes are the economic lifeline of the Midwest. Another large lake in the United States is the great Salt Lake in Utah. Mississippi River：The largest river of North America, The Mississippi River lies entirely in the United States. “Old man river” and “father of waters”. Lying in the Rocky Mountains is one of the worlds great continental rivers. The river Indians used it as a highway and as a source of food, and gave it its name“misi,” meaning “great” and “sipi,” meaning “water”. 4People.1). Population.The United States of America, with a population of 255.5 million in July 1992, is the third most populous country in the world after China and India.2). Features of the population. American people are called “a melting pot” .immigrants移民 from different nations all over the worldhave mixed to make one nation. Immigrants individual differences are lost in uniformity.“salad bowl”:the individual pieces still retain their flavor while contributing to the whole. It is also a nation on the wheel: people are always moving. In 19 century, the pioneering spirit led them travel westward to search gold and land. The west movement has never ceased. Northerners and Midwesterner went to west for better work opportunitiesand mild climate. 40 million change residence every year and AverageAmericans move their house 14 times in his lifetime. every 3years.5. Racial and Ethnic Minorities.Americans can be divided into two large groups: the major white people and the minor other ethnic people.The White Anglo-Saxon Protestants新教 ( WASPs ) and other white Europeans are the mainstream Americans. “old immigrants” :they were pushed out of europe by religious persecution.迫害. played main role on independence from Britain.1). The Blacks (Negro). The largest of the racial and ethnic minorities in the U. S. is the blacks who number about 30.9 million, or 12.1 percent of the population. The first blacks were brought to North America as slaves in 1619.Many live in big cities now. One million in chicago. And two million in new York.2). The Hispanics西班牙语人. The Spanish-speaking population of the United States is a large, diverse and rapidly growing one. They comprise9%( over 24 million ) of the total population.They are some groups: the Mexican-Americans and the Cuban-Americans. They are in low condition.3). The Asian- Americans. The Asian- Americans are about 9 million, comprising 3% of the total population in the U.S. Most Asian-Americans are doing well in the United States because of their education, hard work and family.Chinese labors played a very important role in railway construction as well.As California governor Stanford said ”Without the Chinese laborers. It will be impossible to complete the western section of the national project(railway) with the time limited by the Act of Congress”. Most Chinese immigration to the U. S took place between 1850 and 1880. They contributed a lot to American society. But in 1882, the U.S Congress passed the Chinese Exclusion驱逐 Act (until the second world war.) Chinatown suffered repeated attacks by black racialist.Video: san Francisco. Today, many Chinese-Americans are doing well.4). The Indians. It was Columbus who called them “ Indians”. The numbers of the Indians were greatly reduced by disease, warfare, and famine following the westward movement of early colonists and pioneers. White people wiped out the buffalo as well.Today, about half of the two million Native Indians live on the 278 reservations scattered around the United States.The social and economic conditions of the Indians are often poor.Since 1960, Indians are taking legal steps to recover land and try to keep their culture. A National Museum of American Indians will be set up to prote