托福入学测试.doc

此文档收集于网络，如有侵权请联系网站删除TOEFL ibt测试卷R测试时间： 测评教师： 学生姓名： 测评地点： 学员成绩： /120 Time: 60 minutes Score: READING SECTION DIRECTIONSThe reading section measures your ability to read and understand passages in English. For most questions, you will choose the one best answer of four possible answers. You have 20 minutes to read the passage and answer all of the questions.Reading 1 “Layers of Social Class” Taken together, income, occupation, and education are good measures of peoples social standing. Using a layered model of stratification, most sociologists describe the class system in the United States as divided into several classes: upper, upper middle, lower middle, and lower class. Each class is defined by characteristics such as income, occupational prestige, and educational attainment. The different groups are arrayed along a continuum with those with the most money, education, and prestige at the top and those with the least at the bottom. In the United States, the upper class owns the major share of corporate and personal wealth; it includes those who have held wealth for generations as well as those who have recently become rich. Only a very small proportion of people actually constitute the upper class, but they control vast amounts of wealth and power in the United States. They exercise enormous control throughout society. Most of their wealth is inherited. Despite social myths to the contrary, the best predictor of future wealth is the family into which you are born. Each year, the business magazine Forbes publishes a list of the “Forbes 400” the four hundred wealthiest families and individuals in the country. Of all the wealth represented on the Forbes 400 list, more than half is inherited. Those on the list who could be called “self-made” were not typically of modest origins; most inherited significant assets (Forbes, 1997; Sklar and Collins, 1997). Those in the upper class with newly acquired wealth are known as the nouveau riche. Although they may have vast amounts of money, they are often not accepted into “old rich” circles. The upper middle class includes those with high incomes and high social prestige. They tend to be well-educated professionals or business executives. Their earnings can be quite high indeed-successful business executives can earn millions of dollars a year. It is difficult to estimate exactly how many people fall into this group because of the difficulty of drawing lines between the upper, upper middle, and middle class. Indeed, the upper middle class is often thought of as “middle class” because their lifestyle sets the standard to which many aspire, but this lifestyle is simply beyond the means of a majority of people in the United States. The middle class is hard to define; in part, being “middle class” is more than just economic position. By far the majority of Americans identify themselves as middle class even though they vary widely in lifestyle and in resources at their disposal. But the idea that the United States is an open-class system leads many to think that the majority have a middle-class lifestyle because, in general, people ten not to want to recognize class distinctions in the United States. Thus, the middle class becomes the ubiquitous norm even though many who call themselves middle class have tenuous hold on this class position. In the hierarchy of social class, the lower middle class include workers in the skilled trades and low-income bureaucratic workers, many of whom may actually define themselves as middle class. Examples are blue-collar workers (those in skilled trades who do manual labor) and many service workers, such as secretaries, hairdressers, waitresses, police, and firefighters. Medium to low income, education, and occupational prestige define the lower middle class relative to the class groups above it. The term “lower” in this class designation refers to the relative position of the group in the stratification system, but it has a pejorative sound to many people, especially to people who are members of this class. The lower class is composed primarily of the displaced and poor. People in this class have little formal education and are often unemployed or working in minimum-wage jobs. A Forty percent of the poor work; 10 percent work year-roundAnd full time a proportion that has generally increased over time. Recently, the concept of the underclass has been added to the lower class. B The underclass includes those who have been left behind by contemporary economic developments. C Rejected from the economic system, those in the underclass may become dependent on public assistance or illegal activities. D1. The word those in the passage refers toA) characteristicsB) groupsC) classesD) continuum2. The word enormous in the passage is closest in meaning toA) very largeB) very newC) very earlyD) very good3. Which of the sentences below best expresses the information in the highlighted statement in the passage? The other choices change the meaning or leave out important information.A) Although it is not generally accepted, your family provides the best prediction of your future wealth.B) You can achieve great future wealth in spite of the family in which you may have been born.C) It is not true that your family will restrict the acquisition of your future wealth and level of social status.D) Social myths are contrary to the facts about the future wealth and social status of your family.4. Why does the author mention the “Forbes 400” in paragraph 3?A) To explain the meaning of the listing that appears every yearB) To support the statement that most wealthy people inherit their moneyC) To cast doubt on the claim that family income predicts individual wealthD) To give examples of successful people who have modest family connectionsParagraph 3 is marked with an arrow 5. In paragraph 4, the author states that business and professional people with educational advantages are most often members of theA) lower middle classB) upper middle classC) nouveau richeD) upper classParagraph 4 is marked with an arrow 6. The word primarily in the passage is closest in meaning toA) mostlyB) somewhatC) finallyD) always7. The word contemporary in the passage is closest in meaning toA) unexpectedB) modernC) strategicD) reliable8. According to paragraph 5, why do most people identify themselves as middle class in the United States?A) They have about the same lifestyle as everyone else in the country.B) They prefer not to admit that there are class distinctions in the United States.C) They dont really know how to define their status because it is unclear.D) They identify themselves with the majority who have normal lifestyles.Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow 9. What can be inferred about poor people in the United States? A) They are not able to find entry-level jobs B) They work in jobs that require little education. C) They are service workers and manual laborers. D) They do not try to find employment.10. According to paragraph 7,why has the underclass emerged? A) The new term was necessary because the lower class enjoyed a higher lifestyle than it had previously. B) The increase in crime has supported a new class of people who live by engaging in illegal activities. C) Changes in the economy have caused an entire class of people to survive by welfare or crime. D) Minimum-wage jobs no longer support a class of people at a standard level in the economic system.Paragraph 5 is marked with an arrow 11. All of the following are indicators of prestige in the United States EXCEPTA) the level of education that a person has achievedB) the amount of money that an individual has acquiredC) the type of employment that someone pursuesD) the hard work that a person does on a consistent basis12. Look at the four squares that show where the following sentence could be inserted in the passage. The working poor constitute a large portion of those who are poor. Where could the sentence best be added? Click on a square to insert the sentence in the passage.13. Directions: An introduction for a short summary of the passage appears below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that mention the most important points in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not included in the passage or are minor points from the passage.This question is worth 2 points.The levels of education, the acquisition of wealth, and occupational prestige determine social status in the United States.l ll Answer ChoicesA People who have made their money more recently tend not to be accepted by those who have inherited their wealth from family holdings.B The lower class includes working people with low incomes and a new underclass of people who are dependent on welfare or engage in crime.C The upper class tends to acquire wealth through inheritance, whereas the upper middle class has a high income that they earn in their professions.D Although the lifestyle of the upper middle class is the goal for the majority, it is difficult for many people to maintain this standard of living.E Most people identify themselves as middle class, including blue-collar workers and service workers as well as bureaucratic employees.F It is still possible to move from one social class to another in the United States by working your way up the ladder in a corporate environment.Reading 2 “THE ART OF THEATRE”The means by which an art form presents its message is referred to as the medium. Thus, sound produced by instruments or human voices is the medium of music. Paint on canvas or paper is the medium of painting. For literature, the medium is written language. For theatre, it is a story performed by actors on a stage.Drama is sometimes seen as a branch of literature because plays, like literature, are often printed in book form. However, there is an important difference between the two forms. Unlike a novel, a play is written to be performed, and the script of a play is not a finished work; it is an outline for a performance. The physical production of the playthe scenery, lighting, and costumeswill affect the performance, and so will the actors. How the actors interpret their roles greatly influences the plays effect on the audience. The basic encounter in theatre is between the performers and the audience. This is a special type of encounter because the performers are playing other people, characters. Moreover, the characters are part of a human story that has been written by a dramatist. This combination of elements distinguishes theatre from other art forms.Theatre has several other distinctive characteristics. First, the subject matter of theatre is always human beings. Second, theatre is universalthere is an impulse toward creating theatre in all societies. Third, theatre is transitory in naturea play is an event that occurs through time. Finally, theatre is set apart by its basic elements: audience, performers, director, dramatist, purpose, viewpoint, and setting.Human beings and human concerns are always the subject matter of drama, even when the performers play animals, object, or abstract ideas. In the medieval play Everyman, some of the roles are abstract ideas such as Beauty, Knowledge, and Strength. The central character is Everyman, a human character, and the subject is death arriving before we want it to comea theme that is universal to humans. The focus of drama is on human beings, even though different human concerns have been emphasized in different plays.In view of the humancentered quality of theatre, it is not surprising that the impulse toward theatre is universal. The urge to create drama has existed wherever human society has developed: in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas. In every culture recorded in history or studied by anthropologists, we find rituals, ceremonies, and celebrations that include elements of theatre. At various times, these ceremonies and stories developed into a separate realm of theatre. In Greece, a fully developed theatre emerged almost 2,500 years ago. In India, theatre became well-established around 2,000 years ago. Wherever theatre has become a separate art form, it has had certain essential qualities: a storythe playis presented by one groupthe performersto another groupthe audience.One special quality of a theatre performance is its immediacy. In the theatre, we live in the perpetual present tense. Theatre is a transitory art. A performance changes from moment to moment, and each moment is a direct, immediate adventure for the audience. The transitory nature of theatre is a quality it shares with music and dance, and sets it apart from literature and the visual arts. A novel or a painting is a fixed object; it exists as a finished product. The performing art, on the other hand, are not objects but events. Theatre occurs through time; it is an experience created by a series of sights, sounds, and impressions. 14. How does the art of theatre convey its message?A) An instrument or voice produces sound.B) A camera converts light to images on film.C) People perform a story for another group.D) A person writes a story for others to read.15. The author discusses literature in paragraph 2 in order to illustrate what point?A) Literature and drama are both written forms of communication.B) Reading a novel and attending a play are different experiences. C） Both novelists and dramatists use an outline to organize ideas.D) Many actors prefer roles from classic works of literature.16.Which sentence below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in paragraph 3? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A) A plays scenery, lighting, and costumes contribute to the message of the play.B) Theatre is the only art form that mixes more than one medium in a single work of art.C) A successful dramatist knows how to blend purpose, viewpoint, and theme into a unique performance.D) Theatre is a distinct art form by the way it joins characters and audience in the telling of a story. 17.Why does the author mention Everyman in paragraph 5?A) To show that definition of theatre has evolved over timeB) To give an example of a play in which abstract ideas are charactersC) To compare the importance of beauty, knowledge, and strengthD) To illustrate the universal human desire to create theatre18.The word theme in paragraph 5 refers to A) performers playing animals, objects, or ideasB) death arriving before we want it to comeC) beauty, knowledge, and strengthD) Everyman as a central character19.The word urge in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning toA) moneyB) educationC) motivationD) patience20.The word realm in paragraph 6 is closest in meaning to A) formB) ritualC) scienceD) tool21.Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 6 about the development of theatre?A) In every human society, theatre appeared before other forms of art.B) Theatre could not have developed without the support of political leaders.C) People created theatre as a way to promote peace between rival groups.D) Theatre emerged as a distinct art form at different times around the world.22.The word transitory in paragraph 7 is closest in meaning toA) temporaryB) beautifulC) surprisingD) expressive23.How is theatre similar to the other performing arts?A) It is based on works of literature.B) It exits as a finished product.C) It is an event that occurs through time.D) It is presented the same way every time.24.According to the passage, all of the following are true of theatre EXCEPTA) The impulse toward theatre is universal.B) The medium of theatre is written language.C) Theatre is a distinct form of art.D) The focus of theatre is always human.25.Look at the four squares, A B C and D, which indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit?Thus, theatre is a shared event, an experience that includes both those who perform and who observe.In view of the humancentered quality of theatre, it is not surprising that the impulse toward theatre is universal. A The urge to create drama has existed wherever human society has developed: in Europe, Asia, Africa, Australia, and the Americas. In every culture recorded in history or studied by anthropologists, we find rituals, ceremonies, and celebrations that include elements of theatre. B At various times, these ceremonies and stories developed into a separate realm of theatre. In Greece, a fully developed theatre emerged almost 2,500 years ago. In India, theatre became well-established around 2,000 years ago. C Wherever theatre has become a separate art form, it has had certain essential qualities: a storythe playis presented by one groupthe performersto another groupthe audience. D26.An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in this passage. Some sentences do not belong i