principle of enviromental 复习.docx

Control of air pollution:1. 对自动业工厂实行制度管理 regulation on auto industry2. 严格执行重罚 fines to enforce bans3. 从高硫到低硫使用的转化4. Scrubbers on smoke stacks to remove sulfur after useGlobal warming:Carbon dioxide-fossil fuel burning and land cleaning with plantMethane-produced in anaerobic reactions of bacterial decomposing burningCFC-airconditioners, ecaporation of industrial solventsN2O-burning biomass and nitrogen rich fuelsO3Eutrophication: natural nutrient enrichment of lack is intensified near cities Cultural eutrophication prevention: advanced waste treatment Phosphate limits or bans Soil conservation and land use controlClean up: dredge bottom sediment and remove weedsControl undesirable plant growthPump in airWater pollution prevention:Non point sources:Decreased fertilizer runoff into surface waterUsed agricultural method using less fertilizerVegetation buffer zoneUse biological control of pests or IPMDecrease nonfarm fertilizer usedControl runoff from feedlots Reforest critical water shedsPoint sources:Regular cleaning of rural and suburban septic tanksUrban sewage and surface runoff separationSewage treatment plant purificationEcology is the study of the interrelationships in the natural worldThe law of conservation of matter: all living things are comprised包括of matter, in turn, is anything that occupies space and is perceptible to the sense. Although matter can be changed from one form to another, is can neither be created nor destroyed by ordinary physical and chemical means. 质量守恒定律是自然界普遍存在的基本定律之一。它表明质量既不会被创生，也不会被消灭，而只会从一种物质转移到为另一种物质，总量保持不变。 The law of energy: living thins depends on energy. Energy exists in many forms. Energy obeys certain laws, the first law of energy states although energy cannot create or destroyed, and it can be converted from on form to another. The second law of energy states whenever one form of energy is converted to another, the certain amount is lost as heat.能量第一定理为：能量及不会被创造或者毁灭，只能从一种形式转换为另一种形式； 能量第二定理为：当能量从一种形式转换为另一种形式的时候，一部分能量将作为热量被消耗 Nutrient cycle:In biology, the nutrient cycle is a concept that describes how nutrients move from the physical environment into living organisms, and subsequently are recycled back to the physical environment. This movement of nutrients, essential for life, from the environment into plants and animals and back again, is a vital function of the ecology of any region. In any particular environment, the nutrient cycle must be balanced and stable if the organisms that live in that environment are to flourish and be maintained in a constant population氮循环(nitrogen cycle)氮在自然界中的循环转化过程，是生物圈内基本的物质循环之一。土壤中通过氮的获取和损失进行着反覆循环。大气中的氮经微生物等作用而进入土壤，为动植物所利用，最终又在微生物的参与下返回大气中。植物利用根系从土壤中吸收硝酸根离子或铵离子以获取氮素。在无氧（低氧）条件下，厌氧细菌最终将硝酸中氮的成分还原成氮气归还到大气中去。这一过程即为氮循环。碳循环（carbon cycle）碳是构成生物原生质的基本元素，虽然它在自然界中的蕴藏量极为丰富，但绿色植物能够直接利用的仅仅限于空气中的二氧化碳（CO2）。生物圈中的碳循环主要表现在绿色植物从空气中吸收二氧化碳，经光合作用转化为葡萄糖，并放出氧气（O2）。在这个过程中少不了水的参与。有机体再利用葡萄糖合成其他有机化合物。碳水化合物经食物链传递，又成为动物和细菌等其他生物体的一部分。生物体内的碳水化合物一部分作为有机体代谢的能源经呼吸作用被氧化为二氧化碳和水，并释放出其中储存的能量。这一过程将被称为生态系统中的碳循环。磷循环(Phosphoric cycle)自然界的磷循环的基本过程是：岩石和土壤中的磷酸盐由于风化和淋溶作用进入河流，然后输入海洋并沉积于海底，直到地质活动使它们暴露于水面，再次参加循环。这一循环需若干万年才能完成。 在这一循环中，存在两个局部的小循环，即陆地生态系统中的磷循环和水生生态系统中的磷循环。人类开采磷矿石，制造和使用磷肥、农药和洗涤剂，以及排放含磷的工业废水和生活污水，都对自然界的磷循环发生影响。Competitive exclusion principle:竞争排斥原理Studies show that two species of plants or animals cannot occupy the same ecological niche indefinitely. Sooner or later, the population of one the species will decline to zero. This phenomenon is called the competitive exclusion principle.Biological succession 生物演替Biological succession is the replacement of one community of organism by another in an orderly and predictable manner可预见的方式.Succession occurring in a area where living organisms were not previously present, such as bare rock, is known as a primary succession. However, a succession that occurs in a area that once supported life, such as a burned-over forest or an abandoned core field, is known as a secondary succession群落的演替包括初级演替和次级演替两种类型。在一个起初没有生命的地方开始发生的演替，叫做初级演替。例如，在从来没有生长过任何植物的裸地、裸岩或沙丘上开始的演替，就是初级演替。在原来有生物群落存在，后来由于各种原因使原有群落消亡或受到严重破坏的地方开始的演替，叫做次级演替。例如，在发生过火灾或过量砍伐后的林地上、弃耕的农田上开始的演替，就是次级演替。 在自然界里，群落的演替是普遍现象，而且是有一定规律的。人们掌握了这种规律，就能根据现有情况来预测群落的未来，从而正确的掌握群落的动向，使之朝着有利于人类的方向发展。例如，在草原地区应该科学的分析牧场的载畜量，做到合理放牧The law of tolerance耐性定律The survival of any organism depends on many essential factors in its physical environment, such as water, temperature, oxygen and nutrients. The concentration of these factors may vary greatly, for each factor, a given species has a range of tolerance defined as a range of conditions it can tolerant. 生物对环境的适应存在耐性限度的法则称为耐受性定律。具体可定义为：任何一种环境因子对每一种生物都有一个耐受性范围，范围有最大限度和最小限度，一种生物的机能在最适点或接近最适点时发生作用，趋向这两端时就减弱，然后被抑制。这就是耐受性定律。Seven basic types of water pollution:1. Sediment soil erosion2. Inorganic nutrients3. Thermal pollution4. Disease-producing organisms5. Toxic organic compounds6. Heavy metals 7. Oxygen demanding organic wastesPollution control method:Technological that remove pollutants from waste stream (output control) and prevent pollution by techniques that eliminate the production of harmful substances (input control)Sewage treatment method (secondary treatment):1. More effective and pg moderate cost2. Uses aerobic bacteria to break down degradable organic materials and remove additional suspended solids3. Two major method: the activated sludge process活性污泥法 and the trickling filter滤池 Major aquaculture systems basing on species produced:1. Omnivorous animals in ponds-grown in Stillwater ponds, substantial portion of the food within the pond-omnivorous combination of species-ponds on saline lands, where agriculture different or impossible-animals with high tolerance of low DO-overall average production rate2. Carnivorous animals-carnivorous animal: regularly supplied with a complete high protein diet-high DO- The complete diet: entirely of fish or other aquatic animals similar to their natural diet-locations: diet, running water-valuable species3. Filter feeding mollusks-oyster, clams, mussels, and scallops-cultural is complex-Two methods of culture: bottom culture and hanging culture-pollution is becoming an increasing problem-mollusks are usually high priced4. Aquatic plantsAlmost all of the aquatic plants used by humans are the marine alga, which are of two very different kinds 5. Ornamental plants and animalsMaintenance of aquaria with displays of plants and animals has become an increasing popular personal hobby as well as public services in many parts of the world6. Culture supported capture fisheries-aquaria, a aquarium supply business-fish are reared to stock natural waters in support of recreational fishing鱼类是水生变温动物，较之陆生恒温的家畜、家禽能量消耗少,饲料转化效率高,产品中动物蛋白质含量也高Wetland:Wetlands are lands tr