连词 文档 (2)

连词连词不能独立担任句子成分而只起连接词与词，短语与短语以及句与句的作用。连词主要可分为两类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词用来连接平行的词、词组和分句。如：and, but, or, nor, so, therefore, yet, however, for, hence, as well as, bothand, not onlybut also, eitheror, neithernor, （and）then等等。 20.1 并列连词与并列结构 并列连词引导两个并列的词、词组或句子。 1）and 与or 判断改错：（错）They sat down and talk about something. （错）They started to dance and sang. （错）I saw two men sitting behind and whisper there. （对）They sat down and talked about something. （对）They started to dance and sing. （对）I saw two men sitting behind and whispering there. 解析：第一句： and 连接两个并列的谓语，所以 talk 应改为 talked。 第二句：and 连接两个并列的动词不定式，第二个不定式往往省略to，因此sang 应改为 sing。 第三句：and 连接感观动词saw 后面的用作的宾补的两个并列分词结构，因此whisper应改为whispering。 注意：and 还可以和祈使句或名词词组连用表示条件。（or也有此用法）例如： Make up your mind, and youll get the chance. 拿定主意，这次你会有机会的。 = If you make up your mind, youll get the chance. One more effort, and youll succeed. 再努力一下，你会成功的。 = If you make one more effort, youll succeed. 2） bothand两者都。例如： She plays （both） the piano and the guitar. 她弹钢琴，也弹吉他。 3）not onlybut （also）, as well as不但而且。例如： She plays not only the piano, but （also） the guitar. 她不但弹钢琴，也弹吉他。 注意：not only but also 关联两个分句时，一个分句因有否定词not 而必须倒装。例如 Not only does he like reading stories, but also he can even write some.他不但喜欢读小说，甚至还会写。 4）neithenor 意思为既不也不谓语动词采用就近原则，与nor后的词保持一致。例如： Neither you nor he is to blame. 你和他都不该受指责。 20.2 比较and和or 1） 并列结构中，or通常用于否定句，and用于肯定句。 2） 但有时and 也可用于否定句。请注意其不同特点： There is no air or water in the moon. There is no air and no water on the moon. 在否定中并列结构用or 连接，但含有两个否定词的句子实际被看作是肯定结构，因此要用and。 典型例题 -I dont like chicken _ fish. -I dont like chicken, _ I like fish very much. A. and； and B. and； butC. or； butD. or；and 答案C。否定句中表并列用or, but 表转折。 判断改错：（错）We will die without air and water. （错）We cant live without air or water. （对）We will die without air or water. （对）We cant live without air and water. 20.3 表示选择的并列结构 1） or意思为否则。例如： I must work hard, or Ill fail in the exam. 我要努力学习，否则考试要不及格了。 2） eitheror意思为或者或者。注意谓语动词的主谓一致采用就近原则。例如： Either you or I am right. 不是你对，就是我对。 20.4 表示转折或对比 1） but表示转折，while表示对比。例如： Some people love cats, while others hate them.有些人喜欢猫，而有些人不喜欢。 典型例题 - Would you like to come to dinner tonight? - Id like to, _ Im too busy. A. and B. so C. as D. but 答案D。but与前面形成转折，符合语意。而表并列的and， 结果的so，原因的as都不符合句意。 2） notbut 意思为不是而是，后面的用词要遵循一致原则。 They were not the bones of an animal, but （the bones） of a human being. 这些不是动物的骨头，而是人的。 20.5 表原因关系 1） for是并列连词，不能置于含两个并列分句的句子的句首，只能将其放在两个分句中间。 判断改错：（错） For he is ill, he is absent today. （对） He is absent today, for he is ill. 2） so为连词, therefore一般为副词。例如： He hurt his leg, so he couldnt play in the game. 他的腿受伤了，不能上场。 I think; therefore I exist. 我思故我在。 20.6 比较so和 such such 是形容词，修饰名词或名词词组，so是副词，只能修饰形容词或副词。so 还可与表示数量的形容词many，few，much， little连用，形成固定搭配。 so + adj. such + a（n） + n. so + adj. + a（n） + n. such + n. （pl.） so + adj. + n. （pl.） such +n. （pl.） so + adj. + n. （不可数）such +n.（不可数） so foolish such a fool so nice a flower such a nice flower so many/ few flowers such nice flowers so much/ little money. such rapid progress so many people such a lot of people so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。sothat与suchthat之间的转换即为 so与such之间的转换。 20.7 连词和从句练习 1. Id get it for you _ I could remember who last borrowed the book. a. on condition that b. now that c. except that d. considering that 2. The robber told him that he had better keep silent _ he wanted to get into trouble a. if b. unless c. otherwise d. whether 3. Strange _ his behavior may be, there is a very good reason for it. a. although b. even if c. that d. as 4. We are worried about our son because no one is aware _ he has gone. a. the place b. of where c. about the place d. where 5. The professor spoke in a loud voice _ every one of us could hear him. a. such that b. so c. so that d. such 6. When he just got off the plane, he gave us a good description of _ in Spain. a. what he had seen b. that he had seen c. which he had seen d. he had seen what 7. It is fitted with a small transformer, by means of _ the voltage of the currency can be adjusted. a. whom b. which c. what d. that 8. I dont know why shes looking at me _ she knew me. Ive never seen her before in my life. a. as b. although c. even if d. as if 9. No sooner had he finished his speech _ stormy applause broke out. a. when b. then c. than d. as 10. It is hard to avoid mistakes. _ you correct them conscientiously, it will be all right. a. In the case b. As long as c. Although d. Despite 11. Geometry, _ I know nothing, seems a very dull subject. a. that b. about that c. which d. about which 12. The highest temperature _ in any furnace on earth is about 10,000 centigrade. a. we can get b. that we can get it c. which we can get it d. what we can get 13. We sent the horses to a considerable distance, _ they should disturb the children. a. less b. lest c. last d. least 14. Sound is conducted through steel in the same manner _. a. as in air b. as through air c. as air does d. like air 15. _ he was putting on his uniform, the officer found that one of the sleeves was torn. a. Since b. Unless c. As d. Before 16. The police finally caught up with the man _ was the escaped prisoner. a. who they thought b. whom they thought c. they thought him d. that they thought him 17. _ knows the name of this song will receive a prize from the radio station. a. Whoever b. Those c. Whichever people d. Any people 18. _ do you believe is not about to support our plan? a. Whom b. Who c. Whomever d. Which 19. He didnt know French, _ made it difficult for him to study at a university in France. a. that b. as c. this d. which 20. She is a fine singer, _ her mother used to be a. like b. that c. as d. which 21. _, I realize that I owe a debt to my early country life. a. Lover of towns I am b. As lover of towns c. Lover of towns as am I d. Though am I the lover of towns 22. The rise of Davy was all the more brilliant in _ he had not had much schooling. a. which b. that c. what d. the way 23. She always takes careful notes in class _ she may review them from time to time. a. so that b. in order to c. because of d. rather than 24. The reason he was late is _ his clock didnt give the alarm. a. because b. due to c. since d. that 25. _ he was in error will scarcely be disputed by his warmest friends. a. What b. That c. Which d. Though 26. I shall do the exercises _ I have been taught. a. such b. as c. what d. for 27. _ is worth doing at all is worth doing well. a. That b. Whatever c. Whichever d. However 28. She was so stubborn that she never listens to the advice _. a. that I give it to her b. which I give to her c. what I give to her d. I give it to her 29. I was supposed to be a mathematics major, but I actually took _ courses in physics, if not more. a. so many b. as many c. a good many d. such many 30. Heat does not travel by convection in a solid, because the solid does not move, _. a. so does a liquid b. so a liquid does c. so is a liquid d. as does a liquid 31. He explained everything over again _ anyone should misunderstand her. a. since b. when c. lest d. as if 32. _ convincing an argument is, it needs support of evidence. a. Whatever b. However c. Although d. Even if 33. Earthworms occur _ adequate moisture and food and the necessary soil conditions are found. a. and b. however c. but d. wherever 34. _ we gave him anything to eat, he would save it up for his little brother. a. When b. That c. Whenever d. What 35. The reason I plan to go is _ if I dont. a. because she will be disappointed b. because she will have a disappointment c. that she will be disappointed d. for which she will be disappointed 36.The great use of a school education is not so much to teach you things _ to teach you the art of learning. a. than b. rather than c. nor d. as 37. If the design was wrong, the project is bound to fail, _ good all the other ideas might be. a. whatever b. however c. whatsoever d. even 38. He gave _ came to the store a pamphlet in which his products were described. a. who b. those c. whom d. whoever 39. Advertising is distinguished from other forms of communication _ the advertiser pays for the message to be delivered. a. in that b. in order that c. in which d. that 40. Fox was advised to give the assignment to _ he believed had a strong sense of responsibility. a. whom b. whomever c. whoever d. that 41. The chairman of the union made it clear at the meeting _ he would not step down form his position as chairman. a. in which b. where c. because d. that 42. _ Ms. Wang reached the post-office, she discovered she had left the letter at home. a. Just as b. Because c. As long as d. When as 43. The first step in preparing such a program is to draw a flow chart, _ are shown opposite. a. two examples of it b. two examples of which c. whose two example d. which two examples 44. _ the world began, nations have had difficulty in keeping peace with their neighbors. a. Although b. When c. Until d. Ever since 45. _ difficulties we may come across, we will help one another to get over them. a. Whatever b. Whichever c. However d. What 46. He went to work so late _ the manager had to send for him again before he arrived. a. as b. that c. for d. when 47. _ you return those books to the library immediately you will have to pay a fine. a. Until b. If c. Unless d. Provided 48. The rose may grow as a low bush or as a tree, depending on _. a. what it is trimmed b. how it trimmed c. that is trimmed d. how it is trimmed 49. Group work is a method of teaching _ tasks and activities are carried out by small groups of pupils. a. which b. that c. for which d. in that 50. Einsteins theory of relativity seemed hard to believe at the time _. a. when he first introduced b. that he first introduced it c. he first introduced d. which he first introduced it 51. Now we may be able to say _ between music and noise or just sound. a. what is the difference b. the difference is what c. what the difference is c. that what the difference 52. Contrary to _ I had expected, he lost for a second time. a. that b. what c. which d. who 53. Professor Smith was so punctual _, he always arrived to class just as the bell rang. a. that the day he died b. until the day he died c. that until the day he died d. until the day when he died 54. _ he came to England to study, he didnt know how to cook. a. When b. since c. Until d. Unless 55. Although Mr smith is one of those teachers who appear to be friendly, _ he is very hard to deal with. a. but b. so c. so that d. yet 56. _ a baby kangaroo is four months old does it begin to live outside its mothers pouch. a. Until b. Not until c. After d. Only until 57.The earliest kind of desk was a box that had a sloping lid _ there was storage space for writing materials. a. under that b. under which c. which d. that 58. I wont lend any money to Joe because I am afraid _ he will forget to pay it back. a. if b. whether c. that d. of 59. _ human beings depend to a great extent on forests, every effort must be made to preserve trees and wildlife. a. If b. Unless c. Until d. Since 60. _ he was caught cheating on the exam, Oliver had been considered to be an honest boy. a. When b. After c. Although d. Before 61. Not long after Galileos time, Newton invented another kind of telescope _ mirrors instead of lenses. a. which used b. in which he used c. that he used d. in that he used 62. _ him as a writer I dont like him as a man. a. Much I admire b. Much as I admire c. As much I admire d. As I admire much 63. I punish the child _ he should make the same mistake again. a. as be because c. lest d. unless 64. Hardly had the speaker begun to talk _ were laughs. a. when there b. than there c. than d. that 65. A joint is _ permits the forward and backward movement of a door. a. that b. whose c. those d. what 66. I am pleased with what you have told me and _ you have given me. a. all what b. all that c. which d. all whatever 67. _ has recently been done to improve the conditions of elementary schools a great number of children are unable to go to school. a. That b. What c. In spite of what d. Though what 68. Nuclear weapon is considered the most terrible weapon of war _ man has invented. a. which b. that c. as d. since 69. _ he performed the task with success. a. It was expected b. Which was expected c. As was expected d. That was expected 70. The size of the audience, _ I had expected, was well over ten thousand. a. which b. that c. as d. whom 71. Not everybody could be expected to know all the answers, _ some questions called for educated guesses rather than general knowledge. a. as b. so c. such d. once 72. _ you try, youll never lose your English accent. a. No matter what b. How hard c. No matter how hard d. Whatever hard 73. _ the bridge were packed with cars and buses, it could still carry twice the load. a. Despite b. Provided c. Unless d. Even if 74. The airplane crashed and over a hundred passengers were killed, _. a. and that shocked the world b. and which shocked the world c. this fact shocked the world d. which shocked the world 75. The time will surely come _ ordinary people could operate computers as well. a. while b. when c. as d. on which 76. This machine is new. _, it is in excellent condition. a. Furthermore b. However c. Otherwise d. but 77. This room had but a single window, _ were kept closed when it was not in use. a. which its shutters b. its shutters of which c. the shutters of which d. which shutters 78. The old man is no coward; _ he is a man of high spirits. a. rather than b. on the contrary c. on the other hand d. at the same time 79. Satellite photographs can provide information on _ rain are falling. a. which where and how much b. where and how c. where and how d. where and how much 80. Skiing is a sport _ goes back 4,000 years. a. and its b. whose history c. its history d. and which 81. They will be praised or blamed _ their work is good or bad. a. according as b. as for c. in as much as d. as regards 82. The story of his upbringing is shocking _. a. to all that read it b. to all who reads it c. to all which read it d. to all who read it 83. You should get the license in two weeks; _, youll have to pay a fine. a. yet b. still c. or d. consequently 84. I had hardly reached the airport _ he started for his destination. a. then b. when c. the moment d. than 85. He had a large collection of books, _ are written in foreign languages. a. many b. many ones of which c. many of which d. many in which 86. The book is for the students _ native language is not Chinese to study in a Chinese college or university. a. their b. that c. whose d. of whom 87. Geologists cannot accurately predict _ the live volcano will erupt again. a. when b. which c. is that d. and when 88. _ said under oath was disputed by several other witness. a. It is the man b. What the man c. That the man d. The man has 89. _ I was going to college, I was also working as a waitress on weekends. a. During the time that b. At the moment that c. In spite of the fact that d. On the ground that 90. it is a good idea to take a first-aid kit _ there is an accident. a. in case b. in the event of c. in condition d. but that 91. The strength of the new material is _ it can stand heavy loads at high temperature. a. that b. such that c. what d. so that 92. Thats the doctor _ on the seriously wounded man. a. who he operated b. that he operated c. who operated d. that operated him 93. _ , the problem can be solved in only 2 hours with an electronic computer. a. Complicated though it is b. Though is it complicated c. As it is complicated d. Complicated as it is 94. He burned all the important documents _ that they should fall into the enemys hands. a. unless b. so b. lest d. for fear 95. His office on the fortieth floor of a skyscraper in the center of New York City is the world _. a. that he works b. which he works c. he works in c. he works 96. With the introduction of the electronic computer, there are no complicated problem _ can be solved. a. that b. as c. but d. which 97. _ all behavior is learned behavior is a basic assumption of social scientists. a. Nearly b. That nearly c. It is nearly d. When nearly 98. In the testing period, the students spent _ much time in the classroom on mathematics _ they spent on any other subject. a. as, as b. as, that c. so, that d. such, that 99. Our confidence in the curative properties of the bottle of medicine remains the same _. a. like theirs b. as they c. as theirs d. as them 100. The audience, _ enjoyed the performance. a. most of them were students b. most of whom were students c. whom they were students d. they were mostly students 101. _ steel is stronger than iron, men are able to make steel pipes with larger