现在、过去完成时、过去将来完成讲解及练习.doc

现在完成时讲解一基本结构：助动词have/has+过去分词(done) 二句型：否定句：主语+have/has+not+过去分词+其他.一般疑问句：Have/Has+主语+过去分词+其他.简略答语: Yes, 主语 + have/has.(肯定) No, 主语 + havent/hasnt.(否定)三用法（1）现在完成时表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果I have spent all of my money (so far).(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) Guo zijun has (just/already) come. (含义：郭子君现在在这儿)My father has gone to work.(含义是:我爸爸现在不在这儿) （2）现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的动作（用行为动词表示）或状态（be动词表示）常与for（+时间段）,since（+时间点或过去时的句子）连用. for+时段since+过去一个时间点（译为：自从以来）since+时段+agosince+从句（过去时）It is+时段+since+从句（过去时）Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 四has gone (to),has been (to), has been (in) 的区别 Have/Has gone(to) :去了(现在不在说话现场) Where is your father？He has gone to Shanghai. Have/Has been (to) :去过（已不在去过的地方）My father has been to Shanghai. Have/has been in：呆了多久（还在所呆的地方）My father has been in Shanghai for two months. /since two months ago.五现在完成时的标志1.现在完成时的含义之一是过去完成的动作对现在仍有影响,用以下四大标志词可以表达这种含义: * 以already, just和yet为标志 He has already got her help.他已得到她的帮助。He has just seen the film.他刚刚看过这场电影。He hasnt come back yet.他还没有回来。* 以ever和never为标志This is the best film I have ever seen.这是我曾经看过的最好的一部电影。He has never been to Beijing.他从没有到过北京。* 以动作发生的次数为标志He says he has been to the USA three times. 他说他已经去过美国三次了。* 以so far（到目前为止）为标+before He has got to Beijing so far.到目前为止他已到了北京。She has passed the examso far.到目前为止她已经通过了考试。2.过去已经开始的动作一直延续到现在, 甚至有可能继续延续下去,我们可以从动作“延续”的特性和“时间”点段的区分入手,进一步学习现在完成时。* for+时段 since+过去一个时间点（过去 从句）为标志注意： 1)现在完成时不能单独与过去的时间状语连用, 如yesterday,last week, three years ago 等; 2)不能与when连用 2.现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用六过去分词 1 、规则动词：规则动词的过去分词的构成规则与规则动词的过去式的构成规则相同。四点变化规则： (1)、一般动词，在词尾直接加“ ed ”。 work-worked-worked ,visit-visited-visited (2)、以“ e ”结尾的动词，只在词尾加“ d ”。 live-lived-lived , (3)、以“辅音字母 + y ”结尾的动词，将 y 变为 i ，再加“ ed ”。 study-studied-studied ,cry-cried-cried (4)、重读闭音节结尾，末尾只有一个辅音字母，先双写该辅音字母，再加“ ed ”。 stop-stopped-stopped , drop-dropped-dropped 2 、不规则动词：七 瞬间动词（buy, die, join, come，go ,leave, join ）不能直接与for since 连用。要改变动词buy-have borrow -keep come/arrive/reach/get to-be in go out-be out leave -be awaybegin-be on finish-be overopen-be open close -be closed die-be dead1.have代替buy My brother has had(不能用has bought) this bike for almost four years. 2、用keep或have代替borrow I have kept(不能用have borrowed) the book for quite a few days. 3、用be替代become How long has your sister been a teacher? 4、用have a cold代替catch a cold Tom has had a cold since the day before yesterday. 5、用wear代替put on b)用“be形容词”代终止性动词 1、bemarried代marry 2、beill代fall (get) ill 3、bedead代die 4、beasleep代fall (get) asleep 5、beawake代wake/wake up 6、begone代lose,die,sell,leave 7、beopen代open 8、be closed代close/shut 9、bemissing(gone,lost)代lose c)用“be副词”代终止性动词 1“beon”代start,begin 2“beup”代get up 3“beback(to)”代return to,come back to,go back to 4“be here (there)”代come(arrive,reach,get) here或go (arrive,reach,get) there等等 d)用“be介词短语”代终止性动词 1.“be in/at +地点”代替go to /come to 2.用be in the army 代替join the army 3.“be in/at +地点”代替move to 常用瞬间动词变延续性动词表：1. have arrived at/in sw. got to/reached sw. come/gone/moved to sw. have been in sw./at相应的介词2. have come/gone back/returned have been back 3. have come/gone out have been out4. have become have been5. have closed / opened have been close/open6. have got up have been up； 7. have died have been dead；8. have left sw. have been away from sw.9. have fallen asleep/got to sleep have been asleep； 10. have finished/ended/completed have been over； 11. havemarried have been married；12. have started/begun to do sth. have done sth. ；13. have begun have been on14. have borrowed/bought have kept/had 15. have lost havent had16. have put on have worn 17. have caught /get a cold have had a cold； 18. have got to know have known19. have/has gone to have been in20. have joined/have taken part in the league/the Party/the armyhave been a member of/ have been in/have been the Partys member/the league member/the soldier 过去完成时1、概述过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语，也可用when, before等引导的从句或通过上下代表示。His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazine he had long expected. 当她终于收到她盼望已久的杂志时，她兴奋得两眼闪光。By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by himself.12岁时，爱迪生就开始自己谋生。2、构成过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成。其否定式、肯定式、疑问式如下表：肯定式否定式疑问式I(we)Youhad read it.He(She, They)I(We)Youhad not read it He(She ,They) you Had they read it? he注意：had not 常简略为hadnt。They asked me to have a drink with them and said it was at least ten years since I had enjoyed a good drink. 他们请我和他们一起喝酒，并说我自上次喝酒到现在至少十年了。We had learnt 30 lessons by the end of last month.到上个月末为止，我们已经学了30课。He said we hadnt seen each other since I left Beijing.自从我离开北京，我们还没见过面。3、过去完成时的用法过去完成时的主要用法和现在完成时一样。不同的是，过去完成时把时间推移到了过去某一时间之前，与现在无关。（1）过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。这个过去的时间状语有by, before等介词短语或when, before等引导的从句。Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home. 海伦把钥匙忘到办公室里了，因此她不得不等她丈夫回来。When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.当我们到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。He told me that he had visited the Great Wall before.他告诉我他以前参观过长城。By the end of the match, they had kicked 2 goals, and we had kicked 4.比赛结束时，他们踢进了2个球而我们踢进了4个球。When Jack arrived he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.杰克到达后得知玛丽走了近一个小时了。（2）表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始，一直延续到过去的这一时间，而且还可能继续下去的动作，常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。The news came as no surprise to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down. 听到这个消息我并不感到吃惊。工厂要倒闭这件事我早就知道了。By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years.到我毕业时，他已经教那个班三年了。He said he had made great progress since he came here.他说自从他来这里他已经取得了很大进步。（3）表示假设的宾语从句放在像said，told，asked，thought，wondered等过去时动词的后面，表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告诉我，他已通过了考试。He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.他问我头一天晚上是否看过那部电影。She wondered who had left the door open.她想知道谁敞着门的。（4）用在 It was the first/second/thirdtime that”句型中在此句型中，主句用了一般过去时，that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 这是39年里他们第一次见面。It was the first time we had spoken together. 这是我们第一次在一起说话。（5）intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以表示一个本来打算做而没有做的事这种结构也可以表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等，含有某种惋惜。I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来昨天打算要去看你，但我来了个不速之客。We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasnt in.我们本想把这个消息告诉她的，但发现她不在家。（6）过去完成时常用结构有“hardly, scarcely, barely when, no sooner than等副词的句子里。She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他刚睡下铃就响了。No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他们刚刚离开大楼，一颗炸弹就爆炸了。（7）当before , after, as soon as 等引导的从句里的动作与主句的动作紧接时，由于这些连词本身已经说明了两个动作发生的先后关系，因此两个动作均可用一般过去时表示。We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.做完早操之后，我们吃早饭。The train started to move just before we reached the station.我们到车站时火车刚开动。As soon as they got there, they started to study.他们一到那里就开始学习了。过去将来时的用法讲解过去将来时1、概述过去时将来时是对于过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。常用于宾语从句中。We were all surprised when he made it clear that he would leave office soon.他宣布不久离职的消息让我们都大吃一惊。At that time I knew we should succeed.那时我知道我们会成功的。2、构成过去将来时一般由 “助动词would(第二、三人称)/should(第一人称)+动词原形”构成。不论什么人称，美国英语皆可用would。I thought they would come to help me.我认为他们会来帮我的。He said he would wait for us at the bus stop.他说他要在车站等我们。3、过去将来时的用法（1）表示从过去某一时间点而言将要发生的动作或存在状态She hoped that they would meet again someday.她希望将来有一天他们能再见面。They said it would be fine.听说天气会很好。He said he would come.他说他要来。My brother told me he would be back on Saturday.我哥哥告诉我，他要在星期六回来。I rang up to tell my father that I should leave for London.我打电话告诉我父亲我要去伦敦。（2）表示过去的某种习惯行为She would lose the key! 她总是把钥匙弄丢了。He would sit for hours doing nothing.过去他常常坐几个钟头什么事也不做。He would come to see us on Sundays.过去星期天他经常来看望我们。4、过去将来时的其它表达法过去将来时除了用“should, would+动词原形”表达外，还有以下几种表达法。（1）was/were going to表示过去的打算和意图He was going to start work the following week.他打算下星期开始工作。（打算）He said he was going to visit China the next week.他说他下周访华。表示没有实现的打算和意图He was going to come last night, but it rained.他打算昨晚来，但下雨了。(没实现)I thought the film was going to be interesting.我想这部电影会很有趣的。（结果不是）-Alice, why didnt you come yesterday? 艾丽丝，你昨天为什么没来呀？-I was going to, but I had an unexpected visitor.我打算来的，但我家来了个不速之客。（2）was/were to+动词原形这种结构通常指过去的计划安排或注定要发生的事情。如果计划的动作没有实现，要用动词的完成式。He said he was to meet his girlfriend at the station at 4p.m.他说他下午四点去车站接他女朋友。（计划安排）The